Communicating Climate Change in the Era of Anxiety: Testing a Double-Moderated-Mediation Model

References

• Adler, S., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). Mapping the jungle: A bibliographic analysis of research into construal level theory. Psychology & Marketing, 38(9), 1367–1383. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ágoston, C., Urbán, R., Nagy, B., Csaba, B., Kõváry, Z., Kovács, K., Dúll, A., Mönus, F., Shaw, C. A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2022). The psychological consequences of the ecological crisis: Three new questionnaire to assess eco-anxiety, eco-guilt, and ecological grief. Climate Risk Management, 37, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.100441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (2002). Constructing a TpB questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Amazon Mechanical Turk. (2022). Access a global, on-demand, 24x7 workforce. https://www.mturk.com/.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bashir, N. Y., Wilson, A. E., Lockwood, P., Chasteen, A. L., & Alisat, S. (2014). The time for action is now: Subjective temporal proximity enhances pursuit of remote-future goals. Social Cognition, 32(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2014.32.1.83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudon, P., & Jachens, L. (2021). A scoping review of interventions for the treatment of eco-anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, L., Thomas, I., & Martin, A. (2022). Review: Ecological awareness, anxiety, and actions among youth and their parents—a qualitative study of newspaper narratives. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 27(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brügger, A. (2020). Understanding the psychological distance of climate change: The limitations of construal level theory and suggestions for alternative theoretical perspectives. Global Environmental Change, 60, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.102023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brügger, A., Morton, T. A., & Dessai, S. (2016). “Proximizing” climate change reconsidered: A construal level theory perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 46, 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budziszewska, M., & Jonsson, S. E. (2022). Talking about climate change and eco-anxiety in psychotherapy: A qualitative analysis of patients’ experiences. Psychotherapy, 59(4), 606–615. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000449
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cappucci, M. (2022). Australian fires had bigger impact on climate than covid-19 lockdowns in 2020. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/07/27/australian-bushfires-smoke-climate-covid/.
   Google Scholar
• Carmi, N., & Kimhi, S. (2015). Further than the eye can see: Psychological distance and perception of environmental threats. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 21(8), 2239–2257. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2015.1046419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M.-F. (2019). Social representations of climate change and pro-environmental behavior intentions in Taiwan. International Sociology, 34(3), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580919832737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, M.-F. (2020). Effects of psychological distance perception and psychological factors on pro-environmental behaviors in Taiwan: Application of construal level theory. International Sociology, 35(1), 70–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580919881870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, D. (2022). Urgent action on climate change needed ‘to secure a liveable future,’ U.N. report warns. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/urgent-action-climate-change-needed-secure-liveable-future-un-report-w-rcna17764.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, H. (2022). Construing climate change: Psychological distance, individual difference, and construal level of climate change. Environmental Communication, 16(7), 883–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2022.2061027
   Google Scholar
• Chu, H., & Yang, J. Z. (2020). Risk or efficacy? How psychological distance influences climate change engagement. Risk Analysis, 40(4), 758–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, S. (2020). Climate anxiety: Psychological response to climate change. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, S., & Karazsia, B. T. (2020). Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 69, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey, Y., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Islam, M. S., & Usher, K. (2021). Understanding eco-anxiety: A systematic scoping review of current literature and identified knowledge gaps. The journal of Climate Change and Health, 3, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100047
   Google Scholar
• Cunsolo, A., & Ellis, N. R. (2018). Ecological grief as a mental health response to climate change-related loss. Nature Climate Change, 8, 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0092-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Guttry, C., Süsser, D., & Döring, M. (2019). Situating climate change: Psychological distance as tool to understand the multifaceted dimensions of climate change meanings. Geoforum, 104, 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.06.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demissie, H., & McDuffie, W. (2023). DeSantis rolls out energy policy, contends climate change is invoked to create ‘fear.’ https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/desantis-rolls-energy-policy-contends-climate-change-invoked/story?id=103340918.
   Google Scholar
• Deng, Y., Wang, M., & Yousefpour, R. (2017). How do people's perceptions and climatic disaster experiences influence their daily behaviors regarding adaptation to climate change? A case study among young generations. Science of the Total Environment, 581–582, 840–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, T. J., & Clayton, S. (2011). The psychological impacts of global climate change. American Psychologist, 66(4), 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan, R., Takahashi, B., & Zwickle, A. (2021). How effective are concrete and abstract climate change images? The moderating role of construal level in climate change visual communication. Science Communication, 43(3), 358–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/10755470211008192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, D., Duhachek, A., & Agrawal, N. (2016). Coping and construal level matching drives health messages effectiveness via response efficacy or self-efficacy enhancement. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(3), 429–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausfather, Z. (2017). Analysis: Why scientists think 100% of global warming is due to humans. CarbonBrief. https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-scientists-think-100-of-global-warming-is-due-to-humans/.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. (2022). The PROCESS macro for SPSS, SAS, and R. https://www.processmacro.org/download.html.
   Google Scholar
• Heeren, A., Mouguiama-Daouda, C., & Contreras, A. (2022). On climate anxiety and the threat it may pose to daily life functioning and adaptation: A study among European and African French-speaking participants. Climate Change, 173, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-022-03394-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helm, S. V., Pollitt, A., Barnett, M. A., Curran, M. A., & Craig, Z. R. (2018). Differentiating environmental concern in the context of psychological adaption to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 48, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickman, C. (2020). We need to (find a way to) talk about … eco-anxiety. Journal of Social Work Practice, 34(4), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650533.2020.1844166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg, T. L., Stanley, S. K., O’Brien, L. V., Wilson, M. S., & Watsford, G. R. (2021). The Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale: Development and validation of a multidimensional scale. Global Environmental Change, 71, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innocenti, M., Santarelli, G., Faggi, V., Castellini, G., Manelli, I., Magrini, G., Galassi, F., & Ricca, V. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the climate change anxiety scale. Journal of Climate Change and Health, 3, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100080
   Google Scholar
• Innocenti, M., Santarelli, G., Lombardi, G. S., Ciabini, L., Zjalic, D., Di Russo, M., & Cadeddu, C. (2023). How can climate change anxiety induce both pro-environmental behaviours and eco-paralysis? The mediating role of general self-efficacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043085
   Google Scholar
• Jacobo, J., Grant, T., Shalvey, K., Shapiro, E., Gaffney, M., Deliso, M., Hawarth, J., El-Bawab, N., & Guerilus, S. (2022). Hurricane Ian updates: Florida death toll climbs. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/live-updates/hurricane-ian/?id=90445860.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C., Hine, D. W., & Marks, A. D. G. (2017). The future is now: Reducing psychological distance to increase public engagement with climate change. Risk Analysis, 37(2), 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K. (2023). A Review of CLT-based Empirical Research on Climate Change Communication from 2010 to 2021. Environmental Communication, 17(7), 844–860. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2023.2259625
   Google Scholar
• Kim, K., & Ahn, S. J. G. (2019). The moderating role of cultural background in temporal framing: Focusing on climate change awareness advertising. Asian Journal of Communication, 29(4), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2019.1624793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, P.-S., Sung, Y.-H., Wu, C.-C., Ho, L.-C., & Chiou, W.-B. (2020). Using episodic future thinking to pre-experience climate change increases pro-environmental behavior. Environmental Behavior, 52(1), 60–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916518790590
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Rosenthal, S., Kotcher, J., Lee, S., Verner, M., Ballew, M., Carman, J., Myers, T., Goldberg, M., Badullovich, N., & Marlon, J. (2023). Climate change in the American mind: Beliefs & attitudes, Spring 2023. Yale Program on Climate Change Communication.
   Google Scholar
• Leviston, Z., Price, J., & Bishop, B. (2014). Imagining climate change: The role of implicit associations and affective psychological distancing in climate change responses. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liviatan, I., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2008). Interpersonal similarity as a social distance dimension: Implications for perception of others’ actions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(5), 1256–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, G. (2022). A summer of climate disasters. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/07/briefing/climate-change-heat-waves-us-europe.html.
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, S. B., & Lutz, R. J. (1989). An empirical examination of the structural antecedents of attitude toward the ad in an advertising pretesting context. Journal of Marketing, 53, 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298905300204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiella, R., La Malva, P., Marchetti, D., Pomarico, E., Di Crosta, A., Palumbo, R., Cetara, L., Di Domenico, A., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2020). The psychological distance and climate change: A systematic review on the mitigation and adaptation behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maran, D. A., & Begotti, T. (2021). Media exposure to climate change, anxiety, and efficacy beliefs in a sample of Italian university Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayiwar, L., & Björklund, F. (2023). Fear and anxiety differ in construal level and scope. Cognition and Emotion, 37(3), 559–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2023.2184775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIlroy-Young, B., & Thistlethwaite, J. (2019). Canadian weathercasters’ current and potential role as climate change communicators. Environmental Communication, 13(6), 834–846. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1557726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milfont, T. L., Abrahamse, W., & McCarthy, N. (2011). Spatial and temporal biases in assessments of environmental conditions in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 40, 56–67.
   Google Scholar
• Moench, M. (2023). New data shows a global surge in searches related to ‘climate anxiety.’ Time. https://time.com/6338759/climate-change-anxiety-google-search-trend/.
   Google Scholar
• Nawaz, A. (2023). UN Scientists warn drastic steps needed to prevent climate change catastrophe. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/un-scientists-warn-drastic-steps-needed-to-prevent-climate-change-catastrophe.
   Google Scholar
• Ojala, M., Cunsolo, A., Ogunbode, C. A., & Middleton, J. (2021). Anxiety, worry, and grief in a time of environmental and climate crisis: A narrative review. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 46, 35–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-022716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panu, P. (2020). Anxiety and the ecological crisis: An analysis of eco-anxiety and climate anxiety. Sustainability, 12, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfautsch, S., & Gray, T. (2017). Low factual understanding and high anxiety about climate warning impedes university students to become sustainability stewards: An Australian case study. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 18(7), 1157–1175. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2016-0179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pihkala, P. (2020). Eco-anxiety and environmental education. Sustainability, 12(23), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plumer, B. (2023). Climate change is speeding toward catastrophe. The next decade is crucial, U.N. Panel Says. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/20/climate/global-warming-ipcc-earth.html.
   Google Scholar
• Poortvliet, P. M., Niles, M. T., Veraart, J. A., Werners, S. E., Korporaal, F. C., & Mulder, B. C. (2020). Communication climate change risk: A content analysis of IPCC’s summary for policymakers. Sustainability, 12(12), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Population Matters. (2022, May). Climate change. https://populationmatters.org/climate-change.
   Google Scholar
• Pulver, D. V., Rice, D., & Padilla, R. (2024). It’s over: 2023 was Earth’s hottest year, experts say. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/01/01/2023-was-earths-hottest-year-experts-say/71882923007/.
   Google Scholar
• Qualtrics. (2022). Leading organizations choose Qualtrics to attract and retain top talent. https://www.qualtrics.com/news/leading-organizations-choose-qualtrics-to-attract-and-retain-top-talent/.
   Google Scholar
• Reczek, R. W., Trudel, R., & White, K. (2018). Focusing on the forest or the trees: How abstract versus concrete construal level predicts responses to eco-friendly products. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 57, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard, L. N., Yang, Z. J., & Schuldt, J. P. (2016). Here and now, there and then: How “departure dates” influence climate change engagement. Global Environmental Change, 38, 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rode, J. B., Dent, A. L., Benedict, C. N., Brosnahan, D. B., Martinez, R. L., & Ditto, P. H. (2021). Influencing climate change attitudes in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 76, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Cruz, L. A., & Niles, M. T. (2021). Awareness of climate change's impacts and motivation to adapt are not enough to drive action: A look of Puerto Rican farmers after Hurricane Maria. PLoS One, 16, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacchi, S., Riva, P., & Aceto, A. (2016). Myopic about climate change: Cognitive style, psychological distance, and environmentalism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 65, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagristano, M. D., Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2002). Time-dependent gambling: Odds now, money later. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(3), 364–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.131.3.364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangervo, J., Jylhä, K. M., & Pihkala, P. (2023). Climate anxiety: Conceptual considerations and connections with climate hope and action. Global Environmental Change, 76, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargisson, R. J., & Schöner, B. V. (2020). Hyperbolic discounting with environmental outcomes across time, space, and probability. The Psychological Record, 70, 515–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-019-00368-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarrasin, O., Henry, J. L. A., Masserey, C., & Graff, F. (2022). The relationships between adolescents’ climate anxiety, efficacy beliefs, group dynamics, and pro-environmental behavioral intentions after a group-based environmental education intervention. Youth, 2, 422–440. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth2030031
   Google Scholar
• Schattman, R. E., Caswell, M., & Faulkner, J. W. (2021). Eyes on the horizon: Temporal and social perspectives of climate risk and agricultural decision making among climate-informed farmers. Society & Natural Resources, 34(6), 765–784. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2021.1894283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuldt, J. P., Rickard, L. N., & Yang, Z. J. (2018). Does reduced psychological distance increase climate engagement? On the limits of localizing climate change. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 55, 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shain, S. (2021). Got climate anxiety? These people are doing something about it. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/04/climate/climate-anxiety-stress.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, J., & Irani, T. (2005). Advocacy advertising for biotechnology: The effect of public accountability on corporate trust and attitude toward the ad. Journal of Advertising, 34, 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2005.10639203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A. S., Zwickle, A., Bruskotter, J. T., & Wilson, R. (2017). The perceived psychological distance of climate change impacts and its influence on support for adaptation policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 73, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• So, J. (2013). A further extension of the Extended Parallel Process Model (E-EPPM): Implications of cognitive appraisal theory of emotion and dispositional coping style. Health Communication, 28, 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.708633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman, M., Alisat, S., Bashir, N. Y., & Wilson, A. E. (2018). Wrinkles in time and drops in the bucket: Circumventing temporal and social barriers to pro-environmental behavior. SAGE Open, April-June, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018774826
   Google Scholar
• Spence, A., Poortinga, W., & Pidgeon, N. (2012). The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Analysis, 32(6), 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01695.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, S. K., Hogg, T. L., Leviston, Z., & Walker, I. (2021). From anger to action: Differential impacts of eco-anxiety, eco-depression, and eco-anger on climate action and wellbeing. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 1, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100003
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, G. O., Fisher, R., Whitmarsh, L., Milfont, T. L., & Poortinga, W. (2018). The impact of parenthood on environmental attitudes and behavior: A longitudinal investigation of the legacy hypothesis. Population and Environment, 39, 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-017-0291-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2010). Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2012). Construal level theory. In P. A. M. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 118–134). SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Wakslak, C. (2007). Construal levels and psychological distance: Effects on representation, prediction, evaluation, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70013-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2021). Climate change ‘biggest threat modern humans have ever faced’, world-renowned naturalist tells security council, calls for greater global cooperation. https://press.un.org/en/2021/sc14445.doc.htm.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2022). 50:50 chance of global temperature temporarily reaching 1.5 °C threshold in next 5 Years. https://unfccc.int/news/5050-chance-of-global-temperature-temporarily-reaching-15degc-threshold-in-next-5-years.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2023). Ozone layer recovery is on track, helping avoid global warming by 0.5°C. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/ozone-layer-recovery-track-helping-avoid-global-warming-05degc#:~:text=On%20track%20to%20full%20recovery&text=If%20current%20policies%20remain%20in,the%20rest%20of%20the%20world.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. (2022). Devastating floods in Pakistan. https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/devastating-floods-pakistan-2022.
   Google Scholar
• Usher, K., Durkin, J., & Bhullar, N. (2019). Eco-anxiety: How thinking about climate change-related environmental decline is affecting our mental health. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 28(6), 1233–1234. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. National Centers for Environmental Information. (2022). Annual 2021 drought report. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/drought/202113#overview.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Hurlstone, M. J., Leviston, Z., Walker, I., & Lawrence, C. (2019). Climate change from a distance: An analysis of construal level and psychological distance from climate change. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir, K. (2016). Climate change is threatening mental health. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/07-08/climate-change.
   Google Scholar
• Witte, K. (1994). Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model (EPPM). Communication Monographs, 61(2), 113–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759409376328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wullenkord, M. C., Tröger, J., Hamann, K. R. S., Loy, L. S., & Reese, G. (2021). Anxiety and climate change: A validation of the climate anxiety scale in a German-speaking quota sample and an investigation of psychological correlates. Climate Change, 168, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03187-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J. Z., Rickard, L. N., Liu, Z., & Boze, T. (2021). Too close to care? A replication study to re-examine the effect of cued distance on climate change engagement. Environmental Communication, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2020.1777181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoder, K. (2021). It’s not just you: Everyone is Googling ‘climate anxiety.’ Grist. https://grist.org/language/climate-anxiety-google-search-trends/.
   Google Scholar