Evolving Newsrooms and the Second Level of Digital Divide: Implications for Journalistic Practice in Pakistan

References

• Bivens, Rena Kim. 2008. “The Internet, Mobile Phones and Blogging: How New Media are Transforming Traditional Journalism.” Journalism Practice 2 (1): 113–129.
   Google Scholar
• Brittner, Andreas. 2019. “Digital Journalism and New Business Models.” https://www.lamira.cat/documents/02-2019-efj-report-digital-journalism-and-new-business-models.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, Jean, and Edward Hurcombe. 2019. “Digital Journalism as Symptom, Response, and Agent of Change in the Platformed Media Environment.” Digital Journalism 7 (3): 359–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, Matt. 2018. “Automated Journalism: A Posthuman Future for Digital News?” In The Routledge Companion to Digital Journalism Studies, edited by Scott Eldridge and Bob Franklin, 226–234. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Casero-Ripolles, Andreu, and Jessica Izquierdo-Castillo. 2015. “Between Decline and a New Online Business Model: The Case of the Spanish Newspaper Industry.” Journal of Media Business Model 10 (1): 63–78.
   Google Scholar
• Caswell, David, and Konstantin Dorr. 2018. “Automated Journalism 2.0: Event-Driven Narratives.” Journalism Practice 12 (4): 477–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornia, Alessio, Anneika Sehl, David Levy, and Rasmus Kleis Neilson. 2018. Private Sector News, Social Media Distribution and Algorithm Change. Oxford: The Reuters Institute, The University of Oxford Press.
   Google Scholar
• De Haan, Jos, and Nathalie Sonck. 2012. “Digital Skills in Perspective: A Critical Reflection on Research and Policy.” Medijske Studije 3 (6): 125–137.
   Google Scholar
• Deuze, Mark, Axel Bruns, and Christoph Neuberger. 2007. “Preparing for an Age of Participatory News.” Journalism Practice 1 (3): 322–338.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, Paul, Eszter Hargittai, Coral Celeste, and C. Steven Shafer. 2004. “Digital Inequality: From Unequal Access to Differentiated Use.” In Social Inequality, edited by Kathryn Neckerman, 355–400. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, Andrew, and Peng Hwa Ang. 2019. “Digital Journalism: Defined, Refined, or Re-Defined.” Digital Journalism 7 (3): 378–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Economist. 2021. “Inclusive Internet Index 2021.” https://theinclusiveinternet.eiu.com/explore/countries/performance.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, Bob, and Scott Eldridge II. 2016. The Routledge Companion to Digital Journalism Studies. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gambarato, Renira, and Geane Alzamora. 2018. Exploring Transmedia Journalism in the Digital Age. Hershey: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Gottfried, Jeffrey, and Elisa Shearer. 2016. “News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016.” Pew Research Center. http://www.journalism.org/2016/05/ 26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/.
   Google Scholar
• Gunkel, David. 2003. “Second Thoughts: Towards a Critique of the Digital Divide.” New Media & Society 5 (4): 499–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurstein, Michael. 2011. “Open Data: Empowering the Empowered or Effective Data Use for Everyone?” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220167404_Open_data_Empowering_the_empowered_or_effective_data_use_for_everyone.
   Google Scholar
• Hargittai, Eszter. 2002. “Beyond Logs and Surveys: In-Depth Measures of People’s Web Use Skills.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 53 (14): 12–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargittai, Eszter. 2009. “An Update on Survey Measures of Web-oriented Digital Literacy.” Social Science Computer Review 27 (1): 130–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargittai, Eszter, Anne Marie Piper, and Meredith Morris. 2019. “From Internet Access to Internet Skills: Digital Inequality Among Older Adults.” Universal Access in the Information Society 18: 881–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans, Liesbeth, Maurice Vergeer, and Alexander Pleijter. 2009. “Internet Adoption in the Newsrooms: Journalists’ Use of the Internet Explained by Attitudes and Perceived Functions.” Communications 34 (1): 55–71.
   Google Scholar
• Howitt, Dennis. 2019. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology: Putting Theory Into Practice. Harlow: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Jamil, Sadia. 2015. “Journalists’ Concepts of Freedom of Expression and Press Freedom in Pakistan.” Journal of Transnational Worlds of Power: Proliferation of Journalism & Professional Standards 1 (1): 101–132. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Jamil, Sadia. 2019. “Mobile Phone Usage and Its Socio-Economic Impacts in Pakistan.” In Impacts of Mobile Use and Experience on Contemporary Society, 112–127, edited by Xiagou Xu. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Jamil, Sadia. 2020a. “Ethnic News Media in the Digital age: The Impact of Technological Convergence in Reshaping Journalists’ Practices in Pakistan.” Journal of Multicultural Discourses 15 (2): 219–239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamil, Sadia. 2020b. “Journalism for Sustainable Development: The Imperative of Journalists’ Rights to Freedom of Expression and Access to Information for Promoting Sustainable Development in Pakistan.” Journal of Applied Journalism and Media Studies 9 (3): 271–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamil, Sadia. 2021a. “From Digital Divide to Digital Inclusion: Challenges for Wide-Ranging Digitalization in Pakistan.” Telecommunications Policy (published online first 15th July). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308596121001105.
   Google Scholar
• Jamil, Sadia. 2021b. “The Monitored Watchdogs: Journalists’ Surveillance and its Repercussions for Their Professional and Personal Lives in Pakistan.” Journalism Studies 22 (7): 878–895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamil, Sadia. 2021c. “Automated Journalism and the Freedom of Media: Understanding Legal and Ethical Implications in Competitive Authoritarian Regime.” Journalism Practice, 1–25 (published online first on 1st October). https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1981148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamil, Sadia. 2021d. “The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism: Evolving Threats to Media and Internet Freedoms in Pakistan.” World of Media – Russian Journal of Journalism and Media Studies 3: 5–33. https://doi.org/10.30547/worldofmedia.3.2021.1.
   Google Scholar
• Jamil, Sadia, and Prabjhot Sohal. 2021. “Reporting Under Fear and Threats: The Deadly Cost of Being a Journalist in Pakistan and India.” World of Media – Russian Journal of Journalism and Media Studies 2: 5–33.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, Simon. 2021. “Digital 2021: Pakistan”. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, Laeeq, Howard Welser, Claudia Cisneros, Gaone Manatong, and Ika Karlina Idres. 2020. “Digital Inequality in the Appalachian Ohio: Understanding How Demographics, Internet Access, and Skills Can Shape Vital Information Use (VIU)”. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/telematics-and-informatics/vol/50/suppl/C.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, Seth, Kelly Kaufhold, and Dominic Lasorsa. 2009. “Thinking About Citizen Journalism: The Philosophical and Practical Challenges of User-Generated Content for Community Newspapers.” Journalism Practice 4 (2): 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700903156919.
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, Sonia. 2003. The Changing Nature and Uses of Media Literacy. http://www2.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/mediaWorkingPapers/pdf/EWP04.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mabweazara, Hayes. 2013. “Digital Technologies and the Evolving African Newsroom: Towards an African Digital Journalism Epistemology.” Digital Journalism 2 (1): 2–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabweazara, Hayes M., Okoth F. Mudhai, and Jason Whittaker. 2014. Online Journalism in Africa: Trends, Practices and Emerging Cultures. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Marchi, Regina. 2012. “With Facebook, Blogs, and Fake News, Teens Reject Journalistic ‘Objectivity’.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 36 (3): 246–262.
   Google Scholar
• Narayanan, Madhavan. 2020. “Journalism in the Digital Age Requires New-Age Business Models.” https://reputationtoday.in/digital-age-journalism-requires-new-age-business-models/.
   Google Scholar
• Palinkas, Lawrence, Sarah M. Howitz, Carla A. Green, Jennifer P. Wisdom, Naihua Duan, and Kimberly Hoagwood. 2015. “Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research.” Administrative Policy & Mental Health 42 (5): 533–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, Sora. 2017. Digital Capital. Germany: Springer Nature.
   Google Scholar
• Raine, Lee, and Janna Andersen. 2017. “The Internet of Things Connectivity Binge: What Are the Implications?” https://www.pewinternet.org/2017/06/06/the-internet-of-things-connectivity-binge-what-are-the-implications/.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, Jonathan, David Millard, and Pauline Leonard. 2015. “Citizen Participation in News An Analysis of the Landscape of Online Journalism.” Digital Journalism 3 (5): 737–758. Citizen Participation in News.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroka, Stuart. 2012. “The Gatekeeping Function: Distributions of Information in Media and the Real World.” The Journal of Politics 74 (2): 514–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spilsbury, Mark. 2014. Emerging Skills for Journalists. National Council for the Training of Journalists. https://www.nctj.com/downloadlibrary/NCTJ%20Emerging%20.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Steensen, Steen, and Oscar Westlund. 2021. What is Digital Journalism? London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Steyaert, Jan. 2002. “Inequality and the Digital Divide: Myths and Realities.” In Advocacy, Activism, and the Internet, edited by Steven Hick and John McNutt. Chicago: Lyceum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tong, Jingrong, and Shih-Huang Lo. 2017. Digital Technology and Journalism: An International Comparative Perspective. Berlin: Springer International.
   Google Scholar
• Tweksbury, David, and Jason Rittenberg. 2012. News on the Internet: Information and Citizenship in the 21st Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, Jan. 2006. “Digital Divide Research, Achievements and Shortcomings.” Poetics 34: 221–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk, Jan. 2013. “A Theory of the Digital Divide.” In The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective, edited by M. Ragnedda and G. W. Muschert, 29–51. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• van Duerson, Alexander, and Jan van Dijk. 2013. Digital Skills: The Key to the Information Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• van Duerson, Alexander, and Jan Van Dijk. 2018. “The First-Level Digital Divide Shifts from Inequalities in Physical Access to Inequalities in Material Access.” New Media & Society 21 (2): 354–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waisbord, Silvio. 2019. “The 5Ws and 1H of Digital Journalism.” Digital Journalism 7 (3): 351–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welbers, Kasper, and Michael Ophgenhaffen. 2018. “Presenting News on Social Media Media Logic in the Communication Style of Newspapers on Facebook.” Digital Journalism 7 (1): 45–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2021. World Bank Country Classification and Lending Group. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.
   Google Scholar
• Zelizer, Barbie. 2019. “Why Journalism is About More Than Digital Technology.” Digital Journalism 7 (3): 343–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar