Agricultural frontier, land tenure changes and conflicts along the Gucha-Trans Mara boundary in Kenya

References

• Anderson, David M. “Stock Theft and Moral Economy in Colonial Kenya.” Africa 56, no. 4 (1986): 399–416. doi: 10.2307/1159997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, David M. Eroding the Commons. The Politics of Ecology in Baringo, Kenya 1890s–1963. Oxford – Nairobi – Athens: James Currey – EAEP – Ohio University Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Barth, Fredrik, ed. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organisation of Cultural Differences. London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, Bruce J., and John M. Lonsdale. “Crises of Accumulation, Coercion and the Colonial State: The Development of the Labor Control System in Kenya, 1919–1929.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 14, no. 1 (1980): 55–81.
   Google Scholar
• Bourmaud, Daniel. Histoire politique du Kenya. Paris-Nairobi: Karthala –CREDU, 1988, 326p.
   Google Scholar
• Branch, Daniel, and Nicholas Cheeseman. “The Politics of Control in Kenya: Understanding the Bureaucratic-Executive State, 1952–78.” Review of African Political Economy 33, no. 107 (2006): 11–31. State, Class & Civil Society in Africa. doi: 10.1080/03056240600671183
   Google Scholar
• CDU (Central Depository Unit). Darkness at noon. The politics of cattle rustling and political violence in Trans-Mara. Nairobi: CDU, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. “Question foncière et construction nationale en Côte d’Ivoire. Les enjeux silencieux d’un coup d’État.” Politique africaine 78 (2000): 94–125. doi: 10.3917/polaf.078.0094
   Google Scholar
• Chauveau, Jean-Pierre. “How Does an Institution Evolve? Land, Politics, Intergenerational Relations and the Institution of the Tutorat Amongst Autochthons and Immigrants (Gban region, Côte d’Ivoire).” In Land Rights and the Politics of Belonging in West Africa, edited by R. Kuba and C. Lentz. Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Chauveau, Jean-Pierre, Jean-Pierre Jacob, and Pierre-Yves Le Meur. “L’organisation de la mobilité dans les sociétés rurales du Sud.” Autrepart 30 (2004): 3–23. doi: 10.3917/autr.030.0003
   Google Scholar
• Droz, Yvan. Migrations kikuyu. Des pratiques sociales à l’imaginaire. Neuchâtel: Editions de l’Institut d’Ethnologie, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Ensminger, Jean, and Jack Knight. “Changing Social Norms: Common Property, Bridewealth, and Clan Exogamy.” Current Anthropology 38, no. 1 (1997): 1–24. doi: 10.1086/204579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisher, Michael L. “Kuria Cattle Raiding: Capitalist Transformation, Commoditization, and Crime Formation among an East African Agro-Pastoral People.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 42, no. 4 (2000): 745–769. doi: 10.1017/S0010417500003303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertzel, Cherry. The Politics of Independent Kenya 1963–68. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, Heinemann, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Geschiere, Peter. The Perils of Belonging. Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Golaz, Valérie. “Les avatars d’une enquête démographique.” Les Cahiers de l’IFRA 21 (2001): 43–79.
   Google Scholar
• Golaz, Valérie. “Restriction de l'espace de vie et croissance de la pauvreté: l'exemple des Gusii (Kenya).” Etude de la population africaine 19-A (2004): 177–199.
   Google Scholar
• Golaz, Valérie. “Crise, structure des ménages et marginalisation: l'exemple de Magenche (Gucha District, Kenya).” In Familles au Nord, familles au Sud, edited by Kokou Vignikin and Patrice Vimard, 583–601. Louvain-la-neuve: Acadamia Bruylant, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Golaz, Valérie. Pression démographique et changement social. Vivre en pays gusii à la fin du XX^e siècle. Nairobi-Paris: IFRA-Karthala, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Håkansson, Thomas N. Bridewealth, Women and Land. Social Change Among the Gusii of Kenya. Uppsala: Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Håkansson, Thomas N. “Grain, Cattle and Power: Social Processes of Intensive Cultivation and Exchange in Precolonial Western Kenya.” Journal of Anthropological Research 50 (1994): 249–276. doi: 10.1086/jar.50.3.3630179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homewood, Katherine, Ernestina Coast, and Michael Thompson. “In-Migrants and Exclusion in East African Rangelands: Access, Tenure and Conflict.” Africa 74, no. 4 (2004): 567–610. doi: 10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugues, Lotte. “Malice in Maasailand: The Historical Roots of Current Political Struggles.” African Affairs 104, no. 415 (2005): 207–224. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adi033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klopp, Jacqueline M. “‘Ethnic Clashes’ and Winning Elections: The Case of Kenya's Electoral Despotism.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 35, no. 3 (2001): 473–517. doi: 10.2307/486297
   Google Scholar
• Klopp, Jacqueline M. “Can Moral Ethnicity Trump Political Tribalism? The Struggle for Land and Nation in Kenya.” African Studies 61, no. 2 (2002): 269–294. doi: 10.1080/0002018022000032956
   Google Scholar
• Klopp, Jacqueline M. “Deforestation and democratization: patronage, politics and forests in Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 6, no. 2 (2012): 351–370. doi: 10.1080/17531055.2012.669577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopytoff, Igor. “The Internal African Frontier: The Making of African Political Culture.” In The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies, edited by Igor Kopytoff, 3–84. Bloomington – Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Le Roy, Etienne. “Théorie des maîtrises foncières.” In La sécurisation foncière en Afrique, edited by Alain Bertrand, Etienne Le Roy and Alain Karsenty, 67–76. Paris: Karthala, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Leftie, Peter. “County Chiefs Get New Powers.” Daily Nation, September 10, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Lonsdale, John. “When did the Gusii (or any other group) become a ‘tribe’?” Kenya Historical Review 5, no. 1 (1977): 123–133.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, Gabrielle. I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, Gabrielle. “The Wars of Who Belongs Where: The Unstable Politics of Autochthony on Kenya’s Mt Elgon.” Ethnopolitics 10, no. 3–4 (2011), 391–410. doi: 10.1080/17449057.2011.596671
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, Philip. The lineage principle in Gusii society, Memorandum XXIV, IAI, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1949.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, Philip, and Iona Mayer. “Land Law in the making.” In African Law: Adaptation and Development, edited by Hilda and Leo Kuper, 50–78. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.
   Google Scholar
• Médard, Claire. “ Territoires de l'ethnicité : encadrement, revendications et conflits territoriaux au Kenya.” PhD diss., Geography, University of Paris I – Panthéon Sorbonne, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Médard, Claire. 2007, “La suppression de l’administration territoriale n’aura pas lieu au Kenya.” In: L’Afrique orientale. Annuaire 2005, edited by Hélène Charton and Claire Médard, 1–10. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Médard, Claire. “Key Issues in Disentangling the Kenyan Crisis: Evictions, Autochthony and Land Privatization.” Les cahiers de l’Afrique de l’Est 38 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Médard, Claire. “‘Indigenous’ Lands Claims in Kenya: A Case-Study of Chebyuk, Mount Elgon District.” In The Changing Politics of Land in Africa. Domestic Policies, Crisis Management and Regional Norms, edited by Chris Alden and Ward Anseeuw, 19–36. Cape Town: Human Science Research Council Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Médard, Claire, and Valérie Golaz. “Les frontières intérieures du Kenya: une contrainte pour l’accès à la terre.” In CERISCOPE Frontières. Paris: CERI, 2011. http://ceriscope.sciences-po.fr/content/les-frontieres-interieures-du-kenya-%3Fpage%3Dshow.
   Google Scholar
• Miruka, Kenan. “Exploits of Kisii Terror Gang.” Standard, December 10, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Morga, W.T.W., and Manfred N. Shaffer. Population of Kenya, Density and Distribution. Nairobi: Oxford University Press, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• National Council for Law Reporting. “Land Act.” Laws of Kenya 6 (2012). http://admin.theiguides.org/Media/Documents/Kenya-LandAct__No6of2012.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O. “The Perils of Land ‘Tenure’ Reform: A Case of Kenya.” In Land Policy and Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa, edited by J. W. Arntzen, L. D. Ngcongco and S. D. Turner, 79–89. Tokyo: United Nations University, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Orvis, Stephen. “ The Political Economy of Agriculture in Kisii, Kenya: Social Reproduction and Household Response to Development Policy.” Political Science PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Pander, Heike. Land Tenure and Land Policy in the Transmara District, Kenya: Situations and Conflicts, June/July 1995. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, Timothy. “Local Responses to the Ethnic Geography of Colonialism in the Gusii Highlands of British-Ruled Kenya.” Ethnohistory 58, no. 3 (2011): 491–523. doi: 10.1215/00141801-1263866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, Timothy. “Politics of Ethnic Identity Formation. Being Kikuyu in Meru: Challenging the Tribal Geography of Colonial Kenya.” The Journal of African History 53, no. 01 (2012): 65–86. doi: 10.1017/S0021853712000023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Péatrik, Anne-Marie. “Arrangements générationnels. Le cas inattendu des Gusii (Kenya).” L’Homme, no. 167–168 (2003), 209–234. doi: 10.4000/lhomme.240
   Google Scholar
• Péron, Xavier. L'occidentalisation des Maasai du Kenya. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Poutignat, Philippe, and Jocelyne Streiff-Fénart. Théories de l'ethnicité. Paris: PUF, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. National Development Plan 1994–1996. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. Akiwumi A.M. (Justice) Report of the Judicial Commission appointed to inquire into tribal clashes in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Post-Election Violence (CIPEV). Headed by Judge Philip Waki. Nairobi: Government Printer, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census. Population distribution by Administrative Units, Vol IA. Nairobi: Government Printer, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. “The Land Registration Act 2012.” Kenya Gazette Supplement 33 (Acts no. 3). http://www.cickenya.org/index.php/legislation/acts/item/231-the-land-registration-act-2012.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. “The Community Land Bill, 2015.” Kenya Gazette Supplement 129 (National Assembly Bills no. 45). http://www.isk.or.ke/userfiles/Community%20LandBill%202015.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Schlager, Edella, and Elinor Ostrom. “Property-Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis.” Land Economics 68, no. 3 (1992): 249–262. doi: 10.2307/3146375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, Jean. “L’Internal African Frontier (1987) d’Igor Kopytoff et ses héritiers.” Paper presented at the Frontafrique seminar, Paris, April 11, 2008. http://www.frontafrique.org/spip.php?article31.
   Google Scholar
• Waller, Richard D. “Interaction and Identity on the periphery: The Trans-Mara Maasai.” International Journal of African Historical Studies 17, no. 2 (1984): 243–284. doi: 10.2307/218606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller, Richard D. “Acceptees and Aliens.” In Being Masai. Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa, edited by Thomas Spear and Richard D. Waller. London: James Currey, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• van Zwanenberg, R.M.A., and Anne King. An Economic History of Kenya and Uganda 1880–1970. London: Macmillan, 1975.
   Google Scholar