2,303
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

White man's country: Kenya Colony and the making of a myth

Pages 344-368 | Received 01 Apr 2010, Published online: 12 May 2011

References

  • Akama , John S. 1999 . The Evolution of Tourism in East Africa . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 7 ( 1 ) : 6 – 25 .
  • Akama , John S. 2004 . “ Neocolonialism, Dependency and External Control of Africa's Tourism Industry: A Case Study of Wildlife Safari Tourism in Kenya ” . In Tourism and Postcolonialism , Edited by: Tucker , Hazel and Michael Hall , C. London : Routledge .
  • Anderson , David. 2005 . Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire , London : Weidenfeld and Nicholson .
  • Anderson , David , and Richard Grove Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1987 .
  • Arnold , David. 1979 . European Orphans and Vagrants in India in the Nineteenth Century . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 7 ( 2 ) : 104 – 27 .
  • Ash , John and Turner , Louis . 1975 . The Golden Hoardes: International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery , London : Constable .
  • Atwood , Melinda. 2000 . Jambo Mama: Memories of Africa , Fort Bragg : Cypress House .
  • Bache , Eve. 1934 . The Youngest Lion: Early Farming Days in Kenya , London : Hutchinson .
  • Barthes , Roland . Mythologies , trans. Annette Lavers . New York : Jonathan Cape , 1972 .
  • Beinart , William and Hughes , Lotte . 2007 . Environment and Empire , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Bennett , G.M. “Settlers and Politics in Kenya up to 1945.” In History of East Africa , 2 Vincent Harlow and E.M. Chilver . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1965 .
  • Bennett , G.M. “British Settlers North of the Zambezi, 1920 to 1960.” In Colonialism in Africa L.H. Gann and P. Duigan , 2 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1970 .
  • Blixen , Karen. 1937 . Out of Africa , London : Putnam .
  • Blundell , Michael. 1964 . A Love Affair with the Sun: A Memoir of Seventy Years in Kenya , Nairobi : Kenway .
  • Boyes , John. 1928 . The Company of Adventurers , London : Alexander .
  • Brendon , Piers. 1991 . Thomas Cook: 150 Years of Popular Tourism , London : Secker and Warburg .
  • Brockington , D. 2002 . Fortress Conservation: The Preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania , Oxford : James Currey .
  • Bromhead , W.S. 1924 . What's What in the Kenya Highlands? Their Pioneering Romance and Colonising Possibilities , Nairobi : East African Standard .
  • Buxton , Aline. 1927 . Kenya Days , London : Arnold .
  • Cairnie , Julie. 2010 . Imperialists in Broken Boots: Poor Whites and Philanthropy in Southern African Writing , Cambridge : Cambridge Scholars Publishing .
  • Callaway , Helen. 1992 . “ Dressing for Dinner in the Bush: Rituals of Self-definition and British Imperial Auhority ” . In Dress and Gender: Making and Meaning in Cultural Contexts , Edited by: Barnes , Ruth and Eicher , Joanne B. Oxford : Berg .
  • Cannadine , David. 1990 . Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy , New York : Vintage .
  • Carnegie , Sacha. 1959 . Red Dust in Africa , London : Peter Davies .
  • Carnegie , V.M. 1930 . A Kenyan Farm Diary , Edinburgh : Blackwood .
  • Carruthers , Susan. 1995 . Winning Hearts and Minds: British Governments, the Media and Colonial Counter-insurgency, 1944–1960 , London : Leicester University Press .
  • Carson , J. 1957 . Sun, Sand and Safari: Some Leaves from a Kenya Notebook , London : R. Hale .
  • Census Office, Kenya Colony and Protectorate Report on the Census of Non-Natives . Nairobi : Government Press , 1921 .
  • Clayton , A. and Savage , D.C. 1974 . Government and Labour in Kenya, 1895–1963 , London : Frank Cass .
  • Cole , Eleanor. 1973 . Random Recollections of a Pioneer Kenya Settler , Woodbridge : Baron Publishing .
  • Cranworth , Bertram Francis. 1919 . Profit and Sport in British East Africa , London : Macmillan .
  • Cranworth , Bertram Francis. 1939 . Kenya Chronicles , London : Macmillan .
  • de Janzé , Frederic. 1928 . Vertical Land: Descriptions of Life in Africa , London : Duckworth .
  • de Watteville , Vivienne. 1927 . Out in the Blue , London : Methuen .
  • Dilley , Marjorie Ruth. 1966 . British Policy in Kenya Colony , London : Frank Cass .
  • Duder , C.J.D. 1989 . The Settler Response to the Indian Crisis of 1923 in Kenya: Brigadier General Philip Wheatley and Direct Action . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , 27 ( 3 ) : 349 – 73 .
  • Duder , C.J.D. 1991 . ‘Love and the Lions’: The Image of White Settlement in Kenya in Popular Fiction, 1919–1939 . African Affairs , 90 : 427 – 38 .
  • Duder , C.J.D. 1919 . ‘Men of the Officer Class’: The Participants in the Soldier Settlement Scheme in Kenya . African Affairs , 92 ( 1993 ) : 69 – 87 .
  • Duder , C.J.D. and Youé , C.P. 1994 . Paice's Place: Race and Politics in Nanyuki District, Kenya, in the 1920s . African Affairs , 93 : 253 – 78 .
  • Duffy , Rosaleen. 2000 . Killing for Conservation: Wildlife Policy in Zimbabwe , Oxford : James Currey .
  • Dundas , Charles. 1955 . African Crossroads , London : Macmillan .
  • East Africa Office Sport in Kenya Colony . London : East Africa Office ,
  • East Africa Tourist Travel Association Nairobi: A Visitor's Guide . Nairobi : East Africa Tourist Travel Association , 1952 .
  • East Africa Tourist Travel Association Visit East Africa . Nairobi : East Africa Tourist Travel Association , 1955 .
  • East Africa Tourist Travel Association The Hotels, Safari Lodges and Restaurants of East Africa . Nairobi : East Africa Tourist Travel Association , 1956 .
  • East Africa Tourist Travel Association Stronghold of the Wild: On the National Parks of East Africa . Nairobi : East Africa Tourist Travel Association , 1957 .
  • East Africa Tourist Travel Association A Guide to Mombasa and the Coast . Nairobi : East Africa Tourist Travel Association , 1957 .
  • East Africa Tourist Travel Association Exploring East Africa . Nairobi : East Africa Tourist Travel Association , 1958 .
  • East Africa Tourist Travel Association Kenya Safari . Nairobi : East Africa Tourist Travel Association , 1961 .
  • East African Standard Kenya, Britain's Most Attractive Colony . Nairobi : East African Standard , 1952 .
  • European Agricultural Settlement Board Kenya: A Farmer's Country . Nairobi : European Agricultural Settlement Board , undated .
  • European Settlement Board To Farm in Kenya . Nairobi : European Settlement Board , undated .
  • Eliot , Charles. 1905 . The East Africa Protectorate , London : E. Arnold .
  • Elkins , Caroline. 2005 . Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya , London : Jonathan Cape .
  • Evans , Peter. 1956 . Law and Disorder, or Scenes of Life in Kenya , London : Secker and Warburg .
  • Farson , Negley. 1949 . Last Chance in Africa , London : Victor Gallancz .
  • Fischer-Tiné , Harald. 2009 . Low and Licentious Europeans: Race, Class and ‘White Subalternity’ in Colonial India , New Delhi : Orient Blackswan .
  • Foran , Robert. 1937 . A Cuckoo in Kenya , London : Hutchinson .
  • Foran , Robert. 1962 . The Kenya Police, 1887–1960 , London : Hale .
  • Frow , John. 1997 . Time and Commodity Culture: Essays on Cultural Theory and Postmodernity , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Gadsden , Fay. 1986 . Wartime Propaganda in Kenya: The Kenya Information Office, 1939–1945 . International Journal of African Historical Studies , 19 ( 3 ) : 401 – 20 .
  • Gallman , Kuki. 1991 . I Dreamed of Africa , London : Viking .
  • Gatti , Attilio. 1960 . Africa is Adventure , London : F. Muller .
  • Gilbert , Helen. 2007 . “ Ecotourism: A Colonial Legacy? ” . In Five Emus to the King of Siam: Environment and Empire , Edited by: Tiffin , Helen . Amsterdam : Rodopi .
  • Gregory , J.R. 1951 . Under the Sun: A Memoir of Dr. R. W. Burkitt of Kenya , Nairobi : The English Press .
  • Gunter , John. 1955 . Inside Africa , London : Hamish Hamilton .
  • Hamilton , Genesta. 1986 . A Stone's Throw: Travels from Africa in Six Decades , London : Hutchinson .
  • Hammond , Dorothy and Jablow , Alta . 1970 . The Africa That Never Was: Four Centuries of Writing about Africa , New York : Twayne .
  • Harper , Margery and Constantine , Stephen . 2010 . Migration and Empire , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Hazbun , Waleed. 2007 . “ The East as an Exhibit: Thomas Cook and Son and the Origins of the International Tourism Industry in Egypt ” . In The Business of Tourism: Place, Faith and History , Edited by: Davidson , Janet F. and Scranton , Philip . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Hoffman , Corrine. 2007 . I Married a Masai , London : Bliss Books .
  • Hoffman , Corrine. 2007 . Back from Africa , London : Bliss Books .
  • Hoffman , Corrine. 2007 . Reunion in Barsaloi , London : Bliss Books .
  • Howe , Stephen. 2010 . The New Imperial Histories Reader , London : Routledge .
  • Hunter , J.A. 1952 . Hunter , London : Hamilton .
  • Huxley , Elspeth. White Man's Country: Lord Delamere and the Making of Kenya . 2 . London : Macmillan , 1935 .
  • Huxley , Elspeth. 1959 . Flame Trees of Thika: Memories of an African Childhood , London : Penguin .
  • Huxley , Elspeth. 1962 . The Mottled Lizard , London : Chatto and Windus .
  • Huxley , Elspeth. 1990 . Nine Faces of Kenya , London : Collins Harvill .
  • Huxley , Julian. 1931 . Africa View , London : Chatto and Windus .
  • Illumberg , Natasha. 2004 . Tea on the Blue Sofa: Whispers of Love and Longing from Africa , London : Fourth Estate .
  • Jackson , Ashley. 2004 . Governing Empire: Colonial Memoirs and the History of HM Overseas Civil Service . African Affairs , 103 : 471 – 91 .
  • Jackson , Will. “Poor Men and Loose Women: Colonial Kenya's Other Whites.” PhD diss. , University of Leeds , 2010 .
  • Kennedy , Dane. 1987 . Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890–1939 , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
  • Kennedy , Dane. 1992 . Constructing the Colonial Myth of Mau Mau . The International Journal of African Historical Studies , 25 ( 2 ) : 241 – 60 .
  • Kenya Central Office of Information African Advancement: How the African Has Benefited from British Administration and Settlement in Kenya over the Last Half-Century . Nairobi : Kenya Central Office of Information , 1954 .
  • Kenya Central Office of Information Kenya: A Story of Progress . Nairobi : Kenya Central Office of Information , 1955 .
  • Kenya Central Office of Information Kenya . Nairobi : Kenya Central Office of Information , 1960 .
  • Kenya Information Office Kenya: 77 Questions Answered . Nairobi : Kenya Information Office , 1948 .
  • Knipp , Thomas. 1990 . Kenya's Literary Ladies and the Mythologizing of the White Highlands . South Atlantic Review , 55 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
  • Krippendorf , Jost. 1987 . The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel , London : William Heinemann .
  • Lander , Cherry. 1957 . My Kenya Acres: A Woman Farms in Mau Mau Country , London : George G. Harrap .
  • Lassner , Phyllis. 2004 . Colonial Strangers: Women Writing the End of the British Empire , New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press .
  • Lewis , Simon. 2000 . Culture, Cultivation and Colonialism in Out of Africa and Beyond . Research in African Literatures , 31 ( 1 ) : 63 – 79 .
  • Lipscomb , J.F. 1955 . White Africans , London : Faber .
  • Lipscomb , J.F. 1956 . We Built a Country , London : Faber .
  • Lonsdale , John. 2008 . “ Britannia's Mau Mau ” . In Penultimate Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain , Edited by: Roger Louis , Wm. London : I.B. Tauris .
  • Lonsdale , John. 2010 . “ Kenya: Home County and African Frontier ” . In Settlers and Expatriates: Britons over the Seas , Edited by: Bickers , Robert . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Lovell , Mary. 2009 . Straight on till Morning: The Biography of Beryl Markham , 3rd ed , London : Abacus .
  • MacCannell , Dean. 1973 . Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings . The American Journal of Sociology , 79 ( 3 ) : 589 – 603 .
  • Mackenzie , J.M. 1984 . Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880–1960 , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Mackenzie , J.M. 1987 . “ Chivalry, Social Darwinism and Ritualised Killing: The Hunting Ethos in Central Africa up to 1914 ” . In Conservation in Africa: People, Policies and Practice , Edited by: Anderson , David and Grove , Richard . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Mackenzie , J.M. 1988 . The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Maxon , Robert M. 1993 . Struggle for Kenya: The Loss and Reassertion of Imperial Initiative, 1912–1923 , Cranbury, NJ : Associated University Presses .
  • Markham , Beryl. 1942 . West with the Night , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
  • Mitchell , Philip. 1954 . African Afterthoughts , London : Hutchinson .
  • Monbiot , George. 1994 . No Man's Land: An Investigative Journey through Kenya and Tanzania , London : Macmillan .
  • Morrell , Robert White But Poor: Essays on the History of Poor Whites in Southern Africa, 1880–1940 . Pretoria : University of South Africa Press , 1992 .
  • Morris , C.J. “The Projection of Britain's New Empire in Africa, 1939–1948.” PhD diss. , University of Leeds , 1995 .
  • Mosley , Paul. 1993 . The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1900–1939 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Nash , Dennison. 1989 . “ Tourism as a Form of Imperialism ” . In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism , Edited by: Smith , Valene L. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Nash , Roderick. 2001 . Wilderness and the American Mind , 4th ed , New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Neumann , Roderick P. 2002 . Imposing Wilderness: Struggles over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Neumann , Roderick P. 2002 . The Post-War Conservation Boom in British Colonial Africa . Environmental History , 7 ( 1 ) : 22 – 47 .
  • Nicholls , C.S. 2005 . Red Strangers: The White Tribe of Kenya , London : Timewell .
  • Norden , Hermann. 1924 . White and Black in East Africa , London : Witherby .
  • Osborne , Frances. 2008 . The Bolter , London : Virago .
  • Ouma , J. 1970 . The Evolution of Tourism in East Africa, 1900–2000 , Nairobi : East African Literature Bureau .
  • Paice , Edward. 2001 . Lost Lion of Empire: The Life of ‘Cape to Cairo’ Grogan , London : Harper Collins .
  • Peleggi , Maurizzio. 2005 . Consuming Colonial Nostalgia: The Monumentalisation of Historic Hotels in Urban South-East Asia . Asia Pacific Viewpoint , 46 ( 3 ) : 255 – 65 .
  • Powys , L. 1923 . Ebony and Ivory , London : Grant Richards .
  • Powys , L. 1925 . Black Laughter , London : Macdonald .
  • Pratt , Mary Louise. 1992 . Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation , New York : Routledge .
  • Ramamurthy , Anandi. 2003 . Imperial Persuaders: Images of Africa and Asia in British Advertising , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Redley , M. “The Politics of a Predicament: The White Community in Colonial Kenya, 1918–1932.” PhD diss. , University of Cambridge , 1976 .
  • Roosevelt , Kermit. 1963 . A Sentimental Safari , New York : Knopf .
  • Ross , W.M. 1927 . Kenya from Within: A Short Political History , London : Allen and Unwin .
  • Said , Edward. 1994 . Culture and Imperialism , New York : Vintage .
  • Saunders , Christopher. 1993 . Putting the History of White Poverty in South Africa on the Agenda . South African Historical Journal , 28 : 242 – 48 .
  • Scott , Pamela. 1991 . A Nice Place to Live , Norwich : Russell .
  • Seaton , Henry. 1963 . Lion in the Morning , London : John Murray .
  • Sindiga , Isaac. 1999 . Tourism and African Development: Change and Challenge of Tourism in Kenya , Aldershot : Ashgate .
  • Smyth , Rosalyn. 2001 . The Genesis of Public Relations in British Colonial Practice . Public Relations Review , 27 ( 2 ) : 149 – 161 .
  • Sorrenson , M.P.K. 1968 . Origins of European Settlement in Kenya , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Spicer , Paul. 2010 . The Temptress , London, Simon and Schuster .
  • Stapleton , James. 1956 . The Gate Hangs Well: An Account of the Author's Experiences as a Farmer in Kenya , London : Hammond and Hammond .
  • Steinhart , E. 2006 . Black Poachers, White Hunters: A Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya , Oxford : James Currey .
  • Stoler , A.L. 1989 . Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 31 ( 1 ) : 134 – 61 .
  • Stoler , A.L. 2002 . Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Strange , Nora. 1934 . Kenya Today , London : S. Paul .
  • Teo , H-M. 2001 . “ Wandering in the Wake of Empire: British Travel and Tourism in the Post-Imperial World ” . In British Culture and the End of Empire , Edited by: Ward , Stuart . Manchester : Manchester University Press .
  • Tidrick , K. 1990 . Empire and the English Character , London : I.B. Tauris .
  • Tourist Travel Committee of Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda and Zanzibar Playground of Africa . Nairobi : Tourist Travel Committee , 1950 .
  • Trzebinski , Errol. 2001 . The Life and Death of Lord Erroll: The Truth Behind the Happy Valley Murder , London : Fourth Estate .
  • Urry , John. 1990 . The Consumption of Tourism . Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) : 23 – 35 .
  • Waugh , Evelyn. 1931 . Remote People , London : Duckworth .
  • Wheeler , Sara. 2006 . Too Close to the Sun: The Life and Times of Denys Finch Hatton , London, Cape .
  • Whitlock , Gillian. 2000 . The Intimate Empire: Reading Women's Autobiography , London : Cassell .
  • Whitlock , Gillian. 2007 . “ ‘The Animals are Innocent’: Latter Day Women Travellers in Africa ” . In Five Emus to the King of Siam: Environment and Empire , Edited by: Tiffin , Helen . Amsterdam : Rodopi .
  • Whittall , E. 1956 . Dimbilil: The Story of a Kenyan Farm , London : Arthur Baker .
  • Youé , C.P. 1978 . The Threat of Settler Rebellion and the Imperial Predicament: The Denial of Indian Rights in Kenya, 1923 . Canadian Journal of History , 12 : 347 – 60 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.