An Ethics of (not) Showing: Citizen Witnessing, Journalism and Visualizations of a Terror Attack

References

• Allan, Stuart. 2014. “Witnessing in Crisis: Photo Reportage of Terror Attacks in Boston and London.” Media, War & Conflict 7 (2): 133–151. doi: 10.1177/1750635214531110
   Google Scholar
• Allan, Stuart, and Chris Peters. 2015. “The “Public Eye” or “Disaster Tourists”: Investigating Public Perceptions of Citizen Smartphone Imagery.” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 477–494. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2015.1034517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andén-Papadopoulos, Kari. 2013. “Media Witnessing and the ‘Crowd-sourced Video Revolution’.” Visual Communication 12 (3): 341–357. doi: 10.1177/1470357213483055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andén-Papadopoulos, Kari, and Mervi Pantti. 2011. “Introduction.” In Amateur Images and Global News, edited by Kari Andén-Papadopoulos and Mervi Pantti, 9–20. Bristol: Intellect Books.
   Google Scholar
• Andén-Papadopoulos, Kari, and Mervi Pantti. 2013. “Re-imaging Crisis Reporting: Professional Ideology of Journalists and Citizen Images.” Journalism 14 (7): 960–977. doi: 10.1177/1464884913479055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubert, Aurélie, and Jérémie Nicey. 2015. “Citizen Photojournalists and Their Professionalizing Logics: The Case of the Contributors to the Citizenside Agency.” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 552–570. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2015.1034525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, Karin. 1992. “Photojournalism and the Tabloid Press.” In Journalism and Popular Culture, edited by Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks, 130–153. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, Karin. 2000. “The Changing Picture of/on the Newspaper Page.” In Picturing Politics: Visual and Textual Formations of Modernity in the Swedish Press, edited by Karin Becker, Jan Ekekrantz, and Tom Olsson, 146–173. Stockholm: JMK, Stockholms Universitet.
   Google Scholar
• Bock, Mary Angela. 2008. “Together in the Scrum: Practicing News Photography for Television, Print, and Broadband.” Visual Communication Quarterly 15 (3): 169–179. doi: 10.1080/15551390802235511
   Google Scholar
• Brennen, Bonnie, and J. Scott Brennen. 2015. “Taking Our Pictures: Citizen Photojournalism in Traditional US News Media.” Journalism Practice 9 (4): 520–535. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2015.1030138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caple, Helen. 2013. Photojournalism: A Social Semiotic Approach. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Caple, Helen. 2014. “Anyone Can Take a Photo, But is There Space for the Professional Photographer in the Twenty-first Century Newsroom?” Digital Journalism 2 (3): 1–11. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2014.882074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caple, Helen, and John Knox. 2012. “Online News Galleries, Photojournalism and the Photo Essay.” Visual Communication 11 (2): 207–236. doi: 10.1177/1470357211434032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouliaraki, Lilie, and Tijana Stolic. 2017. “Rethinking Media Responsibility in the Refugee ‘Crisis’: A Visual Typology of European News.” Media, Culture & Society 39 (8): 1162–1177. doi: 10.1177/0163443717726163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahmy, Shahira, and Daekyung Kim. 2008. “Picturing the Iraq War: Constructing the Image of War in British and U.S. Press.” International Communication Gazette 70 (6): 443–462. doi: 10.1177/1748048508096142
   Google Scholar
• Frosh, Paul, and Amit Pinchevski. 2014. “Media Witnessing and the Ripeness of Time.” Cultural Studies 28 (4): 594–610. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2014.891304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorin, Valérie. 2015. “Innovation(s) in Photojournalism: Assessing Visual Content and the Place of Citizen Photojournalism in Time’s Lightbox Photoblog.” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 533–551. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2015.1034524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grayson, Louise. 2015. “Citizen Photojournalism: How Photographic Practices of Amateur Photographers Affect Narrative Functions of Editorial Photographs.” Journalism Practice 9 (4): 568–579. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2015.1030142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, Michael, and Jongsoo Lee. 1995. “Picturing the Gulf War: Constructing an Image of War in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (4): 813–825. doi: 10.1177/107769909507200405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanusch, Folker. 2012. “The Visibility of Disaster Deaths in News Images: A Comparison of Newspapers from 15 Countries.” The International Communication Gazette 74 (7): 655–672. doi: 10.1177/1748048512458560
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, Bengt, and Lars Truedson, eds. 2018. ‘Allt Tyder på ett Terrordåd’: Stockholmsattentatet 2017 i Medier och Opinion. Stockholm: Institutet för Mediestudier.
   Google Scholar
• Kress, Gunther, and Theo Van Leeuwen. 2006. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Langton, Loup. 2009. Photojournalism and Today's News: Creating Visual Reality. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Linfield, Susie. 2010. The Cruel Radiance: Photography and Political Violence. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lutz, Catherine A., and Jane L. Collins. 1993. Reading National Geographic. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, W. J. T. 2011. Cloning Terror: The War of Images, 9/11 to the Present. Chicago and London: The Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moeller, Susan D. 1989. Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mogensen, Kirsten. 2013. “Visualizing a Mass Murder. The Portrait of Anders Bering Breivik in Danish National Dailies.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 28 (1): 64–67. doi: 10.1080/08900523.2013.755083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen, Mette. 2011. “When Citizen Photojournalism Sets the News Agenda: Neda Agha Soltan as a Web 2.0 Icon of Post-election Unrest in Iran.” Global Media and Communication 7 (4): 4–16. doi: 10.1177/1742766510397936
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen, Tara Marie. 2014. “Blurry and Centered or Clear and Balanced?: Citizen Photojournalists’ and Professional Photojournalists’ Understanding of Each Other’s Visual Values.” Journalism Practice 8 (6): 704–725. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2014.892703
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen, Mette. 2015. “Conflictual Media Events, Eyewitness Images, and the Boston Marathon Bombing (2013).” Journalism Practice 9 (4): 536–551. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2015.1030140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen, Mette, Stuart Allan, and Chris Peters. 2017. “The Iconic Image in a Digital Age: Editorial Mediations Over the Alan Kurdi Photographs.” Nordicom Review 38 (2), special issue: 71–86. doi: 10.1515/nor-2017-0415
   Google Scholar
• Mortensen, Tara M., and Peter J. Gade. 2018. “Does Photojournalism Matter?: News Image Content and Presentation in the Middletown (NY) Times Herald-Record Before and After Layoffs of the Photojournalism Staff.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 95 (4): 990–1010. doi: 10.1177/1077699018760771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niekamp, Ray. 2011. “Pans and Zooms: The Quality of Amateur Video Covering a Breaking News Story.” In Amateur Images and Global News, edited by Kari Andén-Papadopoulos and Mervi Pantti, 113–128. Bristol: Intellect Books.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, Maria, and Ingela Wadbring. 2015. “Not Good Enough? Amateur Images in the Regular News Flow of Print and Online Newspapers.” Journalism Practice 9 (4). doi:10.1080/17512786.2015.1030135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nord, Lars, Karl-Arvid Färm, and Lena Jendel. 2018. Fyra Terrordåd, Fyra Mediebilder: En Studie av Svenska Mediers Bevakning av Attackerna i Paris och Köpenhamn 2015 samt i Stockholm 2017. Rapport nr: 37. Sundsvall: DEMICOM Mittuniversitetet.
   Google Scholar
• Pantti, Mervi. 2013. “Getting Closer? Encounters of the National Media with Global Images.” Journalism Studies 14 (2): 201–218. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2012.718551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantti, Mervi, and Kari Andén-Papadopoulos. 2011. “Transparency and Trustworthiness: Strategies for Incorporating Amateur Photography into News Discourse.” In Amateur Images and Global News, edited by Kari Andén-Papadopoulos, and Mervi Pantti, 97–112. Bristol: Intellect Books.
   Google Scholar
• Pantti, Mervi, and Piet Bakker. 2009. “Misfortunes, Memories and Sunsets. Non-Professional Images in Dutch News Media.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 12 (5): 471–489. doi: 10.1177/1367877909337860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantti, Mervi, and Stefanie Sirén. 2015. “The Fragility of Photo-Truth: Verification of Amateur Images in Finnish Newsrooms.” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 495–512. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2015.1034518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry, Katy. 2011. “Images of Liberation: Visual Framing, Humanitarianism and British Press Photography During the 2003 Iraq Invasion.” Media, Culture & Society 33 (8): 1185–1201. doi: 10.1177/0163443711418274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick, Caitlin, and Stuart Allan. 2013. “The Camera as Witness: The Changing Nature of Photojournalism.” In Journalism: New Challenges, edited by Karwn Fowler-Watt and Stuart Allan, 162–184. Bournemouth: Centre for Journalism & Communication Research, Bournemouth University.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, John Durham. 2001. “Witnessing.” Media, Culture and Society 23 (6): 707–723. doi: 10.1177/016344301023006002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogliano, Andrea. 2015. “Evaluating News Photographs: Trust, Impact and Consumer Culture in the Digital Age.” Journalism Practice 9 (4): 552–567. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2015.1030141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puustinen, Liisa, and Janne Seppänen. 2011. “In Amateurs We Trust: Readers Assessing Non-professional News Photographs.” In Amateur Images and Global News, edited by Kari Andén-Papadopoulos and Mervi Pantti, 175–192. Bristol: Intellect Books.
   Google Scholar
• Schwalbe, Carol B., William B. Silcock, and Elizabeth Candello. 2015. “Gatecheckers at the Visual News Stream.” Journalism Practice 9 (4): 465–483. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2015.1030133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen, Anne Hege. 2015. “Tragediens Bilder: Et Prosessuelt Perspektiv på Nyhetsfotografier fra 22. juli.” PhD diss., University of Bergen.
   Google Scholar
• Sjøvaag, Helle. 2011. “Amateur Images and Journalistic Authority.” In Amateur Images and Global News, edited by Kari Andén-Papadopoulos and Mervi Pantti, 79–95. Bristol: Intellect Books.
   Google Scholar
• Sontag, Susan. 1977. On Photography. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Sontag, Susan. 2003. Regarding the Pain of Others. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Andy, Karin Wahl-Jorgensen, and Claire Wardle. 2011. “More Real and Less Packaged: Audience Discourses on Amateur News Content and Their Effects on Journalism Practice.” In Amateur Images and Global News, edited by Kari Andén-Papadopoulos and Mervi Pantti, 193–209. Bristol: Intellect Books.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Andy, Clair Wardle, and Karin Wahl-Jorgensen. 2011. “Have They Got News For Us? Audience Revolution or Business as Usual at the BBC.” Journalism Practice 5 (1): 85–99. doi: 10.1080/17512781003670031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaschur, Carolyn. 2012. “Shooting the Shooter: How Experience Level Affects Photojournalistic Coverage of a Breaking News Event.” Visual Communication Quarterly 19 (3–4): 160–176.
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer, Barbie. 2002. “Photography, Journalism and Trauma.” In Journalism After September 11, edited by Barbie Zelizer and Stuart Allan, 48–68. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer, Barbie. 2005. “Death in Wartime: Photographs and the ‘Other War’ in Afghanistan.” The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 10 (3): 26–55. doi: 10.1177/1081180X05278370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelizer, Barbie. 2007. “On ‘Having Been There’: ‘Eyewitnessing’ as a Journalistic Keyword.” Critical Studies in Media Communication 24 (5): 408–428. doi: 10.1080/07393180701694614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelizer, Barbie. 2010. About to Die: How News Images Move the Public. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar