References
- Carlsen, T., G. Birnbaum, A. Ehrlich, J. Freitag, G. Heygster, L. Istomina, S. Kipfstuhl, A. Orsi, M. Schafer, and M. Wendisch. 2017. “Comparison of Different Methods to Retrieve Optical-Equivalent Snow Grain Size in Central Antarctica.” The Cryosphere 11 (6): 2727–2741. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2727-2017.
- Cheng, B., Z. Zhang, T. Vihma, M. Johansson, L. Bian, Z. Li, and D. Wu. 2008. “Model Experiments on Snow and ice Thermodynamics in the Arctic Ocean with CHINARE 2003 Data.” Journal of Geophysical Research 113: C09020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004654.
- Colbeck, C. S., E. Akitaya, R. Armstrong, H. Gubler, J. Lafeuille, K. Lied, D. McClung, and E. Morris. 1992. “The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground.” In The International Commission on Snow and Ice of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology-International Glaciology Society. U. S. Army CRREL, LASH Report MP 2794, Hanover, NH.
- Comiso, J. C. 2011. “Large Decadal Decline of the Arctic Multiyear Ice Cover.” Journal of Climate 25 (4): 1176–1193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00113.1.
- Domine, F., M. Albert, T. Huthwelker, H. W. Jacobi, A. A. Kokhanovsky, and M. Lehning. 2008. “Snow Physics as Relevant to Snow Photochemistry.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8: 171–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-171-2008.
- Dou, T., and C. Xiao. 2013. “Measurements of Physical Characteristics of Summer Snow Cover on Sea Ice During the Third Chinese Arctic Expedition.” Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions 5 (3): 309–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1226.2013.00309.
- Eicken, H. 2004. “Hydraulic Controls of Summer Arctic Pack Ice Albedo.” Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (C8): C08007. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001989.
- Grenfell, T. C., and S. G. Warren. 1999. “Representation of a Nonspherical ice Particle by a Collection of Independent Spheres for Scattering and Absorption of Radiation.” Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (D24): 31697–31709. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900496.
- Intrieri, J. M., M. D. Shupe, T. Uttal, and B. J. McCarty. 2002. “An Annual Cycle of Arctic Cloud Characteristics Observed by Radar and LIDAR at SHEBA.” Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 107 (C10): 1–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jc000423.
- Kern, S., K. Khvorostovsky, H. Skourup, E. Rinne, Z. Parsakhoo, V. Djepa, P. Wadhams, and S. Sandven. 2015. “The Impact of Snow Depth, Snow Density and Ice Density on Sea Ice Thickness Retrieval from Satellite Radar Altimetry: Results from the ESA-CCI Sea Ice ECV Project Round Robin Exercise.” Cryosphere 9: 37–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-37-2015.
- Kinar, N. J., and J. W. Pomeroy. 2015. “Measurement of the Physical Properties of the Snowpack.” Reviews of Geophysics 53 (2): 481–544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000481.
- Kokhanovsky, A., and E. P. Zege. 2004. “Scattering Optics of Snow.” Applied Optics 43: 1589–1602. doi:https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.43.001589.
- Kwok, R., and G. F. Cunningham. 2008. “ICESat Over Arctic Sea Ice: Estimation of Snow Depth and Ice Thickness.” Journal of Geophysical Research 113: C08010. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC004753.
- Laxon, S. W., K. A. Giles, A. L. Ridout, D. J. Wingham, R. Willatt, R. Cullen, R. Kwok, et al. 2013. “CryoSat-2 Estimates of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness and Volume.” Geophysical Research Letters 40 (4): 732–737. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50193.
- Ledley, T. S. 1991. “Snow on Sea Ice: Competing Effects in Shaping Climate.” Journal of Geophysical Research 96 (D9): 17195–17208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/91JD01439.
- Lyapustin, A., M. Tedesco, Y. Wang, T. Aoki, M. Hori, and A. Kokhanovsky. 2009. “Retrieval of Snow Grain Size Over Greenland from MODIS.” Remote Sensing of Environment 113 (9): 1976–1987. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.05.008.
- Meredith, M. P., M. Sommerkorn, S. Cassotta, C. Derksen, A. Ekaykin, A. Hollowed, G. Kofinas, et al. 2019. “Chapter 3: Polar Regions. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate.” Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate.
- Merkouriadi, I., J.-C. Gallet, R. M. Graham, G. E. Liston, C. Polashenski, A. Rösel, and S. Gerland. 2017. “Winter Snow Conditions on Arctic Sea Ice North of Svalbard During the Norwegian Young Sea ICE (N-ICE2015) Expedition.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere 122: 10837–10854. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026753.
- Moldestad, D. A. 2005. “Characteristics of Liquid Water Content and Snow Density in a Cross-Country Race Ski Track.” Bulletin of Glaciological Research 22: 39–49.
- Rösel, A., P. Itkin, J. King, D. Divine, C. Wang, M. A. Granskog, T. Krumpen, and S. Gerland. 2018. “Thin Sea Ice, Thick Snow, and Widespread Negative Freeboard Observed During N-ICE2015 North of Svalbard.” Journal of Geophysical Research Ocean 123: 1156–1176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012865.
- Scambos, T. A., T. M. Haran, M. A. Fahnestock, T. H. Painter, and J. Bohlander. 2007. “MODIS-Based Mosaic of Antarctica (MOA) Data Sets: Continent-Wide Surface Morphology and Snow Grain Size.” Remote Sensing of Environment 111 (2): 242–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.020.
- Shokr, M., and N. Sinha. 2015. Sea Ice: Physics and Remote Sensing. Washington DC: American Geophysical Union.
- Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G. K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, B. Bex, and B. Midgley. 2013. “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Sturm, M., and J. Holmgren. 1995. “A Seasonal Snow Cover Classification System for Local to Global Applications.” Journal of Climate 8 (5): 1261–1283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442.
- Sturm, M., J. Holmgren, and D. K. Perovich. 2002. “Winter Snow Cover on the Sea Ice of the Arctic Ocean at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA): Temporal Evolution and Spatial Variability.” Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (C10): 8047. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000400.
- Sturm, M., and R. A. Massom. 2016. Snow in the Sea Ice System: Friend or Foe? John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Oxford, U. K.
- Suttles, J. T., R. N. Green, P. Minis, I. J. Walker, D. F. Yong, V. R. Taylor, and L. L. Stowe. 1988. Angular Radiation Models for Earth-Atmosphere System. Hampton, Virginia: NASA Langley Research Center.
- Wang, Q., Z. Li, P. Lu, R. Lei, and B. Cheng. 2019. “2014 Summer Arctic Sea Ice Thickness and Concentration from Shipborne Observations.” International Journal of Digital Earth 12 (8): 1814–1829. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2017.1421720.
- Warren, S. G., and R. E. Brandt. 2008. “Optical Constants of ice from the Ultraviolet to the Microwave: A Revised Compilation.” Journal of Geophysical Research 113: D14220. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD0-09744.
- Warren, S. G., I. G. Rigor, N. Untersteiner, V. F. Radionov, N. N. Bryazgin, Y. I. Aleksandrov, and R. Colony. 1999. “Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice.” Journal of Climate 12 (6): 1814–1829. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442.
- Webster, M., S. Gerland, M. Holland, E. Hunke, R. Kwok, O. Lecomte, R. Massom, D. Perovich, and M. Sturm. 2018. “Snow in the Changing Sea-Ice Systems.” Nature Climate Change 8: 946–953. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0286-7.
- Webster, M. A., I. G. Rigor, S. V. Nghiem, N. T. Kurtz, S. L. Farrell, D. K. Perovich, and M. Sturm. 2014. “Interdecadal Changes in Snow Depth on Arctic Sea Ice.” Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 119 (8): 5395–5406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC009985.
- Wiscombe, W. J., and S. G. Warren. 1980. “A Model for the Spectral Albedo of Snow. I Pure Snow.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 37 (12): 2712–2733. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037.
- Zege, E., I. Katsev, A. Malinka, A. Prikhach, and I. Polonsky. 2008. “New Algorithm to Retrieve the Effective Snow Grain Size and Pollution Amount from Satellite Data.” Annals of Glaciology 49 (1): 139–144. doi:https://doi.org/10.3189/172756408787815004.