The effect of incentives and procedure simplification in policy implementation: evidence from a survey experiment on waste sorting

References

• Abeler, J., & Jäger, S. (2015). Complex Tax Incentives. American Economic Journal, Economic Policy, 7(3), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzubaidi, H., Slade, E. L., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021). Examining antecedents of consumers’ pro-environmental behaviours: TPB extended with materialism and innovativeness. Journal of Business Research, 122, 685–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo, B. D., Scavarda, L. F., Caiado, R. G. G., & Fuss, M. (2021). Improving urban household solid waste management in developing countries based on the German experience. Waste Management, 120, 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beshears, J., Choi, J. J., Laibson, D., & Madrian, B. C. (2013). Simplification and saving. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 95, 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhubalan, K., Tamothran, A. M., Kee, S. H., Foong, S. Y., Lam, S. S., Ganeson, K., Vigneswari, S., Amirul, A.-A., & Ramakrishna, S. (2022). Leveraging blockchain concepts as watermarkers of plastics for sustainable waste management in progressing circular economy. Environmental Research, 213, 113631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borthakur, A., & Govind, M. (2019). Computer and mobile phone waste in urban India: An analysis from the perspectives of public perception, consumption and disposal behaviour. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 62(4), 717–740. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2018.1429254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucciol, A., Montinari, N., & Piovesan, M. (2015). Do not trash the Incentive! Monetary Incentives and Waste Sorting. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1204–1229. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson, F., Gravert, C., Johansson-Stenman, O., & Kurz, V. (2021). The use of green nudges as an environmental policy instrument. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 15(2), 216–237. https://doi.org/10.1086/715524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, R., Fan, R., Wang, D., & Yao, Q. (2023). Exploring the coevolution of residents and recyclers in household solid waste recycling: Evolutionary dynamics on a two-layer heterogeneous social network. Waste Management, 157, 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty, R. (2015). Behavioral Economics and Public Policy: A Pragmatic Perspective. American Economic Review, 105(5), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J. W., & Presslee, A. (2023). When and why tangible rewards can motivate greater effort than cash rewards: An analysis of four attribute differences. Accounting, Organizations & Society, 104, 101389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2022.101389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Neve, J.-E., Imbert, C., Spinnewijn, J., Tsankova, T., & Luts, M. (2021). How to improve tax compliance? Evidence from population-wide experiments in Belgium. Journal of Political Economy, 129(5), 1425–1463. https://doi.org/10.1086/713096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias, A. L. S., Lange, L. C., & Magalhães, A. S. (2022). Application of a ‘Recycling Exchange’ instrument to compensate waste pickers in Brazil via a first payment for urban environmental services programme. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy, 40(7), 892–904. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211061211
   Google Scholar
• Ferster, C. B., & Skinner, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement (pp. vii, 744). Appleton-Century-Crofts. https://doi.org/10.1037/10627-000
   Google Scholar
• Gorleer, S., Bracke, P., & Hustinx, L. (2023). Institutionalizing Voluntary Blood Donation: Explaining the Cross-National Variance in the Approval of Paid Blood or Plasma Donation in Europe. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 52(6), 1753–1777. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640221139818
   Google Scholar
• Govindan, K., Zhuang, Y., & Chen, G. (2022). Analysis of factors influencing residents’ waste sorting behavior: A case study of Shanghai. Journal of Cleaner Production, 349, 131126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, R. D. (2020). The Selector in behavior selection. The Psychological Record, 70(4), 543–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00385-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackenberg, T. D. (2018). Token reinforcement: Translational research and application. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 51(2), 393–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosek, J., Knapp, D., Mattock, M. G., & Asch, B. J. (2023). Incentivizing Retirement: An Analysis of Cash Retirement Incentives for Chicago Teachers. Educational Researcher, 52(2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X211062850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, M., Law, K. M. Y., Geng, S., Niu, B., & Kettunen, P. (2022). Predictors of waste sorting and recycling behavioural intention among youths: Evidence from Shenzhen, China and Turku, Finland. Waste Management & Research, 40(6), 721–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211036254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignatuschtschenko, E. (2017). E-waste management in China: Bridging the formal and informal sectors. Journal of Chinese Governance, 2(4), 385–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2017.1379629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, S., O’Reilly, M., Rojeski, L., Blenden, K., Xu, Z., Davis, T., Sigafoos, J., & Lancioni, G. (2013). Effects of tangible and social reinforcers on skill acquisition, stereotyped behavior, and task engagement in three children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(2), 739–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knickmeyer, D. (2020). Social factors influencing household waste separation: A literature review on good practices to improve the recycling performance of urban areas. Journal of Cleaner Production, 245, 118605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kőszegi, B., & Matějka, F. (2020). Choice Simplification: A Theory of Mental Budgeting and Naive Diversification*. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2), 1153–1207. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, J., Riza, L., & Petzoldt, T. (2023). Carbon savings, fun, and money: The effectiveness of multiple motives for eco-driving and green charging with electric vehicles in Germany. Energy Research & Social Science, 99, 103054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krettenauer, T., & Lefebvre, J. P. (2021). Beyond subjective and personal: Endorsing pro-environmental norms as moral norms. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 76, 101644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange, F., & Dewitte, S. (2023). Non-monetary reinforcement effects on pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Economic Psychology, 97, 102628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2023.102628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehner, M., Mont, O., & Heiskanen, E. (2016). Nudging – a promising tool for sustainable consumption behaviour? Journal of Cleaner Production, 134, 166–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, C., Zhao, D., Zhang, S., & Chen, L. (2018). Determinants and the Moderating Effect of Perceived Policy Effectiveness on Residents’ Separation Intention for Rural Household Solid Waste. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 726. Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnemayr, S., & Rice, T. (2016). Insights from Behavioral Economics to Design More Effective Incentives for Improving Chronic Health Behaviors, with an Application to Adherence to Antiretrovirals. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 72(2), e50–e52. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Zou, C., Tai, J., & Che, Y. (2023). Evaluation of the household solid waste mandatory sorting policy in Shanghai: A 1-year public opinion survey. Waste Management & Research, 41(8), 1305–1317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X231155097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein, G., Friedman, J. Y., McGill, B., Ahmad, S., Linck, S., Sinkula, S., Beshears, J., Choi, J. J., Kolstad, J., Laibson, D., Madrian, B. C., List, J. A., & Volpp, K. G. (2013). Consumers’ misunderstanding of health insurance. Journal of Health Economics, 32(5), 850–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2013.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, H., & Sidortsov, R. (2019). Sorting out a problem: A co-production approach to household waste management in Shanghai, China. Waste Management, 95, 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrian, B. C. (2014). Applying insights from behavioral economics to policy design. Annual Review of Economics, 6(1), 663–688. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-041033
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mak, T. M. W., Yu, I. K. M., Xiong, X., Zaman, N. Q., Yaacof, N., Hsu, S.-C., Poon, C. S., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2021). A cross-region analysis of commercial food waste recycling behaviour. Chemosphere, 274, 129750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malodia, S., Dhir, A., Mishra, M., & Bhatti, Z. A. (2021). Future of e-government: An integrated conceptual framework. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, 121102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menges, R., Cloos, J., Greiff, M., Wehrle, J., Goldmann, D., & Rabe, L. (2021). Recycling behavior of private households: An empirical investigation of individual preferences in a club good experiment. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 23(3), 843–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01929-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MHURD and NDRC. (2017, March 18). Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Forwarding the Implementation Plan of the Household Waste Sorting System of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the National Development and Reform Commission [ The State Council website]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-03/30/content_5182124.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China. (2021, March 1). The “Zero-Waste city” Policy. https://www.mee.gov.cn/home/ztbd/2020/wfcsjssdgz/wfcsxwbd/wfcsmtbd/202103/t20210301_822867.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Mu, R., Li, Y., & Cui, T. (2021). Policy narrative, policy understanding and policy support intention: A survey experiment on energy conservation. Policy Studies, 0, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2021.1954609
   Google Scholar
• Nisa, C. F., Bélanger, J. J., Schumpe, B. M., & Faller, D. G. (2019). Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials testing behavioural interventions to promote household action on climate change. Nature Communications, 10(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12457-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niu, X., Wang, X., & Xiao, H. (2018). What motivates environmental leadership behaviour – an empirical analysis in Taiwan. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 11(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2017.1353940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oztekin, C., Teksöz, G., Pamuk, S., Sahin, E., & Kilic, D. S. (2017). Gender perspective on the factors predicting recycling behavior: Implications from the theory of planned behavior. Waste Management, 62, 290–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, C., Abbas, J., Álvarez-Otero, S., Khan, H., & Cai, C. (2022). Interplay between corporate social responsibility and organizational green culture and their role in employees’ responsible behavior towards the environment and society. Journal of Cleaner Production, 366, 132878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhu, N. S., & Majhi, R. (2023). Disposal of obsolete mobile phones: A review on replacement, disposal methods, in-use lifespan, reuse and recycling. Waste Management & Research, 41(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X221105429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, X. (2020). China’s social security response to COVID-19: Wider lessons learnt for social security’s contribution to social cohesion and inclusive economic development. International Social Security Review, 73(3), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisch, L. A., Sunstein, C. R., Andor, M. A., Doebbe, F. C., Meier, J., & Haddaway, N. R. (2021). Mitigating climate change via food consumption and food waste: A systematic map of behavioral interventions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera, J. D., & Knox, C. C. (2023). Bureaucratic discretion, social equity, and the administrative legitimacy dilemma: Complications of new public service. Public Administration Review, 83(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robitaille, N., Mazar, N., Tsai, C. I., Haviv, A. M., & Hardy, E. (2021). Increasing Organ Donor Registrations with Behavioral Interventions: A Field Experiment. Journal of Marketing, 85(3), 168–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242921990070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rode, J., Gómez-Baggethun, E., & Krause, T. (2015). Motivation crowding by economic incentives in conservation policy: A review of the empirical evidence. Ecological Economics, 117, 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherbaum, C. A., Naidoo, L. J., & Saunderson, R. (2021). The impact of manager recognition training on performance: A quasi-experimental field study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 43(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-04-2021-0144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, F. H., Campos-Mercade, P., Meier, S., Pope, D., Wengström, E., & Meier, A. N. (2023). Financial incentives for vaccination do not have negative unintended consequences. Nature, 613(7944), 526–533. Article 7944. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05512-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, S. M., & Sanguinetti, A. (2021). Positive reinforcement is just the beginning: Associative learning principles for energy efficiency and climate sustainability. Energy Research & Social Science, 74, 101958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.101958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenzhen Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau. (2019, November 1). Incentive Measures for Household Waste Sorting in Shenzhen [ Website of Shenzhen Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau]. https://www.sz.gov.cn/zfgb/2019/gb1118/content/post_4948941.html
   Google Scholar
• Shenzhen Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau. (2022, August 12). Incentive Measures for Household Waste Sorting in Shenzhen (Draft for Comment) [ Website of Shenzhen Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau]. http://cgj.sz.gov.cn/zwgk/tzgg/content/post_10014158.html
   Google Scholar
• Shiota, M. N., Papies, E. K., Preston, S. D., & Sauter, D. A. (2021). Positive affect and behavior change. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 39, 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.04.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, B. (2012). Changing contours of solid waste management in India. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 5(3), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2012.731172
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, B. F. (1948). “Superstition” in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(2), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0055873
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skinner, C. H., Bennett, J., Richardson, R., Scott, K., Wheat, L. S., & Martinez, J. (2023). Educational equity, academic standards, and countercontrol: Preventing academic deficits with supplemental interdependent rewards. Psychology in the Schools, 60(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steuer, B. (2017). Is China’s regulatory system on urban household waste collection effective? An evidence-based analysis on the evolution of formal rules and contravening informal practices. Journal of Chinese Governance, 2(4), 411–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2017.1379166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strohacker, K., Galarraga, O., & Williams, D. M. (2014). The impact of incentives on exercise behavior: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 48(1), 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9577-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The people’s government of Beijing municipality, (2019) The city’s 16 Streets Competed to Waste Sorting Demonstration Zone, and the Acceptance Work Was Completed by the End of July. [ Beijing government website]. (2019, July 16). https://www.beijing.gov.cn/ywdt/gzdt/201907/t20190716_1827483.html
   Google Scholar
• Thiesmeyer, L. (2012). China’s environmental policies and its Southeast Asian neighbours. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 5(2), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2012.678739
   Google Scholar
• Uehara, T., Asari, M., Sakurai, R., Cordier, M., & Kalyanasundaram, M. (2023). Behavioral barrier-based framework for selecting intervention measures toward sustainable plastic use and disposal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 384, 135609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urpelainen, J., & Zhang, A. T. (2022). Electoral Backlash or Positive Reinforcement? Wind Power and Congressional Elections in the United States. The Journal of Politics, 84(3), 1306–1321. https://doi.org/10.1086/718977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadehra, S., & Mishra, A. (2018). Encouraging urban households to segregate the waste they generate: Insights from a field experiment in Delhi, India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 134, 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield, A., & Axon, S. (2020). “I’m a bit of a waster”: Identifying the enablers of, and barriers to, sustainable food waste practices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 275, 122803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walia, B., & Sanders, S. (2019). Curbing food waste: A review of recent policy and action in the USA. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 34(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170517000400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Li, B., Wu, J., & Wan, C. (2023). Can NPOs convene collaborative governance in China? —A case of addressing complex water conflicts. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 0, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2023.2231145
   Google Scholar
• Wu, T., Jia, W., & Wang, Q. (2023). Deviation between willingness and actual behavior regarding community participation in protected areas: A case study in Shengjin lake national nature reserve in China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1062147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Z., Zhang, Y., Chen, Q., & Wang, H. (2021). Attitude of Chinese public towards municipal solid waste sorting policy: A text mining study. Science of the Total Environment, 756, 142674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L., Ling, M., Lu, Y., & Shen, M. (2017). External influences on forming residents’ waste separation behaviour: Evidence from households in Hangzhou, China. Habitat International, 63, 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L., Zhang, X., & Ling, M. (2018). Pro-environmental spillover under environmental appeals and monetary incentives: Evidence from an intervention study on household waste separation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 60, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, F., Zhang, Z., & Wang, S. (2022). Enlisting citizens: Forging the effectiveness of policy implementation in local China. Journal of Chinese Governance, 7(3), 400–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2020.1846294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, X., & Thøgersen, J. (2022). When people are green and greedy: A new perspective of recycling rewards and crowding-out in Germany, the USA and China. Journal of Business Research, 144, 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, A., Xie, S., Gong, Y., Li, C., & Liu, Y. (2023). Barriers to compulsory waste sorting for a circular economy in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 342, 118180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Peng, L., Li, L. J., Fan, W., Deng, J., Wei, X., Liu, X., Li, Z., & Lacetera, N. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and willingness of different ethnicities to participate in cadaver donation programs. PLoS One, 15(3), e0229529. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, P., Zhang, K., Zhang, S., Wang, R., & Wang, H. (2017). The door-to-door recycling scheme of household solid wastes in urban areas: A case study from Nagoya, Japan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163, S366–S373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, H., Liu, Y., Wang, F., Song, S., & Cai, J. (2023). The interactive influence of personal norm and policy measures on urban resident waste separation behaviour. Journal of Material Cycles & Waste Management, 25(4), 2012–2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01628-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar