Fish Prisons and Bluehouses: Perceived Risks and Benefits of Land-based Aquaculture in Four US Communities

References

• Aarset, B., Beckmann, S., Bigne, E., Beveridge, M., Bjorndal, T., Bunting, J., McDonagh, P., Mariojouls, C., Muir, J., Prothero, A., Reisch, L., Smith, A., Tveteras, R., & Young, J. (2004). The European consumers’ understanding and perceptions of the “organic” food regime: The case of aquaculture. British Food Journal, 106(2), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070700410516784
   Google Scholar
• Alhakami, A. S., & Slovic, P. (1994). A psychological study of the inverse relationship between perceived risk and perceived benefit. Risk Analysis, 14(6), 1085–1096. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00080.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearth, A., & Siegrist, M. (2019). “As long as it is not irradiated”–Influencing factors of US consumers’ acceptance of food irradiation. Food Quality and Preference, 71, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.06.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergquist, P., Ansolabehere, S., Carley, S., & Konisky, D. (2020). Backyard voices: How sense of place shapes views of large-scale energy transmission infrastructure. Energy Research & Social Science, 63, 101396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodemer, N., & Gaissmaier, W. (2015). Risk perception. In H. Cho, T. Reimer, & K. A. McComas (Eds.), Sage handbook of risk communication (pp. 10–23). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, A. D. (2017). Examining community perceptions of energy systems development: The role of communication and sense of place. Environmental Communication, 11(2), 184–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2015.1047886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britsch, M. L., Leslie, H. M., & Stoll, J. S. (2021). Diverse perspectives on aquaculture development in Maine. Marine Policy, 131, 104697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugden, D., Evensen, D., & Stedman, R. (2017). A drill by any other name: Social representations, framing, and legacies of natural resource extraction in the fracking industry. Energy Research & Social Science, 29, 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2001). Grounded theory. In R. Emerson (Ed.), Contemporary field research: Perspectives and formulations (2nd ed, pp. 335–352). Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, T., Jin, D., Thompson, R., & Katzanek, A. (2017). Using normative evaluations to plan for and manage shellfish aquaculture development in Rhode Island coastal waters. Marine Policy, 83, 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.06.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Anna, L. M., & Murray, G. D. (2015). Perceptions of shellfish aquaculture in British Columbia and implications for well-being in marine social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 20(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07319-200157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditlevsen, K., & Andersen, S. S. (2021). The purity of dirt: Revisiting Mary Douglas in the light of contemporary consumer interpretations of naturalness, purity and dirt. Sociology, 55(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520934980
   Google Scholar
• Ditlevsen, K., Glerup, C., Sandøe, P., & Lassen, J. (2020). Synthetic livestock vaccines as risky interference with nature? Lay and expert arguments and understandings of “naturalness.”. Public Understanding of Science, 29(3), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662520906083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, M. (2002). Purity and danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Etale, A., & Siegrist, M. (2021). Food processing and perceived naturalness: Is it more natural or just more traditional? Food Quality and Preference, 94, 104323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, O. (2019). These are the leading land-based salmon farms in the world right now. Salmon Business. https://salmonbusiness.com/these-are-the-leading-land-based-salmon-f arms-in-the-world-right-now/.
   Google Scholar
• Feucht, Y., & Zander, K. (2015). Of earth ponds, flow-through and closed recirculation systems– German consumers’ understanding of sustainable aquaculture and its communication. Aquaculture, 438, 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Association of the United Nations [FAO]. (2020). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in action. Rome.
   Google Scholar
• Frewer, L. J., Bergmann, K., Brennan, M., Lion, R., Meertens, R., Rowe, G., Siegrist, M., & Vereijken, C. (2011). Consumer response to novel agri-food technologies: Implications for predicting consumer acceptance of emerging food technologies. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 22(8), 442–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2011.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich, H. E., Gentry, R. R., Rust, M. B., Grimm, D., & Halpern, B. S. (2017). Public perceptions of aquaculture: Evaluating spatiotemporal patterns of sentiment around the world. PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0169281. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, C., & Hunt, K. P. (2021). Communicating power and resistance in the global food system: Emerging trends in environmental communication. In B. Takahashi, J. Metag, J. Thaker, & S. E. Comfort (Eds.), The handbook of international trends in environmental communication (pp. 115–131). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, N., Fischer, A. R., & Frewer, L. J. (2012). Socio-psychological determinants of public acceptance of technologies: A review. Public Understanding of Science, 21(7), 782–795. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662510392485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, T. E., & Amberg, S. M. (2013). Factors influencing consumption of farmed seafood products in the Pacific Northwest. Appetite, 66, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanes, S. P. (2018). Aquaculture and the postproductive transition on the Maine coast. Geographical Review, 108(2), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/gere.12247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hixson, S. M. (2014). Fish nutrition and current issues in aquaculture: The balance in providing safe and nutritious seafood, in an environmentally sustainable manner. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 5(3), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000234
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, S. (2012). Sacrifice zones: The front lines of toxic chemical exposure in the United States. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewicka, M. (2011). Place attachment: How far have we come in the last 40 years? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(3), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., & Chapman, G. B. (2012). Why do people like natural? Instrumental and ideational bases for the naturalness preference. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(12), 2859–2878. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00964.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, P., Yang, R., & Xu, Z. (2019). Public acceptance of fully automated driving: Effects of social trust and risk/benefit perceptions. Risk Analysis, 39(2), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lofland, J., Snow, D., Anderson, L., & Lofland, L. H. (2006). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis (4th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Maine Department of Economic and Community Development. (2019). Maine economic development strategy, 2020-2029 https://www.maine.gov/decd/sites/maine.gov.decd/files/inline-files/DECD_120919_sm.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Masuda, J. R., & Garvin, T. (2006). Place, culture, and the social amplification of risk. Risk Analysis, 26(2), 437–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00749.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur, N. A., & Curtis, A. L. (2006). Risk perceptions, aquaculture, and issues of trust: Lessons from Australia. Society and Natural Resources, 19(9), 791–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920600835551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mielby, H., Sandøe, P., & Lassen, J. (2013). Multiple aspects of unnaturalness: Are cisgenic crops perceived as being more natural and more acceptable than transgenic crops? Agriculture and Human Values, 30(3), 471–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-013-9430-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovici, S. (2001). Social representations: Essays in social psychology. NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, A., Ferré, M., Engel, S., Gattinger, A., Holzkämper, A., Huber, R., Muller, M., & Six, J. (2017). Can soil-less crop production be a sustainable option for soil conservation and future agriculture? Land Use Policy, 69, 102–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor, R. L., Hardy, R. W., Buschmann, A. H., Bush, S. R., Cao, L., Klinger, D. H., Little, D. C., Lubchenko, J., Shumway, S. E., & Troell, M. (2021). A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture. Nature, 591(7851), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeples, J. (2011). Toxic sublime: Imaging contaminated landscapes. Environmental Communication, 5(4), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2011.616516
   Google Scholar
• Promoting American Seafood Competitiveness and Economic Growth. (2020). Executive Office of the President, 85 Fed. Reg., 28471 (May 7, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Ramlo, S. (2016). Mixed method lessons learned from 80 years of Q methodology. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 10(1), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815610998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recirculating Aquaculture Salmon Network (RAS-N). (2022). What is RAS? https://ras- n.org/salmon-ras/what-is-ras/.
   Google Scholar
• Rickard, L. N., Britwum, K., Noblet, C. L., & Evans, K. S. (2020). Factory-made or farm fresh? Measuring US support for aquaculture as a food technology. Marine Policy, 115, 103858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103858
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard, L. N., & Feldpausch-Parker, A. M. (2016). Of sea lice and superfood: A comparison of regional and national news media coverage of aquaculture. Frontiers in Communication: Science and Environmental Communication, 1(14). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2016.00014
   Google Scholar
• Rickard, L. N., Noblet, C. L., Duffy, K., & Brayden, W. C. (2018). Cultivating benefit and risk: Aquaculture representation and interpretation in New England. Society and Natural Resources, 31(12), 1358–1378. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2018.1480821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard, L. N., Yang, J. Z., Liu, S., & Boze, T. (2021). Fish tales: How narrative modality, emotion, and transportation influence support for sustainable aquaculture. Science Communication, 43(2), 252–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020987555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risius, A., Janssen, M., & Hamm, U. (2017). Consumer preferences for sustainable aquaculture products: Evidence from in-depth interviews, think aloud protocols and choice experiments. Appetite, 113, 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. T. (2007). Globalizing environmental justice. In R. Sandler, & P. C. Pezzulo (Eds.), Environmental justice and environmentalism: The social justice challenge to the environmental movement (pp. 285–307). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rozin, P. (2005). The meaning of “natural” process more important than content. Psychological Science, 16(8), 652–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01589.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin, P. (2006). Naturalness judgments by lay Americans: Process dominates content in judgments of food or water acceptability and naturalness. Judgment and Decision Making, 1(2), 91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin, P., Fischler, C., & Shields-Argeles, C. (2012). European and American perspectives on the meaning of natural. Appetite, 59(2), 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozin, P., Spranca, M., Krieger, Z., Neuhaus, R., Surillo, D., Swerdlin, A., & Wood, K. (2004). Preference for natural: Instrumental and ideational/moral motivations, and the contrast between foods and medicines. Appetite, 43(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2004.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runge, K. K., Shaw, B. R., Witzling, L., Hartleb, C., Yang, S., & Peroff, D. M. (2021). Social license and consumer perceptions of farm-raised fish. Aquaculture, 530, 735920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmona, M., Lieber, E., & Kaczynski, D. (2019). Qualitative and mixed methods data analysis using Dedoose: A practical approach for research across the social sciences. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Schlag, A. K. (2010). Aquaculture: An emerging issue for public concern. Journal of Risk Research, 13(7), 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669871003660742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlag, A. K., & Ystgaard, K. (2013). Europeans and aquaculture: Perceived differences between wild and farmed fish. British Food Journal, 115(2), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701311302195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröter, I., & Mergenthaler, M. (2019). Neuroeconomics meets aquaponics: An eye-tracking pilot study on perception of information about aquaponics. Sustainability, 11(13), 3580. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M. (2000). The influence of trust and perceptions of risks and benefits on the acceptance of gene technology. Risk Analysis, 20(2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.202020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., & Hartmann, C. (2020). Consumer acceptance of novel food technologies. Nature Food, 1(6), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0094-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegrist, M., Hartmann, C., & Sütterlin, B. (2016). Biased perception about gene technology: How perceived naturalness and affect distort benefit perception. Appetite, 96, 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., & Sütterlin, B. (2017). Importance of perceived naturalness for acceptance of food additives and cultured meat. Appetite, 113, 320–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, R., Grey, S. H., & Motter, J. (2020). Rooted resistance: Agrarian myth in modern America. University of Arkansas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236(4799), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3563507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacon, A. G. (2020). Trends in global aquaculture and aquafeed production: 2000– 2017. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 28(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2019.1649634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansey, J. D., & Burgess, M. (2008). The meanings of genomics: A focus group study of “interested” and lay classifications of salmon genomics. Public Understanding of Science, 17(4), 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662507076603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tom, A. P., Jayakumar, J. S., Biju, M., Somarajan, J., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2021). Aquaculture wastewater treatment technologies and their sustainability: A review. Energy Nexus, 4, 100022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100022
   Google Scholar
• Torelli, R., Balluchi, F., & Lazzini, A. (2020). Greenwashing and environmental communication: Effects on stakeholders’ perceptions. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(2), 407–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhonacker, F., Altintzoglou, T., Luten, J., & Verbeke, W. (2011). Does fish origin matter to European consumers? British Food Journal, 113(4), 535–549. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701111124005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, C. L., & Matthews, H. S. (2008). Food-miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the United States. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(10), 3508–3513. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702969f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzman, J., & Filgueira, R. (2020). The evolution and application of carrying capacity in aquaculture: Towards a research agenda. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(3), 1297–1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witzling, L., Shaw, B. R., Yang, S., Runge, K. K., Hartleb, C. F., & Peroff, D. M. (2020). Predictors of environmental policy support: The case of inland aquaculture in Wisconsin. Environmental Communication, 14(8), 1097–1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2020.1770308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. Z., Rickard, L., Liu, S., & Boze, T. (2022). Seafood stories: The effect of video message type on US support for sustainable aquaculture. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 50(1), 91–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2021.1939403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar