Equity in policy: an updated account of points systems for hukou conversion in Chinese megacities

References

• Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Plan of annual data release. http://tjj.beijing.gov.cn/tjsj_31433/tjbmfbjh/ndtjzl_31437/2021ndtjzl/202012/t20201231_2191210.html (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Beijing Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau. (n.d.). Points system. http://rsj.beijing.gov.cn/ywsite/jflh/jfzc/ (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Cai, F. (2011). Hukou system reform and unification of rural-urban social welfare. China & World Economy, 19(3), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-124X.2011.01241.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. (2017). Rural-to-urban migrants: Access to welfare services and integration into urban life. In B. Carrillo, J. Hood, & P. I. Kadetz (Eds.), Handbook of welfare in China (pp. 203–222). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C., & Fan, C. C. (2016). China’s hukou puzzle: Why don’t rural migrants want urban hukou. China Review, 16(3), 9–39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43974667.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J., Yue, C., Ren, L., & Yan, J. (2020). Determinants of urban identity in urbanizing China: Findings from a survey experiment. Chinese Sociological Review, 52(3), 295–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2020.1740585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Z., Nielsen, I., & Smyth, R. (2014). Access to social insurance in urban China: A comparative study of rural–urban and urban–urban migrants in Beijing. Habitat International, 41(1), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.08.007
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, P. (2021). Location-specific citizenship: State visions of spatial selectivity in the cities of Beijing and Suzhou. Territory, Politics, Governance, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2021.1982760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Q., & Gustafsson, B. (2014). The hukou converters – China’s lesser known rural to urban migrants. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(88), 657–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2013.861147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen Municipality. (2017). Points system. http://fgw.sz.gov.cn/attachment/0/318/318086/5740258.pdf (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Dong, Y., & Goodburn, C. (2019). Residence permits and points systems: New forms of educational and social stratification in urban China. Journal of Contemporary China, 29(125), 647–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2019.1704997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Q., Yang, S., & Li, S. (2012). Labor contracts and social insurance participation among migrant workers in China. China Economic Review, 23(4), 1195–1205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2012.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, G. R. (2018). Analyzing qualitative data. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Goodrick, D. (2014). Comparative case studies, methodological briefs: Impact evaluation 9. UNICEF Office of Research.
   Google Scholar
• Grimmelikhuijsen, S., & Meijer, A. J. (2014). Effects of transparency on the perceived trustworthiness of a government organization: Evidence from an online experiment. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24(1), 137–157. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mus048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimmelikhuijsen, S., Porumbescu, G., Hong, B., & Im, T. (2013). The effect of transparency on trust in government: A cross‐national comparative experiment. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 575–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, B. (2010). China’s quest for political legitimacy: The new equity-enhancing politics. Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Z., & Liang, T. (2017). Differentiating citizenship in urban China: A case study of Dongguan city. Citizenship Studies, 21(7), 773–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2017.1353744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, A. J. (2021). The welfare is ours: Rural-to-urban migration and domestic welfare chauvinism in urban China. Journal of Contemporary China, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2021.1945735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons? Public Administration, 69(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, J., Qian, J., & Wen, Z. (2018). Social protection for the informal sector in urban China: Institutional constrains and self-selection behaviour. Journal of Social Policy, 47(2), 335–357. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279417000563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, P. K., Geronimo, K., Romano, B., Earle, A., Rosenfeld, L., Hardy, E. F., … Acevedo-Garcia, D. (2014). Integrating racial/ethnic equity into policy assessments to improve child health. Health Affairs, 33(12), 2222–2229. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolm, S. C. (2002). Modern theories of justice. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Q., Ren, M., & Yang, M. (2019). Identity crisis among rural-to-urban migrant children in China: A proposal for school and government interventions. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 12(2), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2019.1588841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, D., & Gilson, L. (2002). Putting equity in health back onto the social policy agenda: Experience from South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 54(11), 1637–1656. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00332-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics. (2020). China statistical yearbook. China Statistics Press. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Featured statistics of the Seventh National Population Census. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/202105/t20210510_1817176.html (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Österle, A. (2002). Evaluating equity in social policy: A framework for comparative analysis. Evaluation, 8(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358902002008001516
   Google Scholar
• Page, B. I., & Shapiro, R. Y. (1983). Effects of public opinion on policy. American Political Science Review, 77(1), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.2307/1956018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollitt, C., & Bouckaert, G. (2017). Public management reform: A comparative analysis-into the age of austerity. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Qian, Y., & Qian, Z. (2017). Assortative mating by education and hukou in Shanghai. Chinese Sociological Review, 49(3), 239–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2017.1288066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seawright, J., & Gerring, J. (2008). Case selection techniques in case study research: A menu of qualitative and quantitative options. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), 294–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907313077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenzhen Bendibao. (2020). Hukou conversion quota. http://bsy.sz.bendibao.com/bsyDetail/3448.html (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Shenzhen Statistics Bureau. (2020). Shenzhen statistical yearbook. China Statistics Press. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Shenzhen Statistics Bureau. (2021). Explanatory notes on major data of the Seventh National Population Census. http://tjj.sz.gov.cn/ztzl/zt/szsdqcqgrkpc/szrp/content/post_9138049.html (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Song, Q., & Smith, J. P. (2019). Hukou system, mechanisms, and health stratification across the life course in rural and urban China. Health & Place, 58(4), 102150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• State Council. (1984). Circular on the settlement of peasants in market towns. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-10/20/content_5122291.htm (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• State Council. (1997). Pilot programmes on hukou reforms in town and small cities and guidance on rural hukou management. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1997/gwyb199720.pdf. (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• State Council. (1998). Guidance on key problems in hukou management. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-07/30/content_2727331.htm (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• State Council. (2001). Guidance on hukou reforms in towns and small cities. http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2001/content_60769.htm (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• State Council. (2012). Reforming the hukou system. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-02/23/content_2075082.htm (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• State Council. (2013). Decision of the Central Committee of Communist Party of China on some major issues concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform. http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-11/15/content_2528179.htm (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• State Council. (2014). National plan of new-type urbanization. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2014-03/16/content_2640075.htm (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Sun, J., & Luo, H. (2017). Evaluation on equality and efficiency of health resources allocation and health services utilization in China. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(127), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0614-y
   Google Scholar
• Tang, S., & Hao, P. (2018). Floaters, settlers, and returnees: Settlement intention and hukou conversion of China’s rural migrants. China Review, 18(1), 11–34 https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26435632.
   Google Scholar
• Tang, Y., & Meng, X. (2021). From concentration to decentralization: The spatial development of Beijing and the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Capital Region. In L. Bian, Y. Tang, & Z. Shen (Eds.), Chinese urban planning and construction: From historical wisdom to modern miracles (pp. 89–112). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. (2020). Permits, points, and permanent household registration: Recalibrating hukou policy under “top-level design. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 49(3), 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868102619894739
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M., Ma, X., & Krstikj, A. (2021). The spatial pattern of MNCs headquarters in the context of developmental state: The case of Beijing. Habitat International, 112(6), 102357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102357
   Google Scholar
• Wu, L. (2013). Decentralization and hukou reforms in China. Policy and Society, 32(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2013.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, Z., Xu, S., & Liu, J. (2018). The report on urban migrant population’s social integration in China. Social Sciences Academic Press. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Xinhua News. (2020). Beijing hukou applications. http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2020-10/15/c_1126613801.htm (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. (2012). Economic migration and urban citizenship in China: The role of points systems. Population and Development Review, 38(3), 503–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00514.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., & Treiman, D. J. (2013). Social origins, hukou conversion, and the wellbeing of urban residents in contemporary China. Social Science Research, 42(1), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, X. (2014). Mandate versus championship: Vertical government intervention and diffusion of innovation in public services in authoritarian China. Public Management Review, 16(1), 117–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.798028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, X., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Political mobility and dynamic diffusion of innovation: The spread of municipal pro-business administrative reform in China. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 26(3), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muv025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, X., & Zhao, H. (2021). Experimentalist governance with interactive central–local relations: Making new pension policies in China. Policy Studies Journal, 49(1), 13–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar