Ethnically Chinese and culturally American: Exploring bicultural identity negotiation and co-cultural communication of Chinese-American female adoptees

References

• Allen, B. J. (2000). “Learning the ropes”: A black feminist standpoint analysis. In P. Buzzanell (Ed.), Rethinking organizational and managerial communication from feminist perspectives (pp. 177–208). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, K. N., Rueter, M. A., & Lee, R. M. (2015). Discussions about racial and ethnic differences in internationally adoptive families: Links with family engagement, warmth, & control. Journal of Family Communication, 15(1), 289–308. doi: 10.1080/15267431.2015.1076420
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benson, P. L., Sharma, A. R., & Roehlkepartain, E. C. (1994). Growing up adopted: A portrait of adolescents and their families. Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Berbery, M., & O’Brien, K. (2011). Predictors of white adoptive parents’ cultural and racial socialization behaviors with their Asian adopted children. Adoption Quarterly, 14(4), 284–304. doi: 10.1080/10926755.2011.628265
   Google Scholar
• Bie, B., & Tang, L. (2016). Chinese gay men’s coming out narratives: Connecting social relationship to co-cultural theory. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 9(4), 351–367. doi: 10.1080/17513057.2016.1142602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, C., Chen, Z. J., & Chatham-Carpenter, A. (2016). Constructing and negotiating identity in “birth culture”: An intercultural communication perspective. China Media Research, 12(1), 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Cheryan, S., & Monin, B. (2005). Where are you really from? Asian Americans and identity denial. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 717–730. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, M., & Avanzino, S. (2010). We are people first: Framing organizational assimilation experiences of the physically disabled using co-cultural theory. Communication Studies, 61(3), 272–303. doi: 10.1080/10510971003791203
   Google Scholar
• Ebenstein, A. (2010). The “missing girls” of China and the unintended consequences of the one child policy. Journal of Human Resources, 45(1), 87–115. doi: 10.1353/jhr.2010.0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J., & Warber, K. M. (2015). Queer identity management and political self-expression on social networking sites: A co-cultural approach to the spiral of silence. Journal of Communication, 65(1), 79–100. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New Brunswick, NJ: Aldine Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, J. M., & Liang, B. (2008). Discrimination distress among Chinese American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(1), 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s10964-007-9215-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramarae, C. (1981). Women and men speaking. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, D. S. (1978). Issues in transracial and transcultural adoption. Social Casework, 59(8), 477–486. doi: 10.1177/104438947805900804
   Google Scholar
• Kim, W. J. (1995). International adoption: A case review of Korean children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 25(3), 141–154. doi: 10.1007/BF02251299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhl, W. (1985). When adopted children of foreign origin grow up. Osnabruck: Terre des Hommes.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, R. M. (2003). The transracial adoption paradox: History, research, and counseling implications of cultural socialization. The Counseling Psychologist, 31(6), 711–744. doi: 10.1177/0011000003258087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzi, C., Ferrari, L., Rosnati, R., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2014). Bicultural identity integration of transracial adolescent adoptees: Antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(6), 888–904. doi: 10.1177/0022022114530495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga, M., & Torigoe, C. (2008). Looking at the Japan-residing Korean identities through the eyes of the “outsiders within”: Application and extension of co-cultural theory. Western Journal of Communication, 72(4), 349–373. doi: 10.1080/10570310802446007
   Google Scholar
• McGinnis, H., Smith, L., Ryan, S. D., & Howard, J. A. (2009). Beyond culture camp: Promoting healthy identity formation in adoption (Research Report). Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute. Retrieved from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/old/publications/2009_11_BeyondCultureCamp.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Miura, S. Y. (2001). New identity, new rhetoric: The native Hawaiian quest for independence. Journal of Intergroup Relations, 28(1), 3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Orbe, M. P. (1996). Laying the foundation for co-cultural communication theory: An inductive approach to studying “non-dominant” communication strategies and the factors that influence them. Communication Studies, 47(3), 157–176. doi: 10.1080/10510979609368473
   Google Scholar
• Orbe, M. P. (1998). Constructing co-cultural theory: An explication of culture, power, and communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Orbe, M. P., & Roberts, T. L. (2012). Co-cultural theorizing: Foundations, applications, and extensions. Howard Journal of Communications, 23(4), 293–311. doi: 10.1080/10646175.2012.722838
   Google Scholar
• Ponte, I. C., Wang, L. K., & Fan, S. P.-S. (2010). Returning to China: The experience of adopted Chinese children and their parents. Adoption Quarterly, 13(3), 100–124. doi: 10.1080/10926755.2010.481039
   Google Scholar
• Randolph, T. H., & Holtzman, M. (2010). The role of heritage camps in identity development among Korean transnational adoptees: A relational dialectics approach. Adoption Quarterly, 13(2), 75–99. doi: 10.1080/10926755.2010.481038
   Google Scholar
• Rorbech, M. (1990). Denmark – My country: The conditions of 18–25 year old foreign born adoptees in Denmark. Copenhagen: The Danish National Institute of Social Research Booklet.
   Google Scholar
• Rosnati, R., & Ferrari, L. (2014). Parental cultural socialization and perception of discrimination as antecedents for transracial adoptees’ ethnic identity. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 140, 103–108. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.393
   Google Scholar
• Scott, K. D. (2013). Communication strategies across cultural borders: Dispelling stereotypes, performing competence, and redefining black womanhood. Women’s Studies in Communication, 36(3), 312–329. doi: 10.1080/07491409.2013.831005
   Google Scholar
• Selman, P. (2015). Intercountry adoption of children from Asia in the twenty-first century. Children’s Geographies, 13(3), 312–327. doi: 10.1080/14733285.2015.972657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiao, J. L., & Tuan, M. H. (2008). Korean adoptees and the social context of ethnic exploration. American Journal of Sociology, 113(4), 1023–1066. doi: 10.1086/522807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2002). Counseling the culturally different (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Suter, E. A. (2008). Discursive negotiation of family identity: A study of U.S. Families with adopted children from China. Journal of Family Communication, 8(2), 126–147. doi: 10.1080/15267430701857406
   Google Scholar
• Tan, T. X., & Nakkula, M. J. (2004). White parents’ attitudes towards their adopted Chinese daughters’ ethnic identity. Adoption Quarterly, 7(4), 57–76. doi: 10.1300/J145v07n04_03
   Google Scholar
• Tessler, R., & Gamache, G. (2012). Ethnic exploration and consciousness of difference: Chinese adoptees in early adolescence. Adoption Quarterly, 15(4), 265–287. doi: 10.1080/10926755.2012.731031
   Google Scholar
• Tieman, W., Ende, J. V., & Verhulst, F. C. (2008). Young adult international adoptees’ search for birth parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(5), 678–687. doi: 10.1037/a0013172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey, S. (1993). Communicative resourcefulness: An identity negotiation perspective. In R. Wiseman & J. Kooster (Eds.), Intercultural communication competence (pp. 72–111). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey, S. (2005). Identity negotiation theory: Crossing cultural boundaries. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural communication (pp. 211–233). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, M. (2002). Second-generation Asian American identity: Clues from the Asian ethnic experience. In P. G. Min (Ed.), Second generation: Ethnic identity among Asian Americans (pp. 209–237). Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of State. (2018). Fiscal year 2015 annual report narrative. Retrieved from https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/Intercountry-Adoption/adopt_ref/adoption-publications.html
   Google Scholar