Exemplars as Argumentative Strategy in Broadcast News: Analyzing the Case of Chile

References

• Andersen, Kim, Morten Skovsgaard, Erik Albæk, and Claes H. de Vreese. 2017. “The Engaging Effect of Exemplars: How an Emotional Reaction to (Dis)similar People in the News Media Affects Political Participation.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 22 (4): 490–509. doi:10.1177/1940161217723152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antezana, Lorena. 2014. “Entre espejos y máscaras: el rol del noticiero televisivo chileno en el espacio democrático actual [Between Mirrors and Masks: the Role of the Chilean Television News Program in the Current Democratic Space].” Comunicación y Medios 2: 3–84. doi:10.5354/0719-1529.2014.33055.
   Google Scholar
• Araya, Rodrigo. 2014. “The Global Notion of Journalism: A Hindrance to the Democratization of the Public Space in Chile.” In Media Systems and Communication Policies in Latin America, edited by Manuel Alejandro Guerrero and Mireya Márquez-Ramírez, 254–271. London: Palgrave McMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Arpan, Laura M. 2009. “The Effects of Exemplification on Perceptions of News Credibility.” Mass Communication and Society 12: 249–270. doi:10.1080/15205430802136721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukes, Mark, Hajo G. Boomgaarden, Marjolein Moorman, and Claes H. de Vreese. 2015. “Political News with a Personal Touch: How Human Interest Framing Indirectly Affects Policy Attitudes.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 92 (1): 121–141. doi:10.1177/1077699014558554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabalín, Cristian. 2014. “The Conservative Response to the 2011 Chilean Student Movement: Neoliberal Education and Media.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 35 (4): 485–498. doi:10.1080/01596306.2013.871233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, Matt. 2018. “Fake News as an Informational Moral Panic: The Symbolic Deviancy of Social Media During the 2016 US Presidential Election.” Information, Communication & Society. doi:10.1080/1369118x.2018.1505934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consejo Nacional de Televisión (Chile’s National Television Council, CNTV). 2017. IX Encuesta Nacional de Televisión. [9th National Survey of Television] https://www.cntv.cl/cntv/site/artic/20180502/asocfile/20180502113330/ix_entv_final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cushion, Stephen, Justin Lewis, and Robert Callaghan. 2017. “Data Journalism, Impartiality and Statistical Claims.” Journalism Practice 11 (10): 1198–1215. doi:10.1080/17512786.2016.1256789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deignan, Alice, and Lynne Cameron. 2014. “A Re-examination of Understanding is Seeing.” Cognitive Semiotics 5 (1-2): 220–243. doi:10.1515/cogsem.2013.5.12.220.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, Graham N., Brooke Weberling McKeever, Avery E. Holton, Christopher Clarke, and Gina Eosco. 2015. “The Power of a Picture: Overcoming Scientific Misinformation by Communicating Weight-of-Evidence Information with Visual Exemplars.” Journal of Communication 65: 639–659. doi:10.1111/jcom.12159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, Robert. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feteris, Eveline T. 2017. Fundamentals of Legal Argumentation. 2nd ed. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Fuenzalida, Valerio. 2000. La televisión pública en América Latina. Reforma o privatización [Public Television in Latin America: Reform or Privatization]. Santiago: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
   Google Scholar
• Fuenzalida, Valerio. 2002. Televisión abierta y audiencia en América Latina. Vol. 19 de la Enciclopedia Latinoamericana de Sociocultura y Comunicación [Broadcast Television and Audiences in Latin America. Vol. 19 of the Latin American Encyclopedia of Socioculture and Communication]. Buenos Aires: Grupo Editorial Norma.
   Google Scholar
• Fuenzalida, Valerio. 2012. “Una interpretación socio-semiótica de la representación televisiva de la política: la oportunidad de la TV digital.” Cuadernos de Informacion 30: 83–96. doi:10.7764/cdi.30.428.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, Rhonda, Coy Callison, and Dolf Zilmann. 2011. “Quantitative Literacy and Affective Reactivity in Processing Statistical Information and Case Histories in the News.” Media Psychology 14: 96–120. doi:10.1080/15213269.2010.547830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, Rhonda, and Dolf Zillmann. 1998. “Effects of Citation in Exemplifying Testimony on Issue Perception.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (1): 167–176. doi:10.1177/107769909807500116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godoy, Sergio. 2000. ¿Públicamente rentable? Evaluación de la TV pública orientada al mercado [Publicly Profitable? Evaluation of Market-oriented Public Television]. Santiago: Ediciones UC.
   Google Scholar
• Godoy, Sergio. 2016. “Chile.” In Who Owns the World's Media? Media Concentration and Ownership Around the World, edited by Eli M. Noam, 641–673. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gottschall, Jonathan. 2012. The Storytelling Animal. How Stories Make Us Human. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
   Google Scholar
• Grabe, Maria Elizabeth, Mariska Kleemans, Ozen Bas, Jessica Gall Myrick, and Minchul Kim. 2017. “Putting a Human Face on Cold, Hard Facts: Effects of Personalizing Social Issues on Perceptions of Issue Importance.” International Journal of Communication 11: 907–929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronemeyer, María Elena, and William Porath. 2015. “A Study on Homogeneity Between Editorials and News Sources Opinions in the Chilean Reference Press.” Cuadernos.Info 36: 139–153. doi:10.7764/cdi.36.567.
   Google Scholar
• Guerrero, Manuel Alejandro. 2014. “The ‘Captured Liberal’ Model of Media Systems in Latin America.” In Media Systems and Communication Policies in Latin America, edited by Manuel Alejandro Guerrero and Mireya Márquez-Ramírez, 43–65. London: Palgrave McMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hinnant, Amanda, María E. Len-Ríos, and Rachel Young. 2013. “Journalistic use of Exemplars to Humanize Health News.” Journalism Studies 14 (4): 539–554. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2012.721633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Hyehyun. 2013. “The Effects of Human Interest Framing in Television News Coverage of Medical Advances.” Health Communication 28 (5): 452–460. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.693013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopmann, David N., Morten Skovsgaard, and Christian Elmelund-Præstekær. 2017. “What Have I Done to Deserve This? The Role of Deservingness in Effects of Ordinary Citizens as Cases in the News.” European Journal of Communication 32 (4): 333–347. doi:10.1177/0267323117710900.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, Yori, and Se-Hoon Jeong. 2012. “Public’s Responses to Aviation Accidents: The Role of Exemplification and Attributions.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 40 (4): 350–367. doi:10.1080/00909882.2012.712709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevere, Jonas, Knut De Swert, and Stefaan Walgrave. 2012. “Effects of Popular Exemplars in Television News.” Communication Research 39 (1): 103–119. doi:10.1177/0093650210387124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, Myra. 2000. “Rethinking Personalization in Current Affairs Journalism.” In Tabloid Tales: Global Debates Over Media Standards, edited by Colin Sparks and John Tulloch, 285–300. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Martín-Barbero, Jesús. 1987. De los medios a las mediaciones [From the Media to Mediations]. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.
   Google Scholar
• Martín-Barbero, Jesús. 1995. “La telenovela en Colombia: Televisión, melodrama y vida cotidiana [Telenovela in Colombia: Television, Melodrama and Daily Life].” In El espectáculo de la pasión. Las telenovelas latinoamericanas, edited by Nora Mazziotti, 43–62. Buenos Aires: Colihue.
   Google Scholar
• McCombs, Maxwell E. 2014. Setting the Agenda: Mass Media and Public Opinion. 2nd ed. Malden: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCrudden, Matthew T., and David N. Rapp. 2017. “How Visual Displays Affect Cognitive Processing.” Educational Psychology Review 29 (3): 623–639. doi:10.1007/s10648-015-9342-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellado, Claudia, Sonia V. Moreira, Claudia Lagos, and María E. Hernández. 2012. “Comparing Journalism Cultures in Latin America: The Case of Chile, Brazil and Mexico.” International Communication Gazette 74 (1): 60–77. doi:10.1177/1748048511426994.
   Google Scholar
• Mellado, Claudia, and Arjen Van Dalen. 2014. “Between Rhetoric and Practice: Explaining the gap Between Role Conception and Performance in Journalism.” Journalism Studies 15 (6): 859–878. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2013.838046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercier, Hugo, and Dan Sperber. 2011. “Why do Humans Reason? Arguments for an Argumentative Theory.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34: 57–74. doi:10.1017/S0140525X10000968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mönckeberg, María Olivia. 2009. Los magnates de la prensa: concentración de los medios de comunicación en Chile [Press Magnates: Media Concentration in Chile]. Santiago: Debate.
   Google Scholar
• Monsiváis, Carlos. 2000. Aires de familia. Cultura y sociedad en América Latina [Family Resemblance. Culture and Society in Latin America]. Barcelona: Anagrama.
   Google Scholar
• Mourão, Rachel R., and Craig T. Robertson. 2019. “Fake News as Discursive Integration: An Analysis of Sites That Publish False, Misleading, Hyperpartisan and Sensational Information.” Journalism Studies. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2019.1566871.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujica, Constanza, and Ingrid Bachmann. 2013. “Melodramatic Profiles of Chilean Newscasts: The Case of Emotionalization.” International Journal of Communication 7: 1801–1820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujica, Constanza, and Ingrid Bachmann. 2015a. “Beyond the Public/Commercial Broadcaster Dichotomy: Homogenization and Melodramatization of News Coverage in Chile.” International Journal of Communication 9: 210–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mujica, Constanza, and Ingrid Bachmann. 2015b. “How Chilean Editors Perceive and Define the Role of Melodrama in Television News.” Palabra Clave - Revista de Comunicación 18 (2): 312–340. doi:10.5294/pacla.2015.18.2.2.
   Google Scholar
• Neuendorf, Kimberly. 2017. The Content Analysis Guidebook. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, Mary Beth, James Price Dillard, Keunmin Bae, and Daniel J. Tamul. 2012. “The Effect of Narrative News Format on Empathy for Stigmatized Groups.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 89 (2): 205–224. doi:10.1177/1077699012439020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchard, Ximena. 2018. “Precarious Balance: How Journalists Negotiate Notions of Autonomy in the Trade-off with Political Actors.” Journalism Practice 12 (4): 422–439. doi:10.1080/17512786.2017.1326833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, Silvia, Soledad Puente, William Porath, Constanza Mujica, and Daniela Grassau. 2011. Valor agregado periodístico (VAP): La apuesta por la calidad de las noticias [Journalistic Added Value: Betting for News Quality]. Santiago: Ediciones UC.
   Google Scholar
• Perelman, Chäim, and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca. 1969 [1958]. The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
   Google Scholar
• Porath, William, and Constanza Mujica. 2012. “Las noticias extranjeras en la televisión pública y privada de Chile comparada con la de catorce países [Foreign News on Chile’s Public and Private Television Compared with Fourteen Other Countries].” Comunicación & Sociedad 24 (2): 333–370.
   Google Scholar
• Riffe, Daniel, Charles F. Aust, and Stephen R. Lacy. 1993. “The Effectiveness of Random, Consecutive Day and Constructed Week Sampling in Newspaper Content Analysis.” Journalism Quarterly 70: 133–139. doi:10.1177/107769909307000115.
   Google Scholar
• Riffe, Daniel, Stephen Lacy, and Frederick Fico. 2005. Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Riffe, Daniel, Stephen Lacy, Jason Nagovan, and Larry Burkum. 1996. “The Effectiveness of Simple Random and Stratified Random Sampling in Broadcast News Content Analysis.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (1): 159–168. doi:10.1177/107769909607300114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saavedra, Gonzalo. 1996. “Escribir es—también en periodismo—argumentar [To Write is—Also in Journalism—to Argue].” Cuadernos de Información 11: 116–127. doi:10.7764/cdi.11.226.
   Google Scholar
• Salinas, Claudio, and Hans Stange. 2015. “Burocratización de las rutinas profesionales de los periodistas en Chile (1975–2005) [Bureaucratization of Professional Routines of Journalists in Chile (1975–2005)].” Cuadernos.Info 37: 121–135. doi:10.7764/cdi.37.703.
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, Pamela J., and Stephen D. Reese. 2013. Mediating the Message in the 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, Pamela, and Tim P. Vos. 2009. Gatekeeping Theory. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Spranzi, Marta. 2012. “The Normative Relevance of Cases Rhetoric and Empirical Ethics.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 21: 481–492. doi:10.1017/S0963180112000254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uribe, Rodrigo, Enrique Manzur, and Pedro Hidalgo. 2013. “Exemplars’ Impacts in Marketing Communication Campaigns.” Journal of Business Research 66: 1787–1790. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.01.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verón, Eliseo. 1995. “Relato televisivo e imaginario social [Television Stories and Social Imagery].” In El espectáculo de la pasión. Las telenovelas latinoamericanas, edited by Nora Mazziotti, 29–42. Buenos Aires: Colihue.
   Google Scholar
• Verón, Eliseo. 2001. El cuerpo de las imágenes [The Body of Images]. Bogotá: Grupo Editorial Norma.
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann, Dolf. 1999. “Exemplification Theory: Judging the Whole by Some of its Parts.” Media Psychology 1 (1): 69–94. doi:10.1207/ s1532785xmep0101_5 doi: 10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_5
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann, Dolf. 2002. “Exemplification Theory of Media Influence.” In Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, edited by Jennings Bryant and Dolf Zillmann, 19–14. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann, Dolf. 2006. “Exemplification Effects in the Promotion of Safety and Health.” Journal of Communication 56 (Suppl.): S221–S237. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00291.x.
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann, Dolf, and Hans-Bernd Brosius. 2000. Exemplification in Communication: The Influence of Case Reports on the Perception of Issues. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar