Perceived threat and prejudice towards immigrants in Finland: A study among early, middle, and late Finnish adolescents

References

• Aboud, F.E. (1988). Children and prejudice. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Abrams, D., & Rutland, A. (2008). The development of subjective group dynamics. In S.R. Levy & M. Killen (Eds.), Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood (pp. 47–65). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Bergen, T.J. (2001). The development of prejudice in children. Education, 122(1), 154–162.
   Google Scholar
• Bigler, R.S., & Liben, L.S. (2006). A developmental intergroup theory of social stereotypes and prejudice. In R.V. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 34, pp. 39–89). San Diego: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Black-Gutman, D., & Hickson, F. (1996). The relation between racial attitudes and social-cognitive development in children: An Australian study. Developmental Psychology, 32, 448–456. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.32.3.448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss, A.H. (1961). The psychology of aggression. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, C. & Rice, C. (1997). Acquisition and manifestation of prejudice in children. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 25, 185–194. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1912.1997.tb00328.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croucher, S.M., Aalto, J., Hirvonen, S., & Sommier, M. (2013). Integrated threat and intergroup contact: An analysis of Muslim immigration to Finland. Human Communication, 16, 109–120.
   Google Scholar
• Croucher, S.M., Galy-Badenas, F., & Routsalainen, M. (2014). Host culture acceptance, religiosity, and the threat of Muslim immigration: An integrated threat analysis in Spain. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 35. Retrieved from http://www.immi.se/intercultural/
   Google Scholar
• Croucher, S.M., Homsey, D., Brush, E., Buyce, C., DeSilva, S., & Thompson, A. (2013). Prejudice toward American Muslims: An integrated threat analysis. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 32. Retrieved from http://immi.se/intercultural/
   Google Scholar
• Curseu, P.L., Stoop, R., & Schalk, R. (2007). Prejudice toward immigrant workers among Dutch employees: Integrated theory revisited. European Journal of Pyschology, 37, 125–140. doi:10.1002/ejsp.331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, A.B., & Aboud, F. (1995). A longitudinal study of white children’s racial prejudice as a Social-cognitive development. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 209–228. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23090532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egharevba, S. (2011). Understanding the racial nature of police and immigrant relations in Finland: The case of Africans in Turku. Department of Social Policy University of Turku. Retrieved September 29, 2015, from https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/70725/AnnalesB331.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Ervasti, H. (2004). Attitudes towards foreign-born settlers: Finland in a comparative perspective. In I.S. Teoksessa (Ed.), Yearbook of population research in Finland (pp. 25–44). Helsinki, Finland: Väestöliitto, Väestöntutkimuslaitos.
   Google Scholar
• Fedderson, A. (2015). Same but different: Muslims and foreigners in public media discourse. Swiss Political Science Review, 21, 287–301. doi:10.1111/spsr.12158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnish National Broadcasting Company. (2011). General election results. Retrieved on December 2012, from http://vaalit.yle.fi/tulospalvelu/2011/kymi_puolueiden_kannatus_8.html
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein, H.D. (1996). Peer prejudice and discrimination: Evolutionary, cultural and developmental dynamics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• González, K.V., Verkuyten, M., Weesie, J., & Poppe, E. (2008). Prejudice towards Muslims in The Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 667–685. doi:10.1348/014466608X284443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooghe, M., & Meeusen, C. (2012). Homophobia and the transition to adulthood: A three year panel study among Belgian late adolescents and young adults, 2008–2011. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41, 1197–1207. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9786-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, R.M., & Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived outgroup variability, and out-group attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 700–710. doi:10.1177/0146167293196005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaakkola, M. (2000). Finnish Attitudes towards immigrants in 1987–1999. (I. Söderling, Toim.) Helsinki, Finland: Väestöntutkimuslaitos.
   Google Scholar
• Jaakkola, M. (2009). Maahanmuuttajat suomalaisten näkökulmasta. Asennemuutokset 1987–2007. Helsinki, Finland: City of Helsinki Urban Facts Research Series.
   Google Scholar
• Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., & Liebkind, K. (2001). Perceived discriminaion and psychological adjustment among Russian-speaking immigrant adolescents in Finland. International Journal of Psychology, 36, 174–185. doi:10.1080/00207590042000074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karemaa, O. (2004). Foes, fiends, and vermin. Ethnic hatred of Russians in Finland 1917–1923. Retrieved from http://finoved.madistudio.com/?idm=41&op=main&idcont=126
   Google Scholar
• Khan, Z., & Wiseman, R.L. (2007). What are you going to take from us now?: Perceived threats from immigrants, ethnocentrism, and intercultural communication apprehension. Intercultural Communication Studies, 16, 55–70.
   Google Scholar
• Kiesner, J., Maass, A., Cadinu, M., & Vallesse, I. (2003). Risk factors for ethnic prejudice during early adolescence. Social Development, 12, 288–308. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killen, M., Margie, N.G., & Sinno, S. (2006). Morality in the context of intergroup relationships. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 155–183). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Kyntäjä, E. (1997). Ethnic remigration from the former Soviet Union to Finland-patterns of ethnic identity and acculturation among the Ingrian Finns. In S. S. Teoksessa (Ed.), Yearbook of population research in Finland (pp. 102–113). Helsinki, Finland: Väestöliitto, Väestöntutkimuslaitos.
   Google Scholar
• Ljujic, V., Vedder, P., & Dekker, H. (2012). Romaphobia among Serbian adolescents: The role of national in-group attitudes and perceived threat. Political Psychology, 33, 911–924. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00927.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusitz, J. (2012). Relationship between knowledge, stereotyping and prejudice in interethnic communication. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Heritage, 10, 89–98.
   Google Scholar
• Meertens, R.W., & Pettigrew, T.F. (1997). Is subtle prejudice really Prejudice? Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 54–71. doi:10.1086/297786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesdale, D. (1999). Ethnic prejudice in children: A social identity model. In P.R. Martin & W. Noble (Eds.), Psychology and society (pp. 92–110). Brisbane, Australia: Australian Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nshom, E. (2016). Predictors of Finnish adolescent's prejudice towards Russian immigrants and the role of intergroup contact. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45, 31–44. doi:10.1080/17475759.2015.1136347
   Google Scholar
• Nshom, E. & Croucher, S.M. (2014). Threats and attitudes toward Russian-speaking immigrants: A comparative study between younger and older Finns. Russian Journal of Communication, 6, 308–317. doi:10.1080/19409419.2014.954599
   Google Scholar
• Oskamp, S. (1991). Attitudes and opinions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Oskamp, S. (2000). Reducing prejudice and discrimination. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Pahl, K., & Way, N. (2006). Longitudinal trajectories of ethnic identity among urban Black and Latino adolescents. Child Development, 77, 1403–1415. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00943.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T.F., & Meertens, R.W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57–75. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420250106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poteat, V.P., & Anderson, C.J. (2012). Developmental changes in sexual prejudice from early to late adolescence: The effects of gender, race, and ideology on different patterns of change. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1403–1415. doi:10.1037/a0026906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintana, S.M. (2007). Racial and ethnic identity: Developmental perspectives and research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 259–270. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe, T., & Beelmann, A. (2011). Development of ethnic, racial, and national prejudice in childhood and adolescence: A multinational meta-analysis of age differences. Child Development, 82, 1715–1737. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01668.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter (2015). Finnish demonstrators attack refugees with stones and fireworks. Retrieved February 13, 2016, from http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-europe-migrants-finland-idUKKCN0RP0T420150925
   Google Scholar
• Riek, B.M., Mania, E.W., & Gaertner, S.L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 336–353. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rus, A., & Madrid, D. (1998). An overview of prejudice: Some Spanish studies. International Journal of Political Psychology and Political Socialization, 7, 117–130.
   Google Scholar
• Rutland, A. (1999). The development of national prejudice, in-group favouritism and self-stereotypes in British children. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 55–70. doi:10.1348/014466699164031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibner, G. & Morrison, T. (2009). Attitudes towards Polish immigrants to the Republic of Ireland: An integrated threat analysis. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32, 1431–1448. doi:10.1080/01419870902890317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, S.L. (2007). Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: Outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review, 24, 53–67. doi:10.1093/esr/jcm034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer, R., Perkoulidis, S.A., Krome, S.L., & Ludlow, C.N. (2005). Attitudes towards refugees: The dark side of prejudice in Australia. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57, 170–179. doi:10.1080/00049530500125199
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Finland. (2014). Demographic statistics. Retrieved from http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#foreigners
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W.G., Diaz-Looving, R., & Duran, A. (2000). Integrated threat theory and intercultural attitudes: Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 240–249. doi:10.1177/0022022100031002006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W.G., Renfro, C.L., & Davis, M.D. (2008). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In U. Wagner, L.R. Tropp, G. Finchilescu, & C. Tredoux (Eds.), Improving intergroup relations: Building on the legacy of Thomas F. Pettigrew (pp. 55–72). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781444303117.ch5
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (1993). Cognition and affect in stereotyping: Parallel interactive networks. In D.M. Mackie & D.L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 111–136). Orlando, FL: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-088579-7.50010-7
   Google Scholar
• Stephan W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (1996). Predicting prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 409–426. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(96)00026-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W.G., & Stephan, C.W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 225–246). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, W.G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2221–2237. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00107.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan, W.G., Ybarra, O., Martinez, C.M., Schwarzwald, J., & Turk-Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel: An integrated threat theory analysis. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 29, 559–576. doi:10.1177/0022022198294004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Tarvas, T., & Martikainen, T. (2012). Islampelko on pysynyt aisoissa. Europa. Retrieved from http://www.europalehti.fi/2012/08/islampelko-on-pysynyt-aisoissa/
   Google Scholar
• Valsiner, J., & Connolly, K.J. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of developmental psychology. London, UK: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Van Oudenhoven, J.P., Prins, K.S., & Buunk, B.P. (1998). Attitudes of minority and majority members towards adaptation of immigrants. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 995–1013. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(1998110)28:6<995::AID-EJSP908>3.0.CO;2-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zalk, M.H.W., & Kerr, M. (2014). Developmental trajectories of prejudice and tolerance toward immigrants from early to late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1658–1671. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0164-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkuyten, M. (1997). The structure of ethnic attitudes: The effect of target group, region, gender and national identity. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 123, 261–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Way, N., Hernandez, M.G., Rogers, L.O., & Hughes, D.L. (2013). “I’m not going to become no rapper”: Stereotypes as a context of ethnic and racial identity development. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28, 407–430. doi:10.1177/0743558413480836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, R.J., Saucier, D.A., & Harris, R.J. (2010). Before the measurement of prejudice: Early psychological and sociological papers on prejudice. Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences, 46, 300–313. doi:10.1002/jhbs.20442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, F.A., & Gleitzman, M. (2006). An examination of family socialization processes as moderators of racial prejudice transmission between adolescents and their parents. Journal of Family Studies, 12, 247–260. doi:10.5172/jfs.327.12.2.247
   Google Scholar
• White, F.A., Wootton, B., Man, J., Diaz, H., Rasiah, J., Swift, E., & Wilkinson, A. (2009). Adolescent racial prejudice development: The role of friendship quality and interracial contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33, 524–534. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2009.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip, T., Seaton, E.K., & Sellers, R.M. (2006). African American racial identity across the lifespan: Identity status, identity content, and depressive symptoms. Child Development, 77, 1504–151. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00950.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yle. (2015). Anti-immigration protest draws 200 in Helsinki. Retrieved September 29, 2015, from http://yle.fi/uutiset/anti-immigration_protest_draws_200_in_helsinki/8317805
   Google Scholar