References
- Halstead ME, Walter KD. Sport-related concussion in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):597–615. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2005.
- Bryan MA, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Comstock RD, Rivara F. Sports- and recreation-related concussions in US youth. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1):e20154635. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-4635.
- Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21(5):375–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200609000-00001.
- McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, Cantu RC, Cassidy D, Echemendia RJ, Castellani RJ. Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):838–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699.
- Barlow KM, Crawford S, Stevenson A, Sandhu SS, Belanger F, Dewey D. Epidemiology of postconcussion syndrome in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics. 2010;126(2):e374–e381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0925.
- Zemek R, Barrowman N, Freedman SB, Gravel J, Gagnon I, McGahern C, Aglipay M, Sangha G, Boutis K, Beer D. Clinical risk score for persistent postconcussion symptoms among children with acute concussion in the ed. Jama. 2016;315(10):1014–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.1203.
- Thomas DJ, Coxe K, Li H, Pommering TL, Young JA, Smith GA, Yang J. Length of recovery from sports-related concussions in pediatric patients treated at concussion clinics. Clin J Sport Med. 2018;28(1):56–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000413.
- McCrea M, Iverson GL, McAllister TW, Hammeke TA, Powell MR, Barr WB, Kelly JP. An integrated review of recovery after mild traumatic brain injury (mtbi): implications for clinical management. Clin Neuropsychol. 2009;23(8):1368–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040903074652.
- Novak Z, Aglipay M, Barrowman N, Yeates KO, Beauchamp MH, Gravel J, Freedman SB, Gagnon I, Gioia G, Boutis K. Association of persistent postconcussion symptoms with pediatric quality of life. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(12):e162900–e162900. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2900.
- Leddy JJ, Kozlowski K, Donnelly JP, Pendergast DR, Epstein LH, Willer B. A preliminary study of subsymptom threshold exercise training for refractory post-concussion syndrome. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(1):21–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181c6c22c.
- Kurowski BG, Hugentobler J, Quatman-Yates C, Taylor J, Gubanich PJ, Altaye M, Wade SL. Aerobic exercise for adolescents with prolonged symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury: an exploratory randomized clinical trial. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2017;32(2):79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000238.
- Leddy JJ, Haider MN, Ellis MJ, Mannix R, Darling SR, Freitas MS, Suffoletto HN, Leiter J, Cordingley DM, Willer B. Early subthreshold aerobic exercise for sport-related concussion: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(4):319–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4397.
- Chan C, Iverson GL, Purtzki J, Wong K, Kwan V, Gagnon I, Silverberg ND. Safety of active rehabilitation for persistent symptoms after pediatric sport-related concussion: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(2):242–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.09.108.
- Gauvin-Lepage J, Friedman D, Grilli L, Sufrategui M, De Matteo C, Iverson GL, Gagnon I. Effectiveness of an exercise-based active rehabilitation intervention for youth who are slow to recover after concussion. Clin J Sport Med. 2020;30(5):423–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000634.
- Moore BM, Adams JT, Barakatt E. Outcomes following a vestibular rehabilitation and aerobic training program to address persistent post-concussion symptoms an exploratory study. J Allied Health. 2016;45:59E–68E.
- Kirkwood MW, Peterson RL, Connery AK, Baker DA, Forster J. A pilot study investigating neuropsychological consultation as an intervention for persistent postconcussive symptoms in a pediatric sample. J Pediatr. 2016;169(244–249):e241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.014.
- McCarty CA, Zatzick D, Stein E, Wang J, Hilt R, Rivara FP. Collaborative care for adolescents with persistent postconcussive symptoms: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2016;138(4):e20160459. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0459.
- McNally KA, Patrick KE, LaFleur JE, Dykstra JB, Monahan K, Hoskinson KR. Brief cognitive behavioral intervention for children and adolescents with persistent post-concussive symptoms: a pilot study. Child Neuropsychol. 2018;24(3):396–412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2017.1280143.
- Kutcher JS, Giza CC. Sports concussion diagnosis and management. Continuum: Lifelong Learn Neurol. 2014;20:1552.
- Echemendia RJ, Meeuwisse W, McCrory P, Davis GA, Putukian M, Leddy J, Makdissi M, Sullivan SJ, Broglio SP, Raftery M. The sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition (scat5): background and rationale. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):848–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097506.
- Varni JW, Seid M, Rode CA. The pedsql™: measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory. Med Care. 1999;37(2):126–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199902000-00003.
- Reitan RM. Trail making test results for normal and brain-damaged children. Percept Mot Skills. 1971;33(2):575–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1971.33.2.575.
- Partington J, Leiter R. Halstead-reitan trail making test. Arizona, United States of America: Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory; 1949.
- Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer J, Buysch H, Noens ILJ, Berckelaer-Onnes I. D-kefs: delis-kaplan executive function system: trail making test. California, United States of America: Harcourt Test Publishers
- Demer JL, Honrubia V, Baloh RW. Dynamic visual acuity: a test for oscillopsia and vestibulo-ocular reflex function. Am J Otol. 1994;15:340–47.
- Cook G, Burton L, Hoogenboom B. Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 2. N Am J Sports Phys Therapy: NAJSPT. 2006;1:132–39.
- Riemann BL, Guskiewicz KM, Shields EW. Relationship between clinical and forceplate measures of postural stability. J Sport Rehabil. 1999;8(2):71–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.8.2.71.
- IBM Corporation. Ibm spss statistics for windows, version 26.0. In. Ibm spss statistics for windows, version 26.0; Armonk (NY); 2019.
- Torrance B, McGuire KA, Lewanczuk R, McGavock J. Overweight, physical activity and high blood pressure in children: a review of the literature. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3:139.
- Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP, Ponsford JL, Sills AK, Broshek DK, Solomon GS. Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:941–48.
- Sufrinko AM, Marchetti GF, Cohen PE, Elbin R, Re V, Kontos AP. Using acute performance on a comprehensive neurocognitive, vestibular, and ocular motor assessment battery to predict recovery duration after sport-related concussions. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(5):1187–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516685061.
- Kashluba S, Paniak C, Casey JE. Persistent symptoms associated with factors identified by the who task force on mild traumatic brain injury. Clin Neuropsychol. 2008;22(2):195–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701263655.
- Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Rusin J, Bangert B, Dietrich A, Nuss K, Wright M, Nagin DS, Jones BL. Longitudinal trajectories of postconcussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries and their relationship to acute clinical status. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):735–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-1056.
- Farace E, Alves WM. Do women fare worse: a metaanalysis of gender differences in traumatic brain injury outcome. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(4):539–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0539.
- Kostyun RO, Hafeez I. Protracted recovery from a concussion: a focus on gender and treatment interventions in an adolescent population. Sports Health. 2015;7(1):52–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738114555075.
- Concato J, Peduzzi P, Holford TR, Feinstein AR. Importance of events per independent variable in proportional hazards analysis i. Background, goals, and general strategy. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48(12):1495–501. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(95)00510-2.
- Peduzzi P, Concato J, Feinstein AR, Holford TR. Importance of events per independent variable in proportional hazards regression analysis ii. Accuracy and precision of regression estimates. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48(12):1503–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(95)00048-8.