Self-reported reasons for substance use in schizophrenia: a Q methodological investigation

References

• Addington , J. and Duchak , V. 1997 . Reasons for substance use in schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandivica , 96 : 329 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth , J. , Vandewater , S. , Kamal , M. , Brodsky , A. , Gamal , R. and Miller , M. 1989 . Missed diagnosis of substance abuse in psychiatric patients . Hospital & Community Psychiatry , 40 : 297 – 299 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Annis , H. M. and Graham , J. M. 1995 . Profile types on the Inventory of Drinking Situations: Implications for relapse prevention counseling . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 9 : 176 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annis , H. M. , Graham , J. M. and Davis , C. S. 1989 . Inventory of drug taking situations (IDTS) , Toronto, , Canada : Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , A. , Lewin , T. , Reichler , H. , Clancy , R. , Carr , V. Garrett , R. 2002 . Motivational interviewing among psychiatric in-patients with substance use disorders . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 106 : 233 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrowclough , C. , Haddock , G. , Tarrier , N. , Lewis , S. W. , Moring , J. O'Brien , R. 2001 . Randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy plus motivational intervention for schizophrenia and substance use . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 1706 – 1713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels , S. J. , Drake , R. E. and McHugo , G. J. 1992 . Alcohol abuse, depression, and suicidal behavior in schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 394 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman , H. C. and Harris , M. 1985 . Substance abuse among young adult chronic patients . Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal , IX : 49 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• CASA (The National Center on Addiction, Substance Abuse) . 2006 . Women under the influence , Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , M. L. , Russell , M. , Skinner , J. B. and Windle , M. 1992 . Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives . Psychological Assessment , 43 : 123 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Cuffel , B. J. , Shumway , M. , Choulgian , T. L. and MacDonald , T. 1994 . A longitudinal study of substance use and community violence in schizophrenia . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 182 : 704 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day , J. C. , Bentall , R. P. and Warner , S. 1996 . Schizophrenic patients' experiences of neuroleptic medication: A Q-methodological investigation . Acta Psychiatric Scandinavica , 93 : 397 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , L. , Haas , G. H. , Weiden , P. J. and Frances , A. J. 1991 . Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: Clinical correlates and reasons for use . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 224 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , R. E. , Osher , F. C. and Wallach , M. A. 1989 . Alcohol use and abuse in schizophrenia: A prospective community study . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 177 : 408 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , R. E. , Osher , F. C. and Wallach , M. A. 1991 . Homelessness and dual diagnosis . American Psychologist , 46 : 1149 – 1158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First , M. B. , Spitzer , R. L. , Gibbon , M. and Williams , J. B.W. 2002 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P) Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , I. L. , Carr , V. J. , Carter , N. T. and Lewin , T. J. 1998 . Patterns of current and lifetime substance use in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 24 : 443 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulwiler , C. , Grossman , H. , Forbes , C. and Ruthazer , R. 1997 . Early onset substance use and community violence by outpatients with chronic mental illness . Psychiatric Services , 48 : 1181 – 1185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gearon , J. S. , Bellack , A. S. , Rachbeisel , J. and Dixon , L. 2001 . Drug-use behavior and correlates in people with schizophrenia . Addictive Behaviors , 26 : 51 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goswami , S. , Mattoo , S. K. , Basu , D. and Singh , G. 2004 . Substance-abusing schizophrenics: Do they self-medicate? . The American Journal on Addictions , 13 : 139 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , B. , Kavanagh , D. J. and Young , R. M.C.D. 2004 . Reasons for cannabis use in men with and without psychosis . Drug and Alcohol Review , 23 : 445 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , B. , Gaebel , W. , Haerter , M. , Komaharadi , F. , Lindel , B. and Weinmann , S. 2006 . Evaluation of factors influencing medication compliance in inpatient treatment of psychotic disorders . Psychopharmacology , 187 : 229 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , S. , Guy , J. and Ormrod , A. 2003 . A Q-methodological study of hearing voices: A preliminary exploration of voice hearers' understanding of their experiences . Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice , 76 : 189 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamali , M. , Kelly , L. , Gervin , M. , Browne , S. , Larkin , C. and O'Callaghan , E. 2000 . The prevalence of comorbid substance misuse and its influence on suicidal ideation among in-patients with schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia , 101 : 452 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian , E. J. 1985 . The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence . American Journal of Psychiatry , 142 : 1259 – 1264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian , E. J. 1997 . The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 4 : 231 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudet , A. B. , Magura , S. , Vogel , H. S. and Knight , E. L. 2004 . Perceived reasons for substance misuse among persons with a psychiatric disorder . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 74 : 365 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linsky , A. S. , Straus , M. A. and Colby , J. P. 1985 . Stressful events, stressful conditions and alcohol problems in the United States: A partial test of Bales's theory . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 46 : 72 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linszen , D. H. , Dingemans , P. M. and Lenior , M. E. 1994 . Cannabis use and the course of recent onset schizophrenic disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 51 : 273 – 279 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolese , H. C. , Malchy , L. , Negrete , J. C. , Tempier , R. and Gill , K. 2004 . Drug and alcohol use among patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses: Levels and consequences . Schizophrenia Research , 67 : 157 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes , P. O.R. , Johnson , S. , Thornicroft , G. , Marshall , J. , Prosser , D. Bebbington , P. 1996 . Drug and alcohol problems among individuals with severe mental illnesses in south London . British Journal of Psychiatry , 168 : 612 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueser , K. T. , Drake , R. E. and Wallach , M. A. 1998 . Dual diagnosis: A review of etiological theories . Addictive Behaviors , 23 : 717 – 734 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noordsy , D. L. , Drake , R. E. , Teague , G. B. , Osher , F. C. , Hurlbut , S. Beaudett , M. S. 1991 . Subjective experiences related to alcohol use among schizophrenics . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 179 : 410 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , R. R. , Fischer , E. P. , Booth , B. M. and Cuffel , B. J. 1996 . Medication non-compliance and substance use among patients with schizophrenia . Psychiatric Services , 47 : 853 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pencer , A. and Addington , J. 2003 . Substance use and cognition in early psychosis . Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience , 28 : 48 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pristach , C. A. and Smith , C. M. 1996 . Self-reported effects of alcohol use on symptoms of schizophrenia . Psychiatric Services , 47 : 421 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier , D. A. , Farmer , M. F. , Rae , D. S. , Locke , B. Z. , Keith , S. J. Judd , L. L. 1990 . Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study . Journal of the American Medical Association , 264 : 2511 – 2518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneier , F. R. and Siris , S. G. 1987 . A review of psychoactive substance use and abuse in schizophrenia . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 175 : 641 – 652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmolk , P. 2002 . PQ Method Download Available from: http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/∼schmolck/qmethod/downpqx.htm
   Google Scholar
• Schofield , D. , Tennant , C. , Nash , L. , Degenhardt , L. , Cornish , A. Hobbs , C. 2006 . Reasons for cannabis use in psychosis . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 40 : 570 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer , C. , Castle , D. and Michie , P. T. 2002 . Motivations that maintain substance use among individuals with psychotic disorders . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 28 : 233 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stainton Rogers , R. 1995 . “ Q methodology ” . In Rethinking methods in psychology , Edited by: Smith , J. A. and Van Langenhove , L. 178 – 192 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson , W. 1953 . The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Swofford , C. D. , Kasckow , J. W. , Scheller-Gilkey , G. and Inderbitzin , L. B. 1996 . Substance use: A powerful predictor of relapse in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 20 : 145 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Test , M. A. , Wallisch , L. , Allness , D. J. and Ripp , K. 1989 . Substance use in young adults with schizophrenic disorders . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 15 : 465 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , R. , Taylor , D. , Wright , J. , Sloat , A. , Springett , G. Arnold , S. 1994 . Substance use among the mentally ill: Prevalence, reasons for use and effects on illness . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 64 : 30 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar