279
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Varia Articles

The Mobilisation of Minds and the Crisis in International Science: The Krieg der Geister and the Manifesto of the 93Footnote*

References

  • Abbott, David. ed. 1983. The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. London: Blond Educational.
  • Anon. 1915. ‘Use Soldiers’ Diaries to Answer Denials: Pamphlet Sanctioned by French Government issued in reply to German ‘Intellectuals’. The New York Times, 22 January, p. 2.
  • Aubin, David & Goldstein, Catherine. eds. 2015. The War of Guns and Mathematics: Mathematical Practices and Communities in France and its Western Allies around World War I. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. History of Mathematics, vol. 42.
  • Badash, Lawrence. 1979. British and American Views of the German Menace in World War I. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 34(1): 91–121. doi: 10.1098/rsnr.1979.0006
  • Barnes, Zexia. 1993. Willstatter, Richard Martin (1872–1942). In: Laylin K. James, ed. Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901–1992. Philadelphia: American Chemical Society and Chemical Heritage Foundation, pp. 108–13.
  • Baumler, Ernst. 1984. Paul Ehrlich, Scientist for Life. New York: Holmes & Meier.
  • Bergson, Henri. 1914. A l‘Institut. Le Figaro, 9 August, p. 3.
  • Bhattacharyya, Pallavi. 2012. Wilhelm Ostwald –The Scientist. Resonance, 17(5): 428–33. doi: 10.1007/s12045-012-0045-4
  • Böhme, Klaus. ed. 1975. Aufrufe und Reden Deutscher Professoren im Ersten Weltkrieg. Stuttgart: Reclam.
  • Boutroux, Emile. 1914. L'Allemagne et la Guerre. Revue des Deux Mondes, 23: 385–401.
  • Buitenhuis, Peter. 1987. The Great War of Words: British, American and Canadian Propaganda and Fiction, 1914–1933. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  • Chagnon, Marie-Eve. 2012. Le Manifeste des 93: La mobilization des académies françaises et allemandes au déclenchement de la Première Guerre Mondiale (1914–1915). French Historical Studies, 35(1): 123–47. doi: 10.1215/00161071-1424947
  • Church, Samuel Harden. 1915. Reply to the German Professors. In: The American Verdict on the War: A Reply to the Appeal to the Civilised World of 93 German Professors. Baltimore: The Norman Remington Co.
  • Coates, J.E. 1939. The Haber Memorial Lecture. Journal of the Chemical Society, 11: 1642–72. doi: 10.1039/jr9390001642
  • Cock, A.J. 1983. Chauvinism and Internationalism in Science: The International Research Council, 1919–1926. Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 37: 249–88. doi: 10.1098/rsnr.1983.0013
  • Conan Doyle, Arthur. 1914. The German War. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
  • Crawford, Elisabeth. 1992. Nationalism and Internationalism in Science, 1880–1939. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Crawford, Elizabeth & Heilbron, John. 1989. Internationalism in Science as a Casualty of the First World War: Relations between German and Allied Scientists as Reflected in Nominations for the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry. Social Science Information, 27: 163–201. doi: 10.1177/053901888027002001
  • Derez, Mark. 1996. The Flames of Louvain: The War Experience of an Academic Community. In: Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle, eds. Facing Armageddon: The First World War Experienced. London: Leo Cooper, pp. 617–29.
  • Feldman, Gerald D. 1973. A German Scientist between Illusion and Reality: Emil Fischer, 1909–1919. In: Imanuel Geiss and Bernd Jürgen Wendt, eds., Deutschland in der Weltpolitik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts: Fritz Fischer zum 65. Geburtstag. Düsseldorf: Bertelsmann Universitätsverlag, pp. 341–362.
  • Fischer, Emil. 1912. Chemical Research in its Bearings on National Welfare. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; New York: E.S. Gorham.
  • Flasch, Kurt. 2000. Die Geistige Mobilmachung. Die deutschen Intellektuellen und der Erste Weltkrieg. Berlin: Alexander Fest Verlag.
  • Fölsing, Albrecht. 2002. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Aufbruch ins Innere der Materie. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
  • Forman, A.W. 1919. For the sake of the record. North American Review, 210, August, 283–84.
  • Forman, Paul. 1973. Scientific Internationalism and the Weimar Physicists: The Ideology and its Manipulation in Germany after World War I. Isis, 64(2): 150–80.
  • Forman, Paul. 2008. Friedrich Paschen (1865–1947). Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Scribners.
  • Friedman, Robert Marc. 2001. The Politics of Excellence: Behind the Nobel Prize in Science. New York: Freeman & Times Books, Henry Holt & Co.
  • Gilpin, Robert & Wright, Christopher, eds. 1964. Scientists and National Policy-Making. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Glasser, Otto. 1933. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen and the Early History of the Röntgen Rays, with Personal Reminiscences of W.C. Röntgen by Margaret Boveri. Berlin, London: John Bale, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd.
  • Gratzer, Walter. 2000. Nature, 403, p. 17.
  • Haberer, Joseph. 1972. Politicalisation in Science. Science Magazine, 17 November.
  • Hanna, Martha. 1996. The Mobilisation of Intellect: French Scholars and Writers during the Great War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Harrow, Benjamin. 1925. Science and the Pursuit of Peace: An American Professor of Chemistry interviews French and German scientists. The New York Times, 19 April.
  • Hartmann, Hans. 1938. Max Planck als Mensch und Denker. Berlin: Verlag Siegismund.
  • Heilbron, John. 1986. The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as Spokesman for German Science. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Heilbron, John. 2014. Trials of Internationalism: Former Solvay Conferees During World War I. Conference on Science en Guerre et Guerre des Savants, Brussels, 14 November.
  • Horne, John & Kramer, Alan. 2001. German Atrocities: A History of Denial. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Kauffman, George B. & Priebe, Paul M. 1990. The Emil Fischer – William Ramsay Friendship: The Tragedy of Scientists in War. The Journal of Chemical Education, 67(2): 93–101. doi: 10.1021/ed067p93
  • Keller, Phyllis. 1979. States of Belonging: German-American Intellectuals and the First World War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Kevles, Daniel. 1971. ‘Into Hostile Political Camps': The Reorganization of International Science in World War I. Isis, 62(1): 7–60. doi: 10.1086/350707
  • Lamberti, Georg. 1995. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832–1920): Leben, Werk und Persönlichkeit in Bildern und Texten. Bonn: Deutscher Psychologen Verlag.
  • Linton, Dereck S. 2005. Emil von Behring: Infectious Disease, Immunology, Serum Therapy. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
  • Lux, Ralph H. 1932. The Fall of the German Empire, 1914–18. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
  • MacLeod, Roy. 2000. Der Wissenschaftliche Internationalismus in der Krise: Die Akademien der Alliierten und ihre Reaktion auf den Ersten Weltkrieg. In: Wolfram Fischer, ed. with the assistance of R. Hohlfeld and P. Nötzoldt, Die Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1914–45. Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 317–49.
  • MacLeod, Roy. 2009. The Scientists Go to War: Revisiting Precept and Practice, 1914–1919. Journal of War and Culture Studies, 2(1): 37–51. doi: 10.1386/jwcs.2.1.37_1
  • MacLeod, Roy. 2014. Science. In: Jay Winter, ed. Cambridge History of the First World War, vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 434–59, 704–8.
  • Marquardt, Martha. 1951. Paul Ehrlich. New York: Henry Schuman.
  • McBryde, W.A.E. 1993. Nernst, Walther Hermann. In: K. James Laylin, ed. Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901–1992. Philadelphia: American Chemical Society and Chemical Heritage Foundation, pp. 125–33.
  • Müller, Gerhard. 2014. ‘Das Ende der europäischen Gelehrtenrepublik: Ernst Haeckel und der August 1914’. In: Franziska Bomski, Hellmut Th. Seemann, and Thorsten Valk, eds. Ilm-Kakanien, Weimar am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkriegs. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag.
  • Mulligan, Joseph F. 1999. Heinrich Hertz and Philipp Lenard: Two distinguished physicists, two disparate men. Physics in Perspective, 1(4): 345–66. doi: 10.1007/s000160050027
  • Nagendrappa, Gopalpur. 2001. Hermann Emil Fischer: Life and Achievements. Resonance, 16(7): 606–18. doi: 10.1007/s12045-011-0068-2
  • Nagendrappa, Gopalpur. 2014. Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer. Resonance, 19(6): 489–522. doi: 10.1007/s12045-014-0055-5
  • Nicolai, Georg-Friedrich. 1918. The Biology of War, trans. by Constance A. Grande and Julian Grande. New York: Century.
  • Noyes, Alfred. 1925. Building for Peace. New York: The Chemical Catalogue Company.
  • Paul, Harry. 1972. The Sorcerer's Apprentice: The French Scientists’ Image of German Science. Gainesville: University of Florida.
  • Prochasson, Christophe & Rasmussen, Anne. 1996. Au nom de la patrie: Les intellectuels et la Première Guerre Mondiale, 1910–1919. Paris: La Découverte.
  • Ramsay, Sir William. 1914. Germany's Aims and Ambitions. Nature, 94: 137–39. doi: 10.1038/094137a0
  • Rasmussen, Anne. 2004. La science française dans la guerre des manifestes. Mots, Les Langages du Politique, 76: 9–23.
  • Rasmussen, Anne. 2014. Mobilising Minds'. In: Jay Winter, ed. Cambridge History of the First World War, vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 390–417.
  • Reid, Constance. 1970. Hilbert. Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Reid, R.W. 1969. Tongues of Conscience: War and the Scientists’ Dilemma. London: Constable and Co.
  • Renwick, George. 1920. Kultur Manifesto Foisted on Signers: Many German Intellectuals Say they were Misled by Vague Summary of Document: Protests then Ignored: Scientists, Artists, Poets and others Disillusioned Concerning Germany's Motives in Making War. The New York Times, 5 November.
  • Ringer, Fritz. 1969. The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890–1933. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Robinson, Robert. 1953. Richard Willstätter. 1872–1942. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 8(22): 609–34. doi: 10.1098/rsbm.1953.0021
  • de Schaepdrijver, Sophie. 2004. La Belgique et la Première Guerre Mondiale. Bruxelles: Archives & Musée de la Littérature.
  • Schilling, R. 1962. Scientists, Foreign Policy and Politics. The American Political Science Review, LVI(2): 287–300. doi: 10.2307/1952365
  • Schroeder-Gudehus, Brigitte. 1966. Deutsche Wissenschaft und Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 1914–1928. Geneva: Dumaret & Golay.
  • Schroeder-Gudehus, Brigitte. 1990. Nationalism and Internationalism. In: R.C. Olby et al. eds. Companion to the History of Modern Science. London: Routledge, pp. 909–19.
  • Spielmann, Sir Isidore. 1918. Germany's Impending Doom: Another Open Letter to Herr Maximillian Harden. London: W. Speaight & Sons.
  • Stern, Fritz Richard. 2000. Einstein's German World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Stoll, A. ed. 1949. Richard Willstätter, Aus meinem Leben. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie; translated as (1965), From My Life, New York: Benjamin.
  • Stoll, A. & Hornig, L.S. 1966. Review: From My Life – The Memoirs of Richard Willstätter. American Scientist, 54(1): 78A–80A.
  • Stolzenberg, Dietrich. 2004. Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
  • Stromberg, Roland N. 1982. Redemption by War: The Intellectuals and 1914. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas.
  • Szöllösi-Janze, Margit. 1998. Fritz Haber, 1868–1934: Eine Biographie. München: C.H. Beck.
  • The New York Times. Current History of the European War, vol. 1 (9 January 1915 eBook).
  • Tippett, Krista. 2010. Einstein: Manifesto to the Europeans. On Being, on-line.
  • von Ungern-Sternberg, Jürgen & von Ungern-Sternberg, Wolfgang. 1996. Der Aufruf “An die Kulturwelt”: Das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kriegspropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.
  • Van der Kloot, W. 2004. Five Future Nobel Prize-Winners Inaugurate Weapons of Mass Destruction and the Academic-Industrial-Military Complex. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 58: 149–60. doi: 10.1098/rsnr.2004.0053
  • Verhey, Jeffrey. 2000. The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Vom Brocke, Bernhard. 1985. Wissenschaft und Militarismus: Der Aufruf der 93 An die Kulturwelt und der Zusammenbruch der Internationalen Gelehrtenrepublik im Ersten Weltkrieg. In: William M. Calder, Hellmut Flashar and Theodor Lindken, eds. Wilamowitz nach 50 Jahren. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, pp. 647–719.
  • Vom Bruch, Rüdiger, 2005. Geistige Kulturpropaganda: Der Aufruf von Wissenschaftlern und Künstlern an die Kulturwelt. In: Rüdiger Hohls, Iris Schröder and Hannes Siegrist. eds. Europa und die Europäer: Quellen und Essays zur modernen europäischen Geschichte. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 392–396.
  • Vom Bruch, Rüdiger. 2016. ‘Manifesto of the ‘93’ in Brill's Digital Library of World War I. Available at: <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2352-3786_dlwsi-benwi-en-U378>
  • Wallace, Stuart. 1988. War and the Image of Germany: British Academics, 1914–1918. Edinburgh: Donald.
  • Wehberg, Hans. 1920. Wider den Aufruf der 93! Das Ergebnis einer Rundfrage an die 93 Intellektuellen über die Kriegsschuld. Charlottenburg: Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte.
  • Wien, Wilhelm. 1930. Aus dem Leben und Wirken eines Physikers. Leipzig; Wien: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth.
  • Willstätter, Richard. 1915. Adolf von Baeyer. Die Naturwissenschaften, 3(44), 29 October: 559–63. doi: 10.1007/BF01547078
  • Wolff, Stefan L. 2003. Krieg der Geister: Wilhelm Wien's Proclamation. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 33(2): 337–68. doi: 10.1525/hsps.2003.33.2.337

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.