References
- Bruns, A. (2005). Gatewatching: Collaborative online news production. Bern: Peter Lang.
- Burns, A., & B. Eltham. (2009). Twitter free Iran: An evaluation of Twitter’s role in public diplomacy and information operations in Iran’s 2009 election crisis. Paper presented to the Communications Policy & Research Forum 2009, Sydney. Retrieved from http://ww.networkinsight.org/verve/_resources/CPRF_2009_papers.pdf#page=322
- Case, W. (2006). Manipulative skills: How do rulers control the electoral arena? In A. Shedler (Ed.), Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition (pp. 95–112). Boulder, CO, and London: Lynne Rinner.
- Chadwick, A. (2006). Internet politics: States, citizens, and new communication technologies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Chan, C.-L. (2011, 5 June). Social media insights from Singapore GE2011. Retrieved from http://www.techgoondu.com/2011/06/05/social-media-insights-from-singapore-ge2011/
- Dominguez, D., A. Beaulieu, A. Estalella, E. Gomez, B. Schnettler, & R. Read. (2007). Virtual ethnography. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 8. Retrieved from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0703E19
- Evans, L. (2010). Authenticity online: Using webnography to address phenomenological concerns. Retrieved from http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/evanspaper.pdf
- George, C. (2006). Contentious journalism and the Internet: Towards democratic discourse in Malaysia and Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
- George, C. (2007). Framing the fight against terror: Order versus liberty in Singapore and Malaysia. In K. Sen & T. Lee (Eds.), Political regimes and the media in Asia (pp. 139–155). London and New York: Routledge.
- Goh, D., & N. Pang. (2011, October). Party websites and blogs: The good, the bad and the toxic. Paper presented at the workshop Impact of New Media on General Election 2011, Singapore.
- Gomez, J. (2008). Online opposition in Singapore: Communications outreach without electoral gain. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 38, 591–612.
- Harfoush, R. (2009). Yes we did: An inside look at how social media built the Obama brand. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
- Hine, C. (2000). Virtual ethnography. London: Sage.
- Howard, P. N. (2002). Network ethnography and the hypermedia organization: New media, new organizations, new methods. New Media & Society, 4, 550–574.
- Howard, P. N. (2010). The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: Information technology and political Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Jankowski, N. W., & Van Selm, M. (2008). Internet-based political communication research: Illustrations, challenges & innovations. Javnost-The Public, 15, 5–16.
- Johnson, T. J., & Perlmutter, D. D. (2010). Introduction: The Facebook election. Mass Communication & Society, 13, 554–559.
- Kenyon, A. T., & Marjoribanks, T. (2007). Transforming media markets: The cases of Malaysia and Singapore. Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 5, 103–118.
- Levitsky, S., & Way, L. (2002). The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 13, 51–65.
- Lim, P. (2011, April 22). Social media open up Singapore political debate. Retrieved from http://www.mysinchew.com/node/56550
- Lin, T., & Hong, A. (2011, October). Youth, new media and political participation in the election. Paper presented at the workshop “Impact of new media on General Election 2011,” Singapore.
- Makinen, M., & Kuira, M. W. (2008). Social media and postelection crisis in Kenya. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13, 328–335.
- Nixon, P., Ward, S., & Gibson, R. (2004). Conclusions: The net change. In R. Gibson, P. Nixon, & S. Ward (Eds.), Political parties and the Internet: Net gain? (pp. 234–243). London and New York: Routledge.
- Ortmann, S. (2011). Singapore: Authoritarian but newly competitive. Journal of Democracy, 22, 153–164.
- Palatino, M. (2011). Singapore: Social media, youth, and elections. Retrieved from https://globalvoices.org/2011/05/01/singapore-social-media-youth-and-elections/
- Panagopoulos, C. (2005). Politicking online: The transformation of election campaign communications. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Pang, N., & Goh, D. (2015). Pro, anti, neutral: Political blogs and their sentiments. In T. H. Tan, A. Mahizhnan, & P. H. Ang (Eds.), Battle for hearts and minds: New media and elections in Singapore (pp. 73–94). Singapore: World Scientific.
- Russell, J. (2011, April 26). Singapore elections: Nicole Seah and the social media effect. Retrieved from https://asiancorrespondent.com/2011/04/singapore-elections-nicole-seah-and-the-social-media-effect/
- Schedler, A. (2006). The logic of electoral authoritarianism. In A. Shedler (Ed.), Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition (pp. 1–26). Boulder, CO, and London: Lynne Rinner.
- Schneider, S. M., & Foot, K. A. (2004). The web as an object of study. New Media & Society, 6, 114–122.
- Shamsul, A. B. (2000). Development and democracy in Malaysia: A comment on its socio-historical roots. In H. Antlov & T.-W. Ngo (Eds.), The cultural construction of politics in Asia (pp. 86–106). New York, NY: St Martin’s Press.
- Slater, D. (2012). Strong-state democratization in Malaysia and Singapore. Journal of Democracy, 23, 19–33.
- Tan, L. (2011, May 17). Why people should not hate Tan Pei Ling. Retrieved from http://singaporemind.blogspot.sg/2011/05/why-people-dislike-tin-pei-ling.html
- Tan, N. (2013). Manipulating electoral laws in Singapore. Electoral Studies, 32, 632–643.
- Tan, T. H. (2011, October). Impact of new media on general election 2011. Paper presented at the workshop Impact of New Media on General Election 2011, Singapore.
- Trippi, J. (2004). The revolution will not be televised. Los Angeles, CA: Regan Books.
- Tsumasjan, A., T. O. Sprenger, P. G. Sandner, & I. M. Welpe. (2010). Predicting elections with Twitter: What 140 characters reveal about political sentiment. Retrieved from http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/viewFile/1441/1852
- Van de Walle, N. (2006). Tipping games: When do opposition parties coalesce? In A. Shedler (Ed.), Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition (pp. 77–94). Boulder, CO, and London: Lynne Rinner Publishers.
- Voltmer, K. (2006). Mass media and political communication in new democracies. London and New York: Routledge.
- Voltmer, K., & Schmitt-Beck, R. (2006). New democracies without citizens? Mass media and democratic orientations—a four country comparison. In K. Voltmeter (Ed.), Mass media and political communication in new democracies (pp. 228–243). London: Routledge.
- Wu, P. H.-J., Kwang, R. T. G., & Soon, C. (2015). Who calls the shots? Agenda setting in mainstream and alternative media. In T. H. Tan, A. Mahizhnan, & P. H. Ang (Eds.), Battle for hearts and minds: New media and elections in Singapore (pp. 95–120). Singapore: World Scientific.
- Zhang, W. (2005). Are online discussions deliberate? A case study of a Chinese online discussion board. In P. Masip & J. Rom, (Eds.). III International Conference on Communication and Reality. Digital Utopia in the Media: From Discourses to Facts. A Balance (pp. 119–132). Barcelona: Blanquerna Tecnologia i Serveis.
- Zhang, W. (2012). The effects of political news use, political discussion and authoritarian orientation on political participation: Evidence from Singapore and Taiwan. Asian Journal of Communication, 22, 474–492.
- Zhang, W. (2013). Redefining youth activism through digital technology in Singapore. International Communication Gazette, 75, 253–270.
- Zhang, W. (2015). The silence of majority: Political talk during election time. In T. H. Tan & P. Ang (Eds.), Battle for hearts and minds (pp. 227–246). Singapore: ISEAS.