Publication Cover
Time and Mind
The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture
Volume 14, 2021 - Issue 2
5,102
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Hypoxia in Paleolithic decorated caves: the use of artificial light in deep caves reduces oxygen concentration and induces altered states of consciousness

, &

References

  • Abadia, O. M. 2015. “The Reception of Palaeolithic Art at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Between Archaeology and Art History.” Journal of Art Historiography 12 (1): 1–23.
  • Abadia, O. M., and M. R. Morales. 2013. “Paleolithic Art: A Cultural History.” Journal of Archaeological Research 21 (3): 269–306.
  • Alberti, B. 2016. “Archaeologies of Ontology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 45 (1): 163–179. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102215-095858.
  • Angerer, P., and D. Nowak. 2003. “Working in Permanent Hypoxia for Fire Protection—impact on Health.” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 76 (2): 87–102. doi:10.1007/s00420-002-0394-5.
  • Ardhana, I. K. 2016. “Religious Teachings on Sustainability in the Context of Hinduism in Bali.” Sosyoloji Konferanslari 56: 21–41.
  • Arias, P. 2009. “Rites in the Dark? An Evaluation of the Current Evidence for Ritual Areas at Magdalenian Cave Sites.” World Archaeology 41 (2): 262–294. doi:10.1080/00438240902843964.
  • Armand, D., F. Plassard, and F. Prat. 2004. “L’ours de Font-de-Gaume III et le probleme de l’exploitation de l’ours des cavernes.” Publications du musée des Confluences 2 (1): 103–110.
  • Arne, D. 2015. How Creativity Happens in the Brain, 18–24. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Arthur, K. W. 2018. The Lives of Stone Tools: Crafting the Status, Skill, and Identity of Flintknappers. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Asaad, G., and B. Shapiro. 1986. “Hallucinations: Theoretical and Clinical Overview.” American Journal of Psychiatry 143: 1088–1109.
  • Astor-Aguilera, M. A. 2010. The Maya World of Communicating Objects: Quadripartite Crosses, Trees, and Stones. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Aubert, M., P. Setiawan, A. A. Oktaviana, A. Brumm, P. H. Sulistyarto, E. Saptomo, and J. X. Zhao. 2018. “Palaeolithic Cave Art in Borneo.” Nature 564 (7735): 254. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9.
  • Aubert, M., R. Lebe, A. A. Oktaviana, M. Tang, B. Burhan, and B. A. Hamrullah. 2019. “Earliest Hunting Scene in Prehistoric Art.” Nature 576 (7787): 442–445. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y.
  • Auersbach, B. 2018. “The House, the Rice and the Buffalo: Cosmological Perceptions in the Indigenous Architecture of Southeast Asia.” Journal of Archaeology and Fine Arts in Southeast Asia2.
  • Averbouh, A. 1999. “Un fragment de percuteur sur partie basilaire de la grotte magdalénienne d’Enlène (Ariège).” In Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française,Société Préhistorique Française, 497–504.
  • Bahn, P. 2001. “Save the Last Trance for Me: An Assessment of the Misuse of Shamanism in Rock Art Studies.” In The Concept of Shamanism: Uses and Abuses, edited by H. Francfort, R. Hamayon, and P. Bahn, 59–93. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.
  • Barkai, R. 2019. “An Elephant to Share: Rethinking the Origins of Meat and Fat Sharing in Paleolithic Societies.” In Towards a Broader View of Hunter Gatherer Sharing , edited by N. Lavi and D. E. Friesem, 153–170. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs Series.
  • Barkai, R., J. Rosell, R. Blasco, and A. Gopher. 2017. “Fire for a Reason: Barbecue at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel.” Current Anthropology 58 (16): 314–328. doi:10.1086/691211.
  • Basso, K. H. 1996. Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: UNM Press.
  • Bastir, M., A. Rosas, P. Gunz, A. Peña-Melian, G. Manzi, K. Harvati, and J. Hublin. 2011. “Evolution of the Base of the Brain in Highly Encephalized Human Species.” Nature Communications 2 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1038/ncomms1593.
  • Beach, H., and F. Stammler. 2006. “Human–animal Relations in Pastoralism.” Nomadic Peoples 10 (2): 6–30. doi:10.3167/np.2006.100202.
  • Beaty, R. E., M. Benedek, P. J. Silvia, and D. L. Schacter. 2016. “Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20 (2): 87–95. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.004.
  • Bégouen, C. H. 1939. “Les bases magiques de l’art préhistorique.” Scientia 33: 202–216. 4th series.
  • Bégouën, R., C. Fritz, G. Tosello, J. Clottes, F. Faist, A. Pastoors, and P. Fosse. 2007. “Les Magdaléniens modelaient aussi l’argile.” In Les Dossiers d’archéologie, 30–37. France: Faton, Dijon.
  • Bégouën, R., Clottes, J., Feruglio, V., & Pastoors, A. (2014). La Caverne des Trois-Frères. Anthologie d’un exceptionnel sanctuaire préhistorique. Association Louis Bégouën, Somogy Éditions d’art
  • Bégouën, R., J. Clottes, J. Giraud, and F. Rouzaud. 1996. “Os plantés et peintures rupestres dans la caverne d’Enlène.” Pyrénées préhistoriques: Arts et sociétés. H. Delporte, & J. Clottes 283–306. Actes du 118e Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques.
  • Bégouën, R., J. Clottes, V. Feruglio, and A. Pastoors. 2014b. La Caverne des Trois-Frères. Anthologie d’un exceptionnel sanctuaire préhistorique. Association Louis Bégouën, Somogy Éditions d’art.
  • Berrocal, C. M. 2011. “Analogical Evidence and Shamanism in Archaeological Interpretation: South African and European Palaeolithic Rock Art.” Norwegian Archaeological Review 44 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/00293652.2011.572672.
  • Betts, M. W., M. Hardenberg, and I. Stirling. 2015. “How Animals Create Human History: Relational Ecology and the Dorset–polar Bear Connection.” American Antiquity 80 (1): 89–112. doi:10.7183/0002-7316.79.4.89.
  • Bird-David, N., and D. Naveh. 2008. “Relational Epistemology, Immediacy, and Conservation: Or, What Do the Nayaka Try to Conserve?” Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature & Culture 2 (1): 55–73. doi:10.1558/jsrnc.v2i1.55.
  • Bjerck, H. B. 2012. “On the Outer Frigne of the Human World: Phenomenological Prespective on Anthropomorphic Cave Paintings in Norway.” In Caves in Context (pp. 48-64), edited by K. A. Bergsvik and R. Skeates. Oxford: Oxford Books. 48–64
  • Blasco, R., J. Rosell, A. Sánchez-Marco, A. Gopher, and R. Barkai. 2019b. “Feathers and Food: Human-bird Interactions at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel.” Journal of Human Evolution 136: 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102653.
  • Blasco, R., J. Rosell, F. Cuartero, J. Peris, A. Gopher, and R. Barkai. 2013. “Using Bones to Shape Stones: MIS 9 Bone Retouchers at Both Edges of the Mediterranean Sea.” PLoS One 8 (10): 10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076780.
  • Blasco, R., J. Rosell, M. Arilla, A. Margalida, D. Villalba, A. Gopher, and R. Barkai. 2019a. “Bone Marrow Storage and Delayed Consumption at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Israel (420 to 200 Ka).” Science Advances 5 (10): 1–12. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav9822.
  • Bloch, J., H. Duplain, S. F. Rimoldi, T. Stuber, S. Kriemler, Y. Allemann, and U. Scherrer. 2009. “Prevalence and Time Course of Acute Mountain Sickness in Older Children and Adolescents after Rapid Ascent to 3450 Meters.” Pediatrics 123 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0200.
  • Bloch, L. 2019. “Oral Traditions and Mounds, Owls and Movement at Poverty Point: An Archaeological Ethnography of Multispecies Embodiments and Everyday Life.” Journal of Social Archaeology 19 (3): 356–378. doi:10.1177/1469605319846985.
  • Blumdell, G., and A. Ferreira. 2018. “Tusk and Transformation in Southern African San Rock Art: An Iconographic Analysis of WAR2.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 53 (3): 341–368. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2018.1513239.
  • Bourdier, C. 2013. “Rock Art and Social Geography in the Upper Paleolithic. Contribution to the Socio-cultural Function of the Roc-aux-Sorciers Rock-shelter (Angles-sur-l’anglin, France) from the Viewpoint of Its Sculpted Frieze.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (4): 368–382. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2013.05.005.
  • Bourguignon, E. 1973. Religion, Altered States of Consciousness, and Social Change. Columbus: Ohio University Press.
  • Boyd, B. 2017. “Archaeology and Human-animal Relations: Thinking through Anthropocentrism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 46 (1): 299–316. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041346.
  • Brady, J. E., and W. Ashmore. 1999. “Mountains, Caves, Water: Ideational Landscapes of the Ancient Maya.” edited by Wendy Ashmore and A. Bernard Knapp. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford (1999). In Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary Perspectives, 124–145.
  • Brugger, P., M. Regard, T. Landis, and O. Oelz. 1999. “Hallucinatory Experiences in Extreme-altitude Climbers.” Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 12 (1): 67–71.
  • Burtscher, M., K. Mairer, M. Wille, H. Gatterer, G. Ruedl, M. Faulhaber, and G. Sumann. 2012. “Short-term Exposure to Hypoxia for Work and Leisure Activities in Health and Disease: Which Level of Hypoxia Is Safe?” Sleep and Breathing 16 (2): 435–442. doi:10.1007/s11325-011-0521-1.
  • Buyukuysal, R. L., and B. Mete. 1999. “Anoxia-induced Dopamine Release from Rat Striatal Slices: Involvement of Reverse Transport Mechanism.” Journal of Neurochemistry 72 (4): 1507–1515. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.721507.x.
  • Carroll, B. F., A. Cressler, T. Belt, J. Reed, and J. F. Simek. 2019. “Talking Stones: Cherokee Syllabary in Manitou Cave, Alabama.” antiquity 93 (368): 519–536. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.15.
  • Casabó, J., J. De Dios Boronat, Y. C. Marco, M. A. Esquembre, P. M. Guillem, R. Martínez-Valle, and J. Bolufer. 2017. “New Evidence of Palaeolithic Rock Art at the Cova Del Comte (Pedreguer, Spain): Results of the First Surveys.” Quaternary International 432: 25–40. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.061.
  • Clarke, P. A. 2015. “The Aboriginal Australian Cosmic Landscape, Part 2: Plant Connections with the Skyworld.” Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 18 (1): 23–37.
  • Clottes, J. 1999. “Twenty Thousand Years of Palaeolithic Cave Art in Southern France.” Proceedings-British Academy 99: 161–176.
  • Clottes, J. 2008. Cave Art. London: Phaidon.
  • Clottes, J. 2009. “Sticking Bones into Cracks in the Upper Palaeolithic.” In Becoming Human: Innovation in Prehistoric Material and Spiritual Culture (pp. 195-211), edited by C. Renfrew and I. Morley. 195–211. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clottes, J. 2012. “Ritual Cave Use in European Paleolithic Caves.” In Sacred Darkness. A Global Perspective on the Ritual Use of Caves (pp. 15-26), edited by H. Moyes. 15–26.Colorado: University Press of Colorado.
  • Clottes, J. 2013. “Why Did They Draw in Those Caves?” In Time and Mind, 7–14.
  • Clottes, J. 2016. What Is Paleolithic Art?: Cave Paintings and the Dawn of Human Creativity. London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Clottes, J., and D. Lewis-Williams. 1998. The Shamans of Prehistory: Trance and Magic in the Painted Caves. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
  • Conkey, M. 1980. “The Identification of Prehistoric Hunter-gatherer Aggregation Sites: The Case of Altamira [And Comments and Reply].” Current Anthropology 21 (5): 609–630. doi:10.1086/202540.
  • Conkey, M. 1997. “Beyond Art and between the Caves: Thinking about Context in the Interpretive Process.” In Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol, 343–367. San Francisco, California: California Academy of Sciences
  • Conkey, M. W. 1987. “New Approaches In The Search For Meaning? A Review Of Research In “Paleolithic Art “.” Journal of Field Archaeology 14 (4): 413–430.
  • Conneller, C. 2004. “Becoming Deer. Corporeal Transformations at Star Carr.” Archaeological Dialogues 11 (1): 37–56. doi:10.1017/S1380203804001357.
  • Cuenca-Solana, D., I. Gutiérrez-Zugasti, A. Ruiz-Redondo, M. R. Gonzalez-Morales, J. Setién, E. Ruiz-Martinez, and J. A. Lasheras-Corruchaga. 2016. “Painting Altamira Cave? Shell Tools for Ochre-processing in the Upper Palaeolithic in Northern Iberia.” Journal of Archaeological Science 74: 135–151. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.018.
  • Dachary, M., F. Plassard, and H. Valladas. 2016. “Rouffignac Cave (Dordogne, France): A Source of Raw Material Exploited in the Mesolithic.” PALEO. Revue d’archéologie préhistorique 27: 133–148.
  • Darmayanti, T. E. (2016). “The Ancestral Heritage: Sundanese Traditional Houses Of Kampung Naga, West Java, Indonesia”. MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 66, p. 00108). EDP Sciences.
  • De Balbín-behrmann, R., J. J. Alcolea-González, and M. Alcaraz-Castaño. 2017. “The Palaeolithic Art of Tito Bustillo Cave (Asturias, Spain) in Its Archaeological Context.” Quaternary International 430: 81–96. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.076.
  • De Boer, J. Z., J. R. Hale, and J. Chanton. 2001. “New Evidence for the Geological Origins of the Ancient Delphic Oracle (Greece).” Geology 29 (8): 707–710. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0707:NEFTGO>2.0.CO;2.
  • De Castro, E. V. 1998. “Cosmological Deixis and Amerindian Perspectivism.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 4 (3): 469–488. doi:10.2307/3034157.
  • De La Rasilla, M., E. Duarte, D. Santamaría, L. M. Fernández, J. F. De La Vega, V. R. Otero, and J. Fortea. 2010. “Licnología paleolítica: Las lámparas de las cuevas de Llonín y El Covarón (Asturias).” Zephyrvs 65: 103–116.
  • De Rios, M. D., and M. Winkelman. 1989. “Shamanism and Altered States of Consciousness: An Introduction.” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1080/02791072.1989.10472137.
  • Delporte, H. 1990. L’image des animaux dans l’art préhistorique. Paris: Picard.
  • Duerr, J. (2010). “Ethnographic and Archeological Examples of Game Conservation and Exploitation”. Proceedings of the International Workshop “Socio-Environmental Dynamics over the Last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes (1st - 4th April 2009)”, (pp. 15–20).
  • Echegaray, J. G., and E. R. Perelló. 1953. “Hallazgos en la cueva de la Pasiega (Puente Viesgo, Santander).” Empúries: Revista De Món Clàssic I Antiguitat Tardana 15: 43–65.
  • Edwards, H. G., E. M. Newton, and J. Russ. 2000. “Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Pigments and Substrata in Prehistoric Rock Art.” Journal of Molecular Structure 550: 245–256. doi:10.1016/S0022-2860(00)00389-6.
  • Eliade, M. 1964. Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Fan, C., and J. Zhang. 2001. “Characterization of Emissions from Portable Household Combustion Devices: Particle Size Distributions, Emission Rates and Factors, and Potential Exposures.” In Atmospheric Environment, 1281–1290. Elsevier,
  • Fernández-Llamazares, A., and P. K. Virtanen. 2020. “Game Masters and Amazonian Indigenous Views on Sustainability.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 43: 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2020.01.004.
  • Ferrier, C., E. Debard, B. Kervazo, A. Brodard, P. Guibert, D. Baffier, and F. Maksud. 2014. “Les parois chauffées de la grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc (Ardèche, France): Caractérisation et chronologie.” Paléo 25: 59–78.
  • Feruglio, V., C. Bourdier, M. Delluc, P. Mora, N. Aujoulat, and J. Jaubert. 2019. “Rock Art, Performance and Palaeolithic Cognitive Systems. The Example of the Grand Panel Palimpsest of Cussac Cave, Dordogne, France.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 56: 101104. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101104.
  • Fink, A., R. H. Grabner, M. Benedek, and A. C. Neubauer. 2006. “Divergent Thinking Training Is Related to Frontal Electroencephalogram Alpha Synchronization.” European Journal of Neuroscience 23 (8): 2241–2246. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04751.x.
  • Finke, R. A., T. B. Ward, and S. M. Smith. 1992. Creative Cognition: Theory, Research, and Application. Cambridge: MIT.
  • Finlayson, S., G. Finlayson, F. Guzman, and C. Finlayson. 2019. “Neanderthals and the Cult of the Sun Bird.” Quaternary Science Reviews 217: 217–224. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.04.010.
  • Forster, E. M., and J. E. Whinnery. 1988. “Recovery from Gz-induced Loss of Consciousness: Psychophysiologic Considerations.” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 59: 517–522.
  • Frayer, D. W. 2019. “Neandertals and the Black Swan.” PaleoAnthropology 350–361. Elsevier.
  • Freikman, M. 2017. “Into the Darkness: Deep Caves in the Ancient near East.” Journal of Landscape Ecology 10 (3): 81–99. doi:10.1515/jlecol-2017-0027.
  • Friedman, R. (1986). “Some Unresolved Fire Chemistry Problems”. In Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the First International Symposium, 349–359.
  • Fritz, C., G. Tosello, and M. W. Conkey. 2016. “Reflections on the Identities and Roles of the Artists in European Paleolithic Societies.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 23 (4): 1307–1332. doi:10.1007/s10816-015-9265-8.
  • Funk, D. 2018. “Siberian Cosmologies.” In The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 1–9. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Gamble, C. 1991. “The Social Context for European Palaeolithic Art.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1017/S0079497X00004849.
  • Garate, D., A. Labarge, O. Rivero, I. Intxaurbe, C. Barshay-Szmidt, and C. Normand. 2019. “Another Bone in the Wall: Towards a Characterisation of the Objects Placed in Wall Fissures at Isturitz Cave (Pyrénées-atlantiques, France).” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11 (12): 6875–6887. doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00948-8.
  • Garate, D., M. A. Medina-Alcaide, A. Ruiz-Redondo, and J. L. Sanchidrián. 2015. “Around Art: The Internal Archaeological Context of Decorated Caves.” Arkeos 37: 127–130.
  • García, C., and A. Castillejo. 2015. “Interpret the Darkness: Caves, Rock Art and Analysis of Simulated Light through Virtual Scenes.” Virtual Archaeology Review 6 (12): 5–18.
  • Garfinkel, A. P., D. R. Austin, D. Earle, and H. Williams. 2009. “Myth, Ritual and Rock Art: Coso Decorated Animal-humans and the Animal Master.” Rock Art Research: The Journal of the Australian Rock Art Research Association (AURA) 26 (2): 179–197.
  • Gheco, L., M. Tascon, M. Gastaldi, E. A. Etcheberry, S. Pereda, N. Mastrangelo, and F. Marte. 2019. “Hidden Paintings, Forgotten Histories: A Micro-stratigraphic Approach to Study Coated Rock Art.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11(9): 5037–5052.
  • Gjerde, J. M. 2019. “‘The World as We Know It’ – Revisiting the Rock Art at Bergbukten 4B in Alta, Northern Norway.” Time and Mind 12 (3): 197–206. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2019.1645521.
  • Gonzalez-Garcia, A. C. 2017. “The Marriage of Astronomy and Culture: Theory and Method in the Study of Cultural Astronomy.” Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 3 (1): 142–146. doi:10.1558/jsa.33313.
  • Guerra-Doce, E. 2015a. “Psychoactive Substances in Prehistoric Times: Examining the Archaeological Evidence.” Time and Mind 8 (1): 91–112. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2014.993244.
  • Guerra-Doce, E. 2015b. “The Origins of Inebriation: Archaeological Evidence of the Consumption of Fermented Beverages and Drugs in Prehistoric Eurasia.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22 (3): 751–782. doi:10.1007/s10816-014-9205-z.
  • Haking, L. 2014. Tracing Upper Palaeolithic People in Caves: Methodological Developments of Cave Space Analysis, Applied to the Decorated Caves of Marsoulas, Chauvet and Rouffignac, Southern France. Stockholm.
  • Hallowell, A. I. 1960. “Objibwa Ontology Behavior, and World View.” In Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin (pp. 17-49), edited by S. Diamond. New York: Columbia University Press. 17–49.
  • Hays-Gilpin, K. 2019. “We are All Connected: Rock Art Ontologies in the Southwestern US.” Time and Mind 12 (2): 95–107. doi:10.1080/1751696X.2019.1610220.
  • Helskog, K. 1999. “The Shore Connection. Cognitive Landscape and Communication with Rock Carvings in Northernmost Europe.” Norwegian Archaeological Review 32 (2): 73–94. doi:10.1080/00293659950136174.
  • Helvenston, P. A., and D. Hodgson. 2010. “The Neuropsychology of’Animism’: Implications for Understanding Rock Art.” Rock Art Research: The Journal of the Australian Rock Art Research Association (AURA) 27 (1): 61–94.
  • Helvenston, P. A., P. G. Bahn, J. L. Bradshaw, and C. Chippindale. 2003. “Testing the ‘Three Stages of Trance’ Model.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13 (2): 213–224. doi:10.1017/S0959774303000131.
  • Hill, E. 2011. “Animals as Agents: Hunting Ritual and Relational Ontologies in Prehistoric Alaska and Chukotka.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21 (3): 407–426. doi:10.1017/S0959774311000448.
  • Hill, E. 2013. “Archaeology and Animal Persons: Toward a Prehistory of Human-animal Relations.” Environment and Society 4 (1): 117–136. doi:10.3167/ares.2013.040108.
  • Hill, E. 2019. “Humans, Birds and Burial Practices at Ipiutak, Alaska: Perspectivism in the Western Arctic.” Environmental Archaeology 24 (4): 434–448. doi:10.1080/14614103.2018.1460031.
  • Hitoshi, Y. 2013. “The ‘Master of Animals’ Concept of the Ainu.” Cosmos: The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society 29: 127–140.
  • Hodgson, D. 2008. “The Visual Dynamics of Upper Palaeolithic Cave Art.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18 (3): 341–353. doi:10.1017/S0959774308000401.
  • Hoffmann, D., C. D. Standish, A. W. Pike, M. García-Diez, P. B. Pettitt, D. E. Angelucci, and J. Zilhão. 2018. “Dates for Neanderthal Art and Symbolic Behaviour are Reliable.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 2 (7): 1044–1045. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0598-z.
  • Hoffmeister, D. 2017. “Simulation of Tallow Lamp Light within the 3D Model of the Ardales Cave, Spain.” Quaternary International 430: 22–29. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.05.010.
  • Horowitz, M. J. 1964. “The Imagery of Visual Hallucinations.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 138 (6): 513–523. doi:10.1097/00005053-196406000-00002.
  • Houston, S. D. 2014. The Life Within: Classic Maya and the Matter of Permanence. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Hwang, C. C., and J. C. Edwards. 2005. “The Critical Ventilation Velocity in Tunnel Fires—A Computer Simulation.” Fire Safety Journal 40 (3): 213–244. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2004.11.001.
  • Janik, L., and J. C. Williams. 2018. “Community Art: Communities of Practice, Situated Learning, Adults and Children as Creators of Cave Art in Upper Palaeolithic France and Northern Spain.” Open Archaeology 4 (1): 217–238. doi:10.1515/opar-2018-0014.
  • Jaubert, J., C. Ferrier, V. Feruglio, N. Fourment, C. Bourdier, S. Konik, and S. Villotte. 2018. “La grotte de Cussac (Dordogne).” LES NOUVELLES DE L’ARCHÉOLOGIE 154 (154): 16–24. doi:10.4000/nda.5152.
  • Jaubert, J., S. Verheyden, D. Genty, M. Soulier, H. Cheng, D. Blamart, and R. L. Edwards. 2016. “Early Neanderthal Constructions Deep in Bruniquel Cave in Southwestern France.” Nature 534 (7605): 111. doi:10.1038/nature18291.
  • Jones, A. M., and M. Díaz-Guardamino. 2017. “‘Enigmatic Images from Remote Prehistory’: Rock Art and Ontology from a European Perspective..” In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art, edited by B. David and I. J. McNiven, 1–25, Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford, England.
  • Jones, A. M. 2017. “Rock Art and Ontology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 46 (1): 167–181. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041354.
  • Jouteau, A., V. Feruglio, C. Bourdier, H. Camus, C. Ferrier, F. Santos, and J. Jaubert. 2019. “Choosing Rock Art Locations: Geological Parameters and Social Behaviours. The Example of Cussac Cave (Dordogne, France).” Journal of Archaeological Science 105: 81–96. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2019.03.008.
  • Kearney, A., J. Bradley, and L. M. Brady. 2019. “Kincentric Ecology, Species Maintenance and the Relational Power of Place in Northern Australia.” In Oceania89(3): 316–335.
  • Kedar, Y., G. Kedar, and R. Barkai. 2020. “Setting Fire in a Paleolithic Cave: The Influence of Cave Dimensions on Smoke Dispersal.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29: 102–112.
  • Kedar, Y., and R. Barkai. 2019. “The Significance of Air Circulation and Hearth Location at Paleolithic Cave Sites.” In Open Quaternary, 5, 1.
  • Kellehear, A. 1993. “Culture, Biology, and the Near-death Experience: A Re-appraisal.” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 181 (3): 148–156. doi:10.1097/00005053-199303000-00002.
  • Kimmerer, R. W. 2018. “Mishkos Kenomagwen: Lessons of Grass, Restoring Reciprocity with the Good Green Earth.” In Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Learning from Indigenous Practices for Environmental Sustainability, edited by M. Nelson and D. Shilling, 27–56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kluver, H. 1942. “Mechanisms of Hallucinations.” In Studies in Personality, edited by Q. McNemar and M. A. Merrill. New York.: McGraw Hill.
  • Kohn, E. 2015. “Anthropology of Ontologies.” Annual Review of Anthropology 44 (1): 311–327. doi:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-014127.
  • Koons, R. A. 2019. “Becoming Avian in the Anthropocene: Performing the Feather Dance and the Owl Dance at Pvlvcekolv.” Humanimalia 10 (2): 95–127.
  • Kristensen, T. J., and D. H. Holly. 2013. “Birds, Burials and Sacred Cosmology of the Indigenous Beothuk of Newfoundland, Canada.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 23 (1): 41–53. doi:10.1017/S0959774313000036.
  • Krutak, L. 2019. “Therapeutic Tattooing in the Arctic: Ethnographic, Archaeological, and Ontological Frameworks of Analysis.” International Journal of Paleopathology 25: 99–109. doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.05.003.
  • Lancanette, D., J. C. Mindeguia, A. Brodard, C. Ferrier, P. Guibert, J. C. Lablanc, and C. Sirieix. 2017. “Simulation of an Experimental Fire in an Underground Limestone Quarry for the Study of Paleolithic Fires.” International Journal of Thermal Sciences 120: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.05.021.
  • Lapinkivi, P. 2010. “The Neo-Assyrian Myth of Ištar’s Descent and Resurrection.” In State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Text. Vol. VI. Winona Lake: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  • Leete, A. 2017. “Landscape and Gods among the Khanty.” Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 11 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1515/jef-2017-0003.
  • Leroi-Gourhan, A., 1965, Treasures of Prehistoric Art, H. N. Abrams. Edited by:New York. Harry N. Abrams.
  • Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1982. “The Archaeology of Lascaux Cave.” Scientific American 246 (6): 104–113. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0682-104.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1980. “Ethnography and Iconography: Aspects of Southern San Thought and Art.” Man 15 (3): 467–482. doi:10.2307/2801345.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1988. Reality and Non-reality in San Rock Art. In Twenty-fifth Raymond Dart Lecture, 1–25. Johannesb: Institute for the study of man in Africa.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1997. “Agency, Art and Altered Consciousness: A Motif in French (Quercy) Upper Palaeolithic Parietal Art.” Antiquity 71 (274): 810–830. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00085756.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D. 2002a. A Cosmos in Stone: Interpreting Religion and Society through Rock Art. Vol. 1. Lanham: Rowman Altamira.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D. 2002b. The Mind in the Cave. London: Thames and Hudson.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D. 2007. “The Current Rock Art Controversy: A Coda.” The South African Archaeological Bulletin 62 (185): 79–81.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D., and D. G. Pearce. 2015. “San Rock Art: Evidence and Argument.” Antiquity 89 (345): 732–739. doi:10.15184/aqy.2014.51.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D., and J. Clottes. 2007. “Paleolithic Art and Religion.”edited by John R. Hinnells. In A Handbook of Ancient Religions, 7–45). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D., and S. Challis. 2011. Deciphering Ancient Minds: The Mystery of San Bushmen Rock Art. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Lewis-Williams, J. D., and T. A. Dowson. 1988. “Signs of All Times: Entoptic Phenomena in Upper Paleolithic Art.” Current Anthropology 29 (2): 201–245. doi:10.1086/203629.
  • Lorblanchet, M. 2001. “La grotte ornée de Pergouset (Saint-Géry, Lot): Un sanctuaire secret paléolithique.” Documents d’archéologie française 85: 5–189.
  • Loring, S. 1996. “To Please the Animal Master: The Innu Hunting Way of Life.” Tribal College 7 (4): 20.
  • Low, C. 2018. “Hunter-Gatherer Cosmologies.” In The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 1–9.
  • Lucero, L. J. 2018. “A Cosmology of Conservation in the Ancient Maya World.” Journal of Anthropological Research 74 (3): 327–359. doi:10.1086/698698.
  • Maringer, J. 1960. The Gods of Prehistoric Man. London: Phoenix Press.
  • Martin‐Sanchez, P. M., S. Sanchez‐Cortes, E. Lopez‐Tobar, V. Jurado, F. Bastian, C. Alabouvette, and C. Saiz‐Jimenez. 2012. “The Nature of Black Stains in Lascaux Cave, France, as Revealed by Surface‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43 (3): 464–467. doi:10.1002/jrs.3053.
  • McCall, G. S. 2007. “Add Shamans and Stir? A Critical Review of the Shamanism Model of Forager Rock Art Production.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26 (2): 224–233. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2006.09.001.
  • McGrattan, K., S. Hostikka, R. McDermott, J. Floyd, C. Weinschenk, and K. Overholt. 2017. Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 1: Mathematical Model. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
  • Medina-Alcaide, M. A. 2015. “Los Restos Vegetales Carbonizados Del Contexto Arqueológico Interno De Morgota Koba (Kortezubi, Bizkaia).” Kobie (Excavaciones Arqueológicas en Bizkaia) 5: 105–120.
  • Medina-Alcaide, M. A., and L. Zapata. 2015. “Restos vegetales.” In Arte Rupestre Paleolítico En La Cueva De La Covaciella (pp. 50-55), edited by M. García-Diez, B. Ochoa, and J. A. Rodríguez-Asensio. Oviedo: Principado de Asturias. 50–55.
  • Medina-Alcaide, M. A., D. Garate, A. Ruiz-Redondo, and J. L. Sanchidrián. 2018. “Beyond Art: The Internal Archaeological Context in Paleolithic Decorated Caves.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 144: 114–128. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2017.12.005.
  • Mehr, S. A., M. Singh, D. Knox, D. M. Ketter, D. Pickens-Jones, S. Atwood, and L. Glowacki. 2019. “Universality and Diversity in Human Song.” Science 366 (6468): 1–17. doi:10.1126/science.aax0868.
  • Merlin, M. D. 2003. “Archaeological Evidence for the Tradition of Psychoactive Plant Use in the Old World.” Economic Botany 67 (3): 295–323. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0295:AEFTTO]2.0.CO;2.
  • Mlekuž, D. 2019. “Animate Caves and Folded Landscapes.” edited by Lindsey Büster, Eugène Warmenbol, Dimitrij Mlekuž.In In Between Worlds, 45–66. Cham: Springer.
  • Montello, D. R., and H. Moyes. 2012. “Why Dark Zones are Sacred: Turning to Behavioral and Cognitive Science for Answers.” In Sacred Darkness. A Global Perspective on the Ritual Use of Caves (Pp 385-396), edited by H. Moyes. Colorado: University Press of Colorado. 385–396.
  • Mooney, J. (1900). “Myths of the Cherokee”. In Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
  • Morin, E., and V. Laroulandie. 2012. “Presumed Symbolic Use of Diurnal Raptors by Neanderthals.” PLoS One 7 (3): e32856. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032856.
  • Morris, B. 2006. Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Moyes, H. 2012. “Introduction.” In Sacred Darkness. A Global Perspective on the Ritual Use of Caves, edited by H. Moyes, 1–11. Colorado: University Press of Colorado.
  • Nadasdy, P. 2007. “The Gift in the Animal: The Ontology of Hunting and Human–animal Sociality.” American Ethnologist 34 (1): 25–43. doi:10.1525/ae.2007.34.1.25.
  • Nakhodkina, A. A. 2018. “The Image of the North in the Yakut Heroic Epic Olonkho.” Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 11: 579–589.
  • Ospitali, F., D. C. Smith, and M. Lorblanchet. 2006. “Preliminary Investigations by Raman Microscopy of Prehistoric Pigments in the Wall‐painted Cave at Roucadour, Quercy, France.” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy: An International Journal for Original Work in All Aspects of Raman Spectroscopy, Including Higher Order Processes, and Also Brillouin and Rayleigh Scattering 37 (10): 1063–1071. doi:10.1002/jrs.1611.
  • Overton, N., and Y. Hamilakis. 2013. “A Manifesto for A Social Zooarchaeology. Swans and Other Beings in the Mesolithic.” Archaeological Dialogues 20 (2): 111–136. doi:10.1017/S1380203813000159.
  • Paillet, P. (2014). “Les arts de la Préhistoire: Micro-analyses, mises en contextes et conservation”. Paléo, numéro spécial.
  • Palacio-Pérez, E. 2013. “The Origins of the Concept of ‘Palaeolithic Art’: Theoretical Roots of an Idea.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20 (4): 682–714. doi:10.1007/s10816-012-9135-6.
  • Panarello, A., M. Palombo, I. Biddittu, M. Di Vito, G. Farinaro, and P. Mietto. 2020. “On the Devil’s Tracks: Unexpected News from the Forestaichnosite (Roccamonfina Volcano, Central Italy).” Journal of Quaternary Science 35 (3): 444–456. doi:10.1002/jqs.3186.
  • Pastoors, A., and G. C. Weniger. 2011. “Cave Art in Context: Methods for the Analysis of the Spatial Organization of Cave Sites.” Journal of Archaeological Research 19 (4): 377–400. doi:10.1007/s10814-011-9050-5.
  • Paulson, I., and N. E. Auer. 1964. “The Animal Guardian: A Critical and Synthetic Review.” History of Religions 3 (2): 202–219. doi:10.1086/462481.
  • Peatross, M. J., and C. L. Beyler. 1997. “Ventilation Effects on Compartment Fire Characterization.” Fire Safety Science 5: 403–414. doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.5-403.
  • Peoples, H. C., P. Duda, and F. W. Marlowe. 2016. “Hunter-gatherers and the Origins of Religion.” Human Nature 27 (3): 261–282. doi:10.1007/s12110-016-9260-0.
  • Peresani, M., I. Fiore, M. Gala, M. Romandini, and A. Tagliacozzo. 2011. “Late Neandertals and the Intentional Removal of Feathers as Evidenced from Bird Bone Taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 Ky BP, Italy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (10): 3888–3893. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016212108.
  • Petrucci, R. H., F. G. Herring, J. D. Madura, and C. Bissonnette. 2011. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Ontario: Pearson Canada Press.
  • Pilmanis, A. A., U. I. Balldin, and J. R. Fischer. 2016. “Cognition Effects of Low-grade Hypoxia.” Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 87 (7): 596–603. doi:10.3357/AMHP.4558.2016.
  • Plassard, J. 1999. Rouffignac, Le Sanctuaire des Mammouths. Paris: Seuil.
  • Previc, F. H. 1998. “The Neuropsychology of 3-D Space.” Psychological Bulletin 124 (2): 123–164. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.123.
  • Previc, F. H. 2006. “The Role of the Extrapersonal Brain Systems in Religious Activity.” Consciousness and Cognition 15: 500–539.
  • Prijatelj, A., and R. Skeates. 2019. “Between Worlds.”edited by Büster, Eugène Warmenbol, Dimitrij Mlekuž. In Caves as Vibrant Places: A Theoretical Manifesto, 9–28. Cham: Springer.
  • Pugh-Kitingan, J. 2014. “Balancing the Human and Spiritual Worlds: Ritual, Music, and Dance among Dusunic Societies in Sabah.” Yearbook for Traditional Music 46: 170–190. doi:10.5921/yeartradmusi.46.2014.0170.
  • Quiles, A., H. Valladas, H. Bocherens, E. Delqué-Količ, E. Kaltnecker, J. Van Der Plicht, and M. Philippe. 2016. “A High-precision Chronological Model for the Decorated Upper Paleolithic Cave of Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche, France.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (17): 4670–4675. doi:10.1073/pnas.1523158113.
  • Razumnikova, O. 2009. “Peculiarities of Information Selection in the Process of Creative Thinking.” Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics 6 (3): 134–161.
  • Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. 1967. “Rock Paintings of the Vaupes: An Essay of Interpretation.” Center for the Study of Comparative Folklore and Mythology 107–113.
  • Reinach, S. 1905. Cultes, Mythes Et Religions, I. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
  • Ridley, R. M., and H. F. Baker. 1982. “Stereotypy in Monkeys and Humans.” Psychological Medicine 12 (1): 61–72. doi:10.1017/S0033291700043294.
  • Roach, R. C., and P. H. Hackett. 2001. “Frontiers of Hypoxia Research: Acute Mountain Sickness.” Journal of Experimental Biology 204 (18): 3161–3170.
  • Robert, E. 2017. “The Role of the Cave in the Expression of Prehistoric Societies.” Quaternary International 432: 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.083.
  • Roberts, G., and J. Owen. 1988. “The Near-death Experience.” British Journal of Psychiatry 153 (5): 607–617. doi:10.1192/bjp.153.5.607.
  • Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A., J. Morales, A. Cebrià, L. Courtenay, J. Fernández-Marchena, G. García-Argudo, and J. Fullola. 2019. “The Châtelperronian Neanderthals of Cova Foradada (Calafell, Spain) Used Imperial Eagle Phalanges for Symbolic Purposes.” Science Advances 5 (11): eaax1984. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1984.
  • Romandini, M., M. Peresani, V. Laroulandie, L. Metz, A. Pastoors, M. Vaquero, L. Slimak, and M. D. Petraglia. 2014. “Convergent Evidence of Eagle Talons Used by Late Neanderthals in Europe: A Further Assessment on Symbolism.” PloS One 9 (7): 7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101278.
  • Romano, A., P. Citton, I. Salvador, D. Arobba, I. Rellini, M. Firpo, and M. Avanzini. 2019. “A Multidisciplinary Approach to A Unique Palaeolithic Human Ichnological Record from Italy (Bàsura Cave).” eLife 2: 1–31.
  • Rusko, H., H. Tikkanen, and J. Peltonen. 2004. “Altitude and Endurance Training.” Journal of Sports Sciences 22 (10): 928–945. doi:10.1080/02640410400005933.
  • Ryan, R. 1999. The Strong Eye of Shamanism: A Journey into the Caves of Consciousness. New York: Inner Traditions.
  • Sánchez-Moral, S., V. Soler, J. C. Cañaveras, E. Sanz-Rubio, R. Van Grieken, and K. Gysels. 1999. “Inorganic Deterioration Affecting the Altamira Cave, N Spain: Quantitative Approach to Wall-corrosion (Solutional Etching) Processes Induced by Visitors.” Science of the Total Environment 243: 67–84. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00348-4.
  • Schneider, S., and H. K. Strüder. 2009. “Monitoring Effects of Acute Hypoxia on Brain Cortical Activity by Using Electromagnetic Tomography.” Behavioural Brain Research 197 (2): 476–480. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.020.
  • Schwarz, D., E. Dimpl, G. Bandlamudi, and M. Blunck. 2005. “Lighting Technologies.” In InfoGate. Eschborn, Germany.
  • Shukitt-Hale, B., L. E. Banderet, and H. R. Lieberman. 1998. “Elevation-dependent Symptom, Mood, and Performance Changes Produced by Exposure to Hypobaric Hypoxia.” The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 8 (4): 319–334. doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap0804_1.
  • Siatkowski, R. M., B. Zimmer, and P. R. Rosenberg. 1990. “The Charles Bonnet Syndrome—Visual Perceptive Dysfunction in Sensory Deprivation.” Journal of Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology 10 (3): 215–218.
  • Siegel, R. K., and M. E. Jarvik. 1975. “Drug-induced Hallucinations in Animals and Man.” In Hallucinations: Behaviour, Experience and Theory, edited by R. K. Siegel and L. J. West, 163–195. New York: Wiley.
  • Singh, M. 2018. “The Cultural Evolution of Shamanism.” Behavioral and Brain Science 41: 1–62. doi:10.1017/S0140525X17001893.
  • Sireteanu, R., V. Oertel, H. Mohr, D. Linden, and W. Singer. 2008. “Graphical Illustration and Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Hallucinations during Prolonged Blindfolding: Comparison to Visual Imagery.” Perception 37 (12): 1805–1821. doi:10.1068/p6034.
  • Sloan, A. 2014. “Spirituality and the Seamstress: Birds in Ipiutak and Western Thule Lifeways at Deering, Alaska.” Arctic Anthropology 51 (2): 35–59. doi:10.3368/aa.51.2.35.
  • Smith, N. 1992. An Analysis of Ice Age Art: Its Psychology and Belief System. Vol. 15.. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Snow, D. R. 2013. “Sexual Dimorphism in European Upper Paleolithic Cave Art.” American Antiquity 78 (4): 746–761. doi:10.7183/0002-7316.78.4.746.
  • Solomon, A. 2006. “San ‘Spirituality’ and Human Evolution: Eight Questions for Lewis-Williams and Pearce.” The South African Archaeological Bulletin 61 (184): 209–212. doi:10.2307/20474930.
  • Spiller, H. A., J. R. Hale, and J. Z. De Boer. 2002. “The Delphic Oracle: A Multidisciplinary Defense of the Gaseous Vent Theory.” Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology 40 (2): 189–196. doi:10.1081/clt-120004410.
  • Subudhi, A. W., R. B. Panerai, and R. C. Roach. 2009. “Acute Hypoxia Impairs Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation: Results from Two Independent Techniques.” Journal of Applied Physiology 107 (4): 1165–1171. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00498.2009.
  • Taçon, P. S. 2019. “Connecting to the Ancestors: Why Rock Art Is Important for Indigenous Australians and Their Well-being.” Rock Art Research: The Journal of the Australian Rock Art Research Association (AURA) 36 (1): 5.
  • Taçon, P. S., and S. Baker. 2019. “New and Emerging Challenges to Heritage and Well-Being: A Critical Review.” Heritage 2 (2): 1300–1315. doi:10.3390/heritage2020084.
  • Tankersley, K. B., and W. R. Weeks. 2020. “Red Bird and Sequoyah: A Reply to Simek Et Al.” American Antiquity 85 (2): 2. doi:10.1017/aaq.2020.4.
  • Tanner, A. 2014. Bringing Home Animals: Mistissini Hunters of Northern Quebec. St. John’s: ISER Books. Newfoundland, Canada.
  • Théry-Parisot, I., S. Thiébault, J. J. Delannoy, C. Ferrier, V. Feruglio, C. Fritz, and J. Clottes. 2018. “Illuminating the Cave, Drawing in Black: Wood Charcoal Analysis at Chauvet-Pont d’Arc.” antiquity 92 (362): 320–333.
  • Troncoso, A., F. Armstrong, F. Vergara, F. Ivanovic, and P. Urzúa. 2019. “Nurturing and Balancing the World: A Relational Approach to Rock Art and Technology from North Central Chile (Southern Andes).” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30(2): 1–17.
  • Tyldesley, J., and P. Bahn. 1983. “Use of Plants in the European Palaeolithic: A Review of the Evidence.” Quaternary Science Reviews 2 (1): 53–81. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(83)90004-5.
  • Ustinova, Y. 2009a. “Cave Experiences and Ancient Greek Oracles.” Time and Mind 2 (3): 265–286. doi:10.2752/175169609X12464529903092.
  • Van De Guchte, M. J. 1990. Carving the World: Inca Monumental Sculpture and Landscape. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Illinois.
  • Venditti, F., E. Cristiani, A. Nunziante-Cesaro, A. Agam, C. Lemorini, and R. Barkai. 2019a. “Animal Residues Found on Tiny Lower Paleolithic Tools Reveal Their Use in Butchery.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49650-8.
  • Venditti, F., S. Nunziante-Cesaro, Y. Parush, A. Gopher, and R. Barkai. 2019b. “Recycling for a Purpose in the Late Lower Paleolithic Levant: Use-wear and Residue Analyses of Small Sharp Flint Items Indicate a Planned and Integrated Subsistence Behavior at Qesem Cave (Israel).” Journal of Human Evolution 131: 109–128. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.016.
  • Verbrugge, A. R. 1958. Le Symbole de la Main dans la Préhistoire. Saint-Lazare: l’auteur.
  • Vercoutère, C., S. J. Foucher, C., and P. Foucher. 2012. “Faune gravettienne de Gargas (Hautes Pyrénées, France): Apports récents de l’archéozoologie à l’étude d’un sanctuaire pariétal.” In Pensando el Gravetiense: Nuevos datos para la reg ión cantábrica en su contexto peninsular y pirenaico pirenaico, 538–552. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte Deporte. Madrid.
  • Vergara, F. 2019. “The Dance of the Lines: On the Rhythms of Making Petroglyphs.” Journal of Material Culture 24 (3): 270–292. doi:10.1177/1359183519836140.
  • Villa, P., S. Soriano, L. Pollarolo, C. Smriglio, M. Gaeta, M. D’orazio, and C. Tozzi. 2020. “Neandertals on the Beach: Use of Marine Resources at GrottadeiMoscerini (Latium, Italy).” PloS One 15 (1): e0226690. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226690.
  • Villa, P., and W. Roebroeks. 2014. “Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex.” PloS One 9 (4): 4. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096424.
  • Wadley, G. 2016. “How Psychoactive Drugs Shape Human Culture: A Multi-disciplinary Perspective.” Brain Research Bulletin 126: 138–151. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.008.
  • Watson, J. 2020. “Bald Eagles and the Thunderbird Myth: Birds in pre-Contact Ceremonialism on Martha’s Vineyard, USA.” In Quaternary International543: 61–70.
  • White, R. 1992. “Beyond Art: Toward an Understanding of the Origins of Material Representation in Europe.” Annual Review of Anthropology 21 (1): 537–564. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002541.
  • White, R., G. Bosinski, R. Bourrillon, J. Clottes, M. W. Conkey, S. C. Rodriguezs, … M. D. Willis. 2019. “Still No Archaeological Evidence that Neanderthals Created Iberian Cave Art.” Journal of Human Evolution144: 102640.
  • Whitley, D. S. 2009. Cave Paintings and the Human Spirit: The Origin of Creativity and Belief. New York, USA: Prometheus Books.
  • Winkelman, M. 2002. “Shamanism and Cognitive Evolution (With Comments).” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12 (1): 71–101. doi:10.1017/S0959774302000045.
  • Winkelman, M. 2010a. “Introduction to Shamanism and Consciousness.” edited by Michael Winkelman. In Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing, 1–44. Santa Barbara: CA: ABC-CLIO.
  • Winkelman, M. 2010b. Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing. Santa Barbara: Praeger Press.
  • Winkelman, M. 2011. “Shamanism and the Alteration of Consciousness.” In Altering Consciousness: Multidisciplinary Perspectives: History, edited by E. Cardeña and M. Winkelman. Culture, and the Humanities. Biological and psychological perspectives 159-180. ABC-CLIO.
  • Zutovski, K., and R. Barkai. 2016. “The Use of Elephant Bones for Making Acheulian Handaxes: A Fresh Look at Old Bones.” Quaternary International 406: 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.033.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.