Advanced search
Publication Cover
International Journal of Digital Earth Volume 17, 2024 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
248
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Glacial lakes control ice flow: new insights from satellite SAR PO-SBAS observations in Duiya Glacier, southern Tibetan Plateau

Yueling Shia Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China;b National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China;c Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of ChinaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0874-9852View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Tao Chea Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China;d Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6848-7271View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Jiawen Baoe Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of ChinaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0054-9701View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Xiaowen Wange Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of ChinaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6532-9606View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Guoxiang Liue Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of ChinaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-1145View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Qiang Biea Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China;b National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China;c Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of ChinaView further author information
,
Yi Hea Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China;b National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China;c Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Technology in Surveying & Mapping, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of ChinaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4017-0488View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Renzhe Wue Department of Geoinformatics and Surveying, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of ChinaView further author information
&
Dongdong Fenga Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaView further author information
 show all
Article: 2365964 | Received 08 Jan 2024, Accepted 04 Jun 2024, Published online: 19 Jun 2024

References

  • Ahmed, R., G. F. Wani, S. T. Ahmad, M. Sahana, H. Singh, and P. Ahmed. 2021. “A Review of Glacial Lake Expansion and Associated Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Himalayan Region.” Earth Systems and Environment 5 (3): 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00230-9.
  • Alley, R. B., T. K. Dupont, B. R. Parizek, and S. Anandakrishnan. 2005. “Access of Surface Melt-Water to Beds of sub-Freezing Glaciers: Preliminary Insights.” Annals of Glaciology 40: 8–14. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813483.
  • Benn, D. I., and D. J. A. Evans. 2010. Glaciers and Glaciation. 2nd ed. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203785010.
  • Benn, D. I., N. R. J. Hulton, and R. H. Mottram. 2007a. “‘Calving Laws’, ‘Sliding Laws’ and the Stability of Tidewater Glaciers.” Annals of Glaciology 46: 123–130. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871161.
  • Benn, D. I., C. R. Warren, and R. H. Mottram. 2007b. “Calving Processes and the Dynamics of Calving Glaciers.” Earth-Science Reviews 82 (3): 143–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.02.002.
  • Besl, P. J., and N. D. McKay. 1992. “A Method for Registration of 3-d Shapes.” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 14 (2): 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1109/34.121791.
  • Beyer, R., O. Alexandrov, Scott McMichael, M. Broxton, M. Lundy, K. Husmann, L. Edwards, et al. 2020. “Neogeographytoolkit/stereopipeline 2.7.0 (2.7.0).” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3963341.
  • Bolch, T., M. F. Buchroithner, J. Peters, M. Baessler, and S. Bajracharya. 2008. “Identification of Glacier Motion and Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes in the mt. Everest Region/Nepal Using Spaceborne Imagery.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8 (6): 1329–1340. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1329-2008.
  • Braithwaite, R. J., and S. C. B. Raper. 2017. “Estimating Equilibrium-Line Altitude (ELA) from Glacier Inventory Data.” Annals of Glaciology 50 (53): 127–132. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410790595930.
  • Carrivick, J. L., and F. S. Tweed. 2013. “Pro-glacial Lakes: Character, Behaviour and Geological Importance.” Quaternary Science Reviews 78: 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.028.
  • Chen, W., T. Yao, G. Zhang, F. Li, G. Zheng, Y. Zhou, and F. Xu. 2022. “Towards ice-Thickness Inversion: An Evaluation of Global Digital Elevation Models (Dems) in the Glacierized Tibetan Plateau.” The Cryosphere 16 (1): 197–218. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-197-2022.
  • Copland, L., T. Sylvestre, M. P. Bishop, J. F. Shroder, Y. B. Seong, L. A. Owen, A. Bush, and U. Kamp. 2011. “Expanded and Recently Increased Glacier Surging in the Karakoram.” Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 43 (4): 503–516. https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246-43.4.503.
  • Dehecq, A., N. Gourmelen, A. S. Gardner, F. Brun, D. Goldberg, P. W. Nienow, E. Berthier, C. Vincent, P. Wagnon, and E. Trouvé. 2019. “Twenty-first Century Glacier Slowdown Driven by Mass Loss in High Mountain Asia.” Nature Geoscience 12 (1): 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0271-9.
  • Dell, R., R. Carr, E. Phillips, and A. J. Russell. 2019. “Response of Glacier Flow and Structure to pro-Glacial Lake Development and Climate at Fjallsjökull, South-East Iceland.” Journal of Glaciology 65 (250): 321–336. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.18.
  • Euillades, L. D., P. A. Euillades, N. C. Riveros, M. H. Masiokas, L. Ruiz, P. Pitte, S. Elefante, F. Casu, and S. Balbarani. 2016. “Detection of Glaciers Displacement Time-Series Using sar.” Remote Sensing of Environment 184: 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.07.003.
  • Fahnestock, M., T. Scambos, T. Moon, A. Gardner, T. Haran, and M. Klinger. 2016. “Rapid Large-Area Mapping of ice Flow Using Landsat 8.” Remote Sensing of Environment 185: 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.11.023.
  • Haemmig, C., M. Huss, H. Keusen, J. Hess, U. Wegmüller, Z. Ao, and W. Kulubayi. 2014. “Hazard Assessment of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods from Kyagar Glacier, Karakoram Mountains, China.” Annals of Glaciology 55 (66): 34–44. https://doi.org/10.3189/2014AoG66A001.
  • Hanshaw, M. N., and B. Bookhagen. 2014. “Glacial Areas, Lake Areas, and Snow Lines from 1975 to 2012: Status of the Cordillera Vilcanota, Including the Quelccaya ice cap, Northern Central Andes, Peru.” The Cryosphere 8 (2): 359–376. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-359-2014.
  • Harper, J. T., J. H. Bradford, N. F. Humphrey, and T. W. Meierbachtol. 2010. “Vertical Extension of the sub-Glacial Drainage System Into Basal Crevasses.” Nature 467 (7315): 579–582. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09398.
  • Huss, M., and D. Farinotti. 2012. “Distributed ice Thickness and Volume of all Glaciers Around the Globe.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 117 (F04010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002523.
  • King, O., A. Bhattacharya, R. Bhambri, and T. Bolch. 2019. “Glacial Lakes Exacerbate Himalayan Glacier Mass Loss.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 18145. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53733-x.
  • King, O., A. Dehecq, D. Quincey, and J. Carrivick. 2018. “Contrasting Geometric and Dynamic Evolution of Lake and Land-Terminating Glaciers in the Central Himalaya.” Global and Planetary Change 167: 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.05.006.
  • King, O., D. J. Quincey, J. L. Carrivick, and A. V. Rowan. 2017. “Spatial Variability in Mass Loss of Glaciers in the Everest Region, Central Himalayas, Between 2000 and 2015.” The Cryosphere 11 (1): 407–426. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-407-2017.
  • Kumar, V., G. Venkataramana, and K. A. Høgda. 2011. “Glacier Surface Velocity Estimation Using sar Interferometry Technique Applying Ascending and Descending Passes in Himalayas.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 13 (4): 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2011.02.004.
  • Lemos, A., A. Shepherd, M. McMillan, and A. E. Hogg. 2018. “Seasonal Variations in the Flow of Land-Terminating Glaciers in Central-West Greenland Using Sentinel-1 Imagery.” Remote Sensing 10 (12): 1878. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121878.
  • Li, J., Z. Li, L. Wu, B. Xu, J. Hu, Y. Zhou, and Z. Miao. 2018. “Deriving a Time Series of 3d Glacier Motion to Investigate Interactions of a Large Mountain Glacial System with its Glacial Lake: Use of Synthetic Aperture Radar Pixel Offset-Small Baseline Subset Technique.” Journal of Hydrology 559: 596–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.02.067.
  • Liu, Q., C. Mayer, X. Wang, Y. Nie, K. Wu, J. Wei, and S. Liu. 2020. “Interannual Flow Dynamics Driven by Frontal Retreat of a Lake-Terminating Glacier in the Chinese Central Himalaya.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 546: 116450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116450.
  • Lv, M., H. Guo, X. Lu, G. Liu, S. Yan, Z. Ruan, Y. Ding, and D. J. Quincey. 2019. “Characterizing the Behaviour of Surge- and non-Surge-Type Glaciers in the Kingata Mountains, Eastern Pamir, from 1999 to 2016.” The Cryosphere 13 (1): 219–236. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-219-2019.
  • Maurer, J. M., J. M. Schaefer, S. Rupper, and A. Corley. 2019. “Acceleration of ice Loss Across the Himalayas Over the Past 40 Years.” Science Advances 5 (6): eaav7266. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7266.
  • Meier, M. F. 1962. “Proposed Definitions for Glacier Mass Budget Terms.” Journal of Glaciology 4 (33): 252–263. https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000027544.
  • Miles, E., M. McCarthy, A. Dehecq, M. Kneib, S. Fugger, and F. Pellicciotti. 2021. “Health and Sustainability of Glaciers in High Mountain Asia.” Nature Communications 12: 2868. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23073-4.
  • Moon, T., and I. Joughin. 2008. “Changes in ice Front Position on Greenland's Outlet Glaciers from 1992 to 2007.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 113 (F02022), https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000927.
  • Nie, Y., Y. Sheng, Q. Liu, L. Liu, S. Liu, Y. Zhang, and C. Song. 2017. “A Regional-Scale Assessment of Himalayan Glacial Lake Changes Using Satellite Observations from 1990 to 2015.” Remote Sensing of Environment 189: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.11.008.
  • Nie, Y., Y. Zhang, L. Liu, and J. Zhang. 2010. “Monitoring Glacier Change Based on Remote Sensing in the mt. Qomolangma National Nature Preserve, 1976-2006.” Acta Geographica Sinica 65 (1): 13–28. https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201001003.
  • Nuth, C., and A. Kääb. 2011. “Co-registration and Bias Corrections of Satellite Elevation Data Sets for Quantifying Glacier Thickness Change.” The Cryosphere 5 (1): 271–290. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-271-2011.
  • Nye, J. F. 1951. “The Flow of Glaciers and ice-Sheets as a Problem in Plasticity.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 207 (1091): 554–572. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098rspa.1951.0140.
  • Owen, K., A. Dehecq, D. Quincey, and J. Carrivick. 2018. “Contrasting Geometric and Dynamic Evolution of Lake and Land-Terminating Glaciers in the Central Himalaya.” Global and Planetary Change 167: 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.05.006.
  • Owen, K., D. J. Quincey, J. L. Carrivick, and A. V. Rowan. 2017. “Spatial Variablity in Mass Loss of Glaciers in the Everest Region, Central Himalayas, Between 2000 and 2015.” The Cryosphere 11: 407–426. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-407-2017.
  • Paul, F., and F. Svoboda. 2009. “A new Glacier Inventory on Southern Baffin Island, Canada, from Aster Data: Ii. Data Analysis, Glacier Change and Applications.” Annals of Glaciology 50 (53): 22–31. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410790595921.
  • Pronk, J. B., T. Bolch, O. King, B. Wouters, and D. I. Benn. 2021. “Contrasting Surface Velocities Between Lake- and Land-Terminating Glaciers in the Himalayan Region.” The Cryosphere 15 (12): 5577–5599. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021.
  • Ryan, J. C., A. L. Hubbard, J. Todd, J. R. Carr, J. E. Box, P. Christoffersen, T. O. Holt, and N. Snooke. 2014. “Repeat uav Photogrammetry to Assess Calving Front Dynamics at a Large Outlet Glacier Draining the Greenland ice Sheet.” The Cryosphere Discussions 8 (2): 2243–2275. https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-2243-2014.
  • Sahu, R., R. Ramsankaran, R. Bhambri, P. Verma, and P. Chand. 2023. “Evolution of Supra-Glacial Lakes from 1990 to 2020 in the Himalaya–Karakoram Region Using Cloud-Based Google Earth Engine Platform.” Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 51 (12): 2379–2390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-023-01773-2.
  • Samsonov, S., K. Tiampo, and R. Cassotto. 2021a. “Measuring the State and Temporal Evolution of Glaciers in Alaska and Yukon Using Synthetic-Aperture-Radar-Derived (sar-Derived) 3D Time Series of Glacier Surface Flow.” The Cryosphere 15 (9): 4221–4239. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4221-2021.
  • Samsonov, S., K. Tiampo, and R. Cassotto. 2021b. “Sar-derived Flow Velocity and its Link to Glacier Surface Elevation Change and Mass Balance.” Remote Sensing of Environment 258: 112343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112343.
  • Shi, Y., G. Liu, X. Wang, Q. Liu, C. K. Shum, J. Bao, and W. Mao. 2022. “Investigating the Intra-Annual Dynamics of Kunlun Glacier in the West Kunlun Mountains, China, from Ascending and Descending Sentinel-1 sar Observations.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 15: 1272–1282. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3142990.
  • Shugar, D. H., A. Burr, U. K. Haritashya, J. S. Kargel, C. S. Watson, M. C. Kennedy, A. R. Bevington, R. A. Betts, S. Harrison, and K. Strattman. 2020. “Rapid Worldwide Growth of Glacial Lakes Since 1990.” Nature Climate Change 10 (10): 939–945. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0855-4.
  • Solgaard, A. M., D. Rapp, B. P. Y. Noël, and C. S. Hvidberg. 2022. “Seasonal Patterns of Greenland ice Velocity from Sentinel-1 sar Data Linked to Runoff.” Geophysical Research Letters 49 (24): e2022GL100343. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100343.
  • Strozzi, T., A. Luckman, T. Murray, U. Wegmuller, and C. L. Werner. 2002. “Glacier Motion Estimation Using sar Offset-Tracking Procedures.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 40 (11): 2384–2391. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.805079.
  • Stubblefield, A. G., T. T. Creyts, J. Kingslake, and M. Spiegelman. 2019. “Modeling Oscillations in Connected Glacial Lakes.” Journal of Glaciology 65 (253): 745–758. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.46.
  • Sugiyama, S., P. Skvarca, N. Naito, H. Enomoto, S. Tsutaki, K. Tone, S. Marinsek, and M. Aniya. 2011. “Ice Speed of a Calving Glacier Modulated by Small Fluctuations in Basal Water Pressure.” Nature Geoscience 4 (9): 597–600. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1218.
  • Sutherland, J. L., J. L. Carrivick, N. Gandy, J. Shulmeister, D. J. Quincey, and S. L. Cornford. 2020. “Pro-glacial Lakes Control Glacier Geometry and Behavior During Recession.” Geophysical Research Letters 47 (19): e2020GL088865. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088865.
  • Tang, X., X. Lv, and Y. He. 2013. “Features of Climate Change and Their Effects on Glacier Snow Melting in Xinjiang, China.” Comptes Rendus Geoscience 345 (2): 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2013.01.005.
  • Taylor, C., T. R. Robinson, S. Dunning, J. Rachel Carr, and M. Westoby. 2023. “Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Threaten Millions Globally.” Nature Communications 14 (1): 487. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36033-x.
  • Truffer, M., and R. J. Motyka. 2016. “Where Glaciers Meet Water: Subaqueous Melt and its Relevance to Glaciers in Various Settings.” Reviews of Geophysics 54 (1): 220–239. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000494.
  • Tsutaki, S., D. Nishimura, T. Yoshizawa, and S. Sugiyama. 2011. “Changes in Glacier Dynamics Under the Influence of pro-Glacial Lake Formation in Rhonegletscher, Switzerland.” Annals of Glaciology 52 (58): 31–36. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756411797252194.
  • Usman, M., and M. Furuya. 2018. “Interannual Modulation of Seasonal Glacial Velocity Variations in the Eastern Karakoram Detected by Alos-1/2 Data.” Journal of Glaciology 64 (245): 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.39.
  • van der Veen, C. J. 1998. “Fracture Mechanics Approach to Penetration of Bottom Crevasses on Glaciers.” Cold Regions Science and Technology 27 (3): 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(98)00006-8.
  • van der Veen, C. J. 2007. “Fracture Propagation as Means of Rapidly Transferring Surface Melt-Water to the Base of Glaciers.” Geophysical Research Letters 34 (1): L01501. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028385.
  • Wang, X., X. Guo, C. Yang, Q. Liu, J. Wei, Y. Zhang, S. Liu, Y. Zhang, Z. Jiang, and Z. Tang. 2020. “Glacial Lake Inventory of High-Mountain Asia in 1990 and 2018 Derived from Landsat Images.” Earth System Science Data 12 (3): 2169–2182. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2169-2020.
  • Wang, X., S. Liu, H. Mo, X. Yao, Z. Jiang, and W. Guo. 2011. “Expansion of Glacial Lakes and its Implication for Climate Changes in the Chinese Himalaya.” Acta Geographica Sinica 66 (7): 895–904. https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201107003.
  • Wigmore, O., and B. Mark. 2017. “Monitoring Tropical Debris-Covered Glacier Dynamics from High-Resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry, Cordillera Blanca, Peru.” The Cryosphere 11 (6): 2463–2480. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2463-2017.
  • Williams, R. S., D. K. Hall, O. Sigurðsson, and J. Y. L. Chien. 1997. “Comparison of Satellite-Derived with Ground-Based Measurements of the Fluctuations of the Margins of Vatnajökull, Iceland, 1973–92.” Annals of Glaciology 24: 72–80. https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500011964.
  • xdem_contributors. 2021. “Xdem (v0.0.2).” Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4809698.
  • Ye, Q., S. Kang, F. Chen, and J. Wang. 2006. “Monitoring Glacier Variations on Geladandong Mountain, Central Tibetan Plateau, from 1969 to 2002 Using Remote-Sensing and gis Technologies.” Journal of Glaciology 52 (179): 537–545. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828359.
  • Young, N. E., R. S. Anderson, S. M. Chignell, A. G. Vorster, R. Lawrence, and P. H. Evangelista. 2017. “A Survival Guide to Landsat Preprocessing.” Ecology 98 (4): 920–932. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1730.
  • Zhang, G., T. Bolch, S. Allen, A. Linsbauer, W. Chen, and W. Wang. 2019. “Glacial Lake Evolution and Glacier–Lake Interactions in the Poiqu River Basin, Central Himalaya, 1964–2017.” Journal of Glaciology 65 (251): 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.13.
  • Zhang, G., T. Bolch, T. Yao, D. R. Rounce, W. Chen, G. Veh, O. King, S. K. Allen, M. Wang, and W. Wang. 2023. “Underestimated Mass Loss from Lake-Terminating Glaciers in the Greater Himalaya.” Nature Geoscience 16 (4): 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01150-1.
  • Zhang, G., Y. Ran, W. Wan, W. Luo, W. Chen, F. Xu, and X. Li. 2021. “100 Years of Lake Evolution Over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.” Earth System Science Data 13 (8): 3951–3966. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3951-2021.
  • Zhang, D., G. Zhou, W. Li, S. Zhang, X. Yao, and S. Wei. 2022. “A new Global Dataset of Mountain Glacier Centerlines and Lengths.” Earth System Science Data 14 (9): 3889–3913. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3889-2022.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.