Natural cultural sites of Kenya: changing contexts, changing meanings

References

• Aseka , E. 1993 . Ronald Ngala , Nairobi : East African Educational Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Bagine , R. 1998 . Biodiversity in Ramogi Hill, Kenya, and its Evolutionary Significance . African Journal of Ecology , 36 ( 3 ) : 251 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , D.L. and Njama , K. 1966 . Mau Mau from Within , London : Macgibbon & Kee .
   Google Scholar
• Barton , J. 1921 . Notes on the Suk Tribe of Kenia Colony . Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , 51 ( 1 ) : 82 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Bashuna , A.B. 1993 . The Waata, Hunter-gatherers of Northern Kenya . Kenya Past and Present , 25 : 36 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Bbeja , Patrick . “ The Mijkenda's Closely Guarded ‘Kayas’ .” The Standard (Nairobi), , 2008 April 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Bbeja , Patrick . “ Sacred Kayas Awarded World Heritage Status .” The Standard (Nairobi) , , 2008 August 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernbaum , E. 1990 . Sacred Mountains of the World , San Francisco , CA : Sierra Club Books .
   Google Scholar
• Brantley , C. 1981 . The Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya, 1800–1920 , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Castro , P. 1995 . Facing Kirinyaga: A Social History of Forest Commons in Southern Mount Kenya , London : Intermediate Technology Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Coastal Forest Conservation Unit (CFCU) . Funding Proposal to ODA-JFS . Nairobi 1994 November .
   Google Scholar
• de Jong , F. 2002 . Politicians of the Sacred Grove: Citizenship and Ethnicity in Southern Senegal . Africa: Journal of the International African Institute , 72 ( 2 ) : 203 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadiman , J.A. 1993 . When we Began there Were Witchmen , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frazer , J. 1951 . The Golden Bough , Abridged ed , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Ganya , C. 2006 . “ Forole Sacred Mountain and the Gabbra Mobile Pastoralists, Kenya ” . In Managing Protected Areas: A Global Guide , Edited by: Lockwood , M. , Worboys , G.L. and Kothari , A. 570 London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Ganya , C. , Haro , G.O. and Borrini-Feyerabend , G. 2004 . Conservation of Dryland Biodiversity by Mobile Indigenous People – the Case of the Gabbra of Northern Kenya . Policy Matters , 13 : 61 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Geschiere , P. and van der Klei , J. 1988 . “ Popular Protest: The Diola of South Senegal ” . In Religion and Development: Towards an Integrated Approach , Edited by: Quarles van Ufford , P. and Schoffeleers , M. 209 – 30 . Amsterdam : Free University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gikandi , B. “ Leaders are Opposed to Police Post at Shrine .” The Standard (Nairobi), January 3 , 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Gikoyo , G.G. 1979 . We Fought for Freedom: Tulipigania Uhuru , Nairobi : East African Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Githieya , F.K. 1999 . “ The Church of the Holy Spirit: Biblical Beliefs and Practices of the Arathi of Kenya, 1926–50 ” . In East African Expressions of Christianity , Edited by: Spear , T. and Kimambo , I. 231 – 243 . Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Githitho , A.N. “ Destruction of Sacred Forests as a Reflection of Changes in Society: The Kaya Forests of Coastal Kenya .” Abstract of paper delivered at the UNESCO International Symposium on “‘Natural’ Sacred Sites: Cultural Diversity and Biological Diversity,” September 1998 .
   Google Scholar
• Githitho , A.N. 2003 . “ The Sacred Mijikenda Forests of Coastal Kenya and Biodiversity Conservation ” . In International Workshop on the Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation , Edited by: Lee , C. and Schaaf , T. 27 – 35 . Paris : UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , S.E. 2002 . Sacred Sites and the Colonial Encounter , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hauge , H.E. 1974 . Luo Religion and Folklore , Oslo : Universitets Forlaget .
   Google Scholar
• Hawthorne , W. , Hunt , K. and Russell , A. 1981 . Kaya: An Ethnobotanical Perspective , Oxford : University of Oxford Department of Botany .
   Google Scholar
• Hay-Edie , T. and Hadley , M. 1998 . “ Natural Sites – a Comparative Approach to their Cultural and Biological Significance ” . In Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management , Edited by: Ramakrishnan , P.M. , Saxena , K.G. and Chandrashekara , U.M. 47 – 67 . Enfield , NH : Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Helm , R. 2004 . “ Re-evaluating Traditional Histories on the Coast of Kenya: An Archaeological Perspective ” . In African Historical Archaeologies , Edited by: Reid , A.M. and Lane , P.J. 59 – 89 . New York : Kluwer/Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Hobley , C.W. 1903 . British East Africa: Anthropological Studies in Kavirondo and Nandi . Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , 33 : 325 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoehler-Fatton , C. 1996 . Women of Fire and Spirit , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , J.D. and Chandran , M.D.S. 1998 . “ Sacred Groves around the Earth: An Overview ” . In Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management , Edited by: Ramakrishnan , P.M. , Saxena , K.G. and Chandrashekara , U.M. 69 – 86 . Enfield , NH : Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Huntingford , G.W.B. 1953 . The Southern Nilo-Hamites , Ethnographic Survey of Africa. London : International African Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Foundation (JOOF) . “ Current Projects and Programmes at JOOF: Got Ramogi/Ramogi Hill .” http://www.jaramogifoundation.org/html/Got_ramogi.html .
   Google Scholar
• Juhé-Beaulaton , D. 2008 . Sacred Forests and the Global Challenge of Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Benin and Togo . Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture , 2 ( 3 ) : 351 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Kassam , A. 2006 . The People of the Five ‘Drums’: Gabra Ethnohistorical Origins . Ethnohistory , 53 ( 1 ) : 173 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassam , A. and Bashuna , A.B. 2004 . Marginalisation of the Waata Oromo Hunter-Gatherers of Kenya: Insider and Outsider Perspectives . Africa , 74 ( 2 ) : 194 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC) . Kayas of Deprivation, Kayas of Blood . Nairobi : KHRC , 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC) . Kayas Revisited: A Post-election Balance Sheet . Nairobi : KHRC , 1998 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) . On the Brink of the Precipice: A Human Rights Account of Kenya's Post 2007 Election Violence . Nairobi : KNCHR , 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenyatta , J. Facing Mt. Kenya . London : Mercury Books , 1961 . First published 1938 .
   Google Scholar
• Kilili , G. , Morimoto , Y. and Maundu , P. 1998 . A Preliminary Survey of the Status of some Selected Traditional Forest Groves in Kenya: Final Report Prepared for UNESCO , Nairobi : National Museums of Kenya .
   Google Scholar
• Kinyungu , C. and D. Nzia . “ Kisoi Munyao Given Hero's Send-off .” The Standard Online , April 12 , 2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Kithi , N. “ Kaya Elders Uphold Traditional Faith .” The Standard (Nairobi) , July 27 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Krapf , J.L. 1860 . Travels, Researches and Missionary Labors, during an Eighteen Years , Residence in Eastern Africa”. Boston : Ticknor and Fields .
   Google Scholar
• Leakey , L.S.B. 1977 . The Southern Kikuyu before 1903 , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lucheli , I. and J. Nyaboke . “ Sacred Hill where Raiders, Politicians Meet the Gods .” The Standard (Nairobi), , April 28 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Luo Council of Elders . Report on Proposed Kit Mikayi Tourist Site. March 2009 .
   Google Scholar
• Makoloo , M.O. 2005 . Kenya: Minorities, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Diversity , London : Minority Rights Group International and CEMIRIDE .
   Google Scholar
• Mango , C. , and P. Mbaji . “ Minister's Brother Sought over Kwale Training Camp .” The Standard (Nairobi), , April 1 2005 .
   Google Scholar
• Marich Pass Field Studies Centre . “ One and Two Day Excursions from the Centre .” http://www.gg.rhul.ac.uk/MarichPass/excursions/twoday.htm .
   Google Scholar
• Mathangani , P. “ Unsung Hero Munyao Dies .” The Standard Online , March 28 , 2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Mbiri Schools Harambee Committee . Mbiri 1984: A Profile . Nairobi : Mbiri Schools Harambee Committee , 1984 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitukaa , B. “ Mijikenda Condemn Anarchists .” Kenya Times , September 29 , 1999 .
   Google Scholar
• Muchire , W. “ Elders Set for Talks on Curse .” Daily Nation Online , October 12 , 2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Muchire , W. “ Villagers to Sue over Degraded Hill .” Daily Nation Online , August 3 , 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Muhando , J. and Thuku , K. 2005 . Mt. Kenya Sacred Sites , Nairobi : African Initiative for Alternative Peace and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Muriuki , G. 1974 . A History of the Kikuyu 1500–1900 , Nairobi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mwangudza , J.A. 1983 . Kenya's People: Mijikenda , London : Evans Brothers .
   Google Scholar
• Mwaniki , H.S.K. 1974 . Embu Historical Texts , Nairobi : East African Literature Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Mwaniki , H.S.K. 1973 . The Living History of Embu and Mbeere , Nairobi : East African Literature Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• New , C. Life, Wanderings and Labours in Eastern Africa. , 3rd ed . London : Frank Cass , 1971 . First published 1873 .
   Google Scholar
• Ngala , R.G. 1949 . Nchi na Desturi za Wagiriama , Nairobi : The Eagle Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nyamweru , C. Report on Socio-cultural Research Carried out in Kwale and Kilifi Districts of Kenya, March to May 1997 . Report submitted to the Coastal Forest Conservation Unit , 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Nyamweru , C.K. 1996 . Sacred Groves Threatened by Tourist Development . Cultural Survival Quarterly , 20 ( 3 ) : 19 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Nyamweru , C. 2003 . “ Women and Sacred Groves in Coastal Kenya: A Contribution to the Ecofeminist Debate ” . In Ecofeminism and Globalization , Edited by: Eaton , H. and Lorentzen , L.A. 41 – 56 . Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Nyamweru , C.K. and Kimaru , E. 2008 . The Contribution of Ecotourism to the Conservation of Natural Sacred Sites: A Case Study from Coastal Kenya . Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture , 2 ( 3 ) : 327 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Nyamweru , C.K. and Sheridan , M.J. 2008 . African Sacred Ecologies.” Special issue . Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture , 2 ( 3 ) : 285 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Nyamweru , C.K. , Kibet , S. , Pakia , M. and Cooke , J.A. 2008 . “ The Kaya Forests of Coastal Kenya: ‘Remnant Patches’ or Dynamic Entities? ” . In African Sacred Groves , Edited by: Sheridan , M.J. and Nyamweru , C. 62 – 86 . Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Ochieng’ , W.R. 1974 . An Outline History of Nyanza up to 1914 , Nairobi : East African Literature Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Ogot , B.A. 1967 . History of the Southern Luo , Nairobi : East African Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Omwega , A. , Mpoke , L. and Wanyama , J. 2005 . “ Mount Nyiro and the Samburu (East Africa) ” . In Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature , Edited by: Taylor , B.R. and Kaplan , J. 1114 – 17 . London : Thoemmes Continuum .
   Google Scholar
• Onditi , A. “ Got Ramogi: Herbalists Delight .” Daily Nation (Nairobi), , February 19 , 1998
   Google Scholar
• Parkin , D. 1991 . Sacred Void: Spatial Images of Work and Ritual among the Giriama of Kenya , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peristiany , J.G. 1951 . The Age-set System of the Pastoral Pokot: The ‘Sapana’ Initiation Ceremony . Africa: Journal of the International African Institute , 21 ( 3 ) : 188 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peristiany , J.G. 1951 . The Age-set System of the Pastoral Pokot: Mechanism, Function and Post- ‘Sapana’ Ceremonies . Africa: Journal of the International African Institute , 21 ( 4 ) : 279 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan , P.M. , Saxena , K.G. and Chandrashekara , U.M. 1998 . Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management , Enfield , NH : Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Ranger , T. 1999 . Voices from the Rocks , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , S.A. Preliminary Floristic Survey of Kaya Forests of Coastal Kenya . Report to the Director, National Museums of Kenya. Funded by WWF Kenya under contract no. 3645 of WWF International , 1987 .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , S.A. and W.R.Q. Luke . Kenya Coastal Forests: The Report of the NMK/WWF Coast Forest Survey . WWF project no. 3256: Kenya, Coast Forest Status, Conservation and Management , 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Robson , P. 1969 . Mountains of Kenya , Nairobi : East African Publishing House .
   Google Scholar
• Schlee , G. 1992 . “ Ritual Topography and Ecological Use: The Gabbra of the Kenyan/Ethiopian Borderlands ” . In Bush Base: Forest Farm , Edited by: Croll , E. and Parkin , D. 110 – 28 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , H.K. 1959 . “ Pakot Resistance to Change ” . In Continuity and Change in African Cultures , Edited by: Bascom , W.R. and Herskovits , M.J. 144 – 67 . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan , M.J. 2008 . “ The Dynamics of African Sacred Groves ” . In African Sacred Groves: Ecological Dynamics and Social Change , Edited by: Sheridan , M.J. and Nyamweru , C. 9 – 41 . Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan , M.J. , and C. Nyamweru , African Sacred Groves: Ecological Dynamics and Social Change . Oxford : James Currey , 2008 .
   Google Scholar
• Shipton , P. 2007 . The Nature of Entrustment , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spear , T.T. 1978 . The Kaya Complex; a History of the Mijikenda Peoples of the Kenya Coast to 1900 , Nairobi : Kenya Literature Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Spencer , P. 1965 . The Samburu: A Study of Gerontocracy in a Nomadic Tribe , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stigand , C.H. 1913 . The Land of Zinj , New York : Barnes & Noble .
   Google Scholar
• Straight , B. 2007 . Miracles and Extraordinary Experience in Northern Kenya , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thuku , M. and N. Gichere . Giitune Sacred Forest: A Sacred Forest Reborn . Occasional paper of the IK Meru website , 2006 . http://www.ikmeru/com/publication.html .
   Google Scholar
• Tunbridge , L. “ Tourism Cuts Swathe through Kenya's Spiritual Enclaves .” Daily Telegraph (London), January 26 , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , V. 1967 . The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO . International Decade of the World's Indigenous People: Voluntary Fund for the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People . Geneva : Advisory Group meeting , April 8–12 2002 .
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO . Report on the Expert Group on Cultural Landscapes . La Petite Pierre (France), October 24–6 , 1992 . http://whc.unesco.org/archive/pierre92.htm
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO . “ Twenty-seven New Sites Inscribed .” 2008 . http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/453 .
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO . UNESCO World Heritage Convention . Paris, , November 23 1972 .
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO . World Heritage List, 2008 . http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/306 .
   Google Scholar
• Wadhams , N. “ Kenyan Tribe Punishes Developers with Curse .” Daily Telegraph , October 29 , 2007 .
   Google Scholar
• Wainaina , E. “ Leaders Wish Karume Quick Recovery .” Daily Nation (Nairobi), , 2012 February 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , M. 1992 . Mijikenda Origins . Transafrican Journal of History , 21 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Wamue , G.N. 2001 . Revisiting our Indigenous Shrines through Mungiki . African Affairs , 100 : 453 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warigi , G. “ Mystical Rock where Many Seek Solace .” Daily Nation (Nairobi), , 2007 December 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Were , G.S. , B.E. Kipkorir , C. Wanjala , and J.W. Ssennyonga . Marsabit District Socio-cultural Profile . Kenya Socio-cultural Profiles series. Nairobi: Ministry of Planning and National Development and University of Nairobi , 1986 .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , J. 2009 . “ The King of the Mijikenda and Other Stories about the Kaya: Heritage, Politics, and Histories of Multiparty Kenya ” . In Recasting the Past: History, Writing and Political Work in Modern Africa , Edited by: Peterson , D.R. and Macola , G. 233 – 250 . Athens : Ohio University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , J. 1996 . The Northern Kayas of the Mijikenda: A Gazetteer, and an Historical Reassessment . Azania , 31 : 75 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , C. 1996 . The Atlas of Holy Places and Sacred Sites , New York : Dorling and Kindersley .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. 1993 . “ Sacred Forests and the Elders ” . In The Law of the Mother , Edited by: Kemf , E. 244 – 8 . San Francisco : Sierra Club Books .
   Google Scholar