444
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Features

An Examination of Childhood Anxiety Depression and Self-Esteem across Socioeconomic Groups: A Comparsion Study between Hight and Low Socio-Economic Status School Communities

Pages 5-19 | Published online: 22 Dec 2011

References

  • Akiskal , H S , Maser , J D Zeller , P J . 1995 . Switching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II: an 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 : 114 – 23 .
  • Alegria , M , Bijl , R V Lin , E . 2000 . Income differences in persons seeking outpatient treatment for mental disorders: a comparison of the United States with Ontario and the Netherlands . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 ( 4 ) : 383 – 91 .
  • Anderson , D J , Williams , S , McGee , R and Silva , P A . 1987 . DSM-III disorders in pre-adolescent children: prevalence in a large sample from the general population . Archives of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 39 : 39 – 48 .
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics . 2001 . Australian National Census Data 2001. ,
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics and Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs . 1997 . Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO) (Second Edition). Statistical concepts library, Australian Bureau of Statistics . (Cat no. 1220.0).
  • Barrett , P M , Dadds , M R , Rapee , R M and Ryan , S . 1996b . Family enhancement of cognitive styles in anxious and aggressive children: the FEAR effect . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 24 : 187 – 203 .
  • Barrett , P M , Farrell , L J , Ollendick , T and Dadds , M . 2006 . Long-term data from an Australian FRIENDS universal prevention trial . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 35 ( 3 ) : 403 – 411 .
  • Barrett and Ollendick , T H , eds. Handbook of Interventions that Work with Children and Adolescents: Prevention and Treatment. Chichester , , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Barrett , P M and Turner , C M . 2001 . Prevention of anxiety symptoms in primary school children: preliminary results from a universal school-based trial . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 40 : 399 – 410 .
  • Barrett , P M and Turner , C M . 2004 . “ Prevention of childhood anxiety and depression. ” . In (1990) Anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence: a critical review. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Edited by: Barrett , P M , Benjamin , R S , Costello , A J and Warren , M . Vol. 30 , 519 – 53 .
  • Boyd , C P and Gullone , E . 1997 . An investigation of negative affectivity in Australian adolescents . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 26 ( 2 ) : 190 – 7 .
  • Boyd , C P , Kostanski , M , Gullone , E , Ollendick , T H and Shek , D TL . 2000 . Prevalence of anxiety and depression in Australian adolescents: comparisons with worldwide data . The Journal of Genetic Psychology , 161 ( 4 ) : 479 – 92 .
  • Bradley , R H , Corwyn , R F , McAdoo , H P and Garcia-Coll , C . 2001 . The home environments of children in the United States. Part I: Variations by age, ethnicity, and poverty status . Child Development , 72 : 1844 – 1867 .
  • Brady , E U and Kendall , P C . 1992 . Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 111 : 244 – 55 .
  • Buckner , J C and Bassuk , E L . 1997 . Mental disorders and service utilization among youths from homeless and low-income housed families . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 890 – 900 .
  • Center , Y and Ward , J . 1986 . A note on the use of two self-esteem inventories with Australian schoolchildren . Australian Psychologist , 21 ( 3 ) : 473 – 7 .
  • Clarke , G N , Hornbrook , M Lynch , F . 2001 . A randomized trial of group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents . Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 ( 12 ) : 1127 – 34 .
  • Cole , D A , Lachlan , G Peeke , J M . 1998 . A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 ( 3 ) : 451 – 60 .
  • Compton , S N , Burns , B J , Egger , H L and Robertson , E . 2002 . Review of the evidence base for treatment of childhood psychopathology: Internalizing disorders . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 ( 6 ) : 1240 – 66 .
  • Conger , R D , Wallace , L E Sun , Y . 2002 . Economic pressure in African American families: a replication and extension of the family stress model . Developmental Psychology , 38 : 179 – 93 .
  • Coopersmith , S . 1967 . The Antecedents of Self-Esteem. San Francisco, CA , , USA : Freeman .
  • Coopersmith , S . 1989 . Self-Esteem Inventories. Palo Alto, CA , , USA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • Costello , E J and Angold , A . 1995 . “ Epidemiology. ” . In Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Edited by: March , J S . New York , , USA : Guilford Press .
  • Cowen , E L , Pedro-Carroll , J L and Alpert-Gillis , L J . 1990 . Relationships between support and adjustment among children of divorce . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , 31 : 727 – 34 .
  • Curtis , L J , Dooley , M D , Lipman , E L and Feeny , D H . 2001 . The role of permanent income and family structure in the determination of child health in Canada . Health Economics , 10 : 287 – 302 .
  • Donaldson , T S . 1974 . Affective Testing in the Alum Rock Voucher Schools. Land Corporation .
  • Donovan , C L and Spence , S H . 2000 . Prevention of childhood anxiety disorders . Clinical Psychology Review , 20 ( 4 ) : 509 – 31 .
  • Drukker , M , Kaplan , C , Feron , F and van Os , J . 2003 . Children's health-related quality of life, neighborhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital: A contextual analysis . Social Science & Medicine , 57 : 825 – 41 .
  • Eason , L J , Finch , A J , Brasted , W and Saylor , C F . 1985 . The assessment of depression and anxiety in hospitalized pediatric patients . Child Psychiatry & Human Development , 16 : 57 – 64 .
  • Elder , G H , Nguyen , T V and Caspi , A . 1985 . Linking family hardship to children's lives . Child Development , 56 : 361 – 75 .
  • Education Queensland . 2001 . Eagleby Vocational, Education Training and Employment Plan (Eagleby VETEP). Australia
  • Evans , G W . 2004 . The environment of childhood poverty . American Psychologist , 59 ( 2 ) : 77 – 92 .
  • Evans , G W and Kim , P . 2007 . Childhood poverty and health: cumulative risk exposure and stress dysregulation . Psychological Science , 18 ( 11 ) : 953 – 7 .
  • Ferdinand , R F and Verhulst , F C . 1995 . Psychopathology from adolescence into young adulthood: an 8-year follow-up study . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 ( 11 ) : 1586 – 94 .
  • Gellar , B , Fox , L W and Clark , K A . 1994 . Rate and predictors of prepubertal bipolarity during follow-up of 6- to 12-year-old depressed children . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 33 : 461 – 8 .
  • Greenberg , M T , Sisitsky , T Kessler , R C . 1999 . The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 60 : 427 – 35 .
  • Harrington , R , Fudge , H , Rutter , M , Pickles , A and Hill , J . 1990 . Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 47 : 465 – 73 .
  • Herbert , M . 1994 . “ Etiological considerations. ” . In International Handbook of Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Edited by: Ollendick , T H , King , N J and Yule , W . New York , , USA : Plenum Press .
  • Herman-Stahl , M and Petersen , A C . 1996 . The protective role of coping and social resources for depressive symptoms among young adolescents . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 25 ( 6 ) : 733 – 53 .
  • Hudson , J L , Kendall , P C , Coles , M E , Robin , J A and Webb , A . 2002 . The other side of the coin: using intervention research in child anxiety disorders to inform developmental psychopathology . Development and Psychopathology , 14 : 819 – 41 .
  • Ialongo , N , Edelsohn , G , Werthemar-Larsson , L , Crockett , L and Kellam , S . 1994 . The significance of self-reported anxious symptoms in first-grade children . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 22 ( 4 ) : 441 – 55 .
  • Johnson , B W , Redfield , D L , Miller , R L and Simpson , R E . 1983 . The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory: A construct validity study . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 43 : 907 – 13 .
  • Kashani , J H and Orvaschel , H . 1990 . A community study of anxiety in children and adolescents . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 313 – 8 .
  • Kendall , P C , Cantwell , D P and Kazdin , A E . 1989 . Depression in children and adolescents: assessment issues and recommendations . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 13 : 109 – 46 .
  • Kessler , R C . 1979 . Stress, social status, and psychological distress . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 20 : 259 – 73 .
  • Kessler , R C , Foster , J , Saunders , W B and Stand , P E . 1995 . Social consequences of psychiatric disorders I: educational attainment . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 1026 – 32 .
  • Kokenes , B . 1978 . A factor analytic study of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory . Adolescence , 13 : 149 – 55 .
  • Kovacs , M . 1985 . The natural history and course of depressive disorders in childhood . Psychiatric Annals , 15 ( 6 ) : 387 – 9 .
  • Kovacs , M . 1980/1981 . Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children . Acta Paedopsychiatrica , 46 : 305 – 315 .
  • Kovacs , M . 1989 . Affective disorders in children and adolescent . American Psychologist , 44 : 209 – 15 .
  • Last , C G , Perrin , S , Hersen , M and Kazdin , A E . 1996 . A prospective study of childhood anxiety disorders . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 35 ( 11 ) : 1502 – 10 .
  • Lewinsohn , P M , Clarke , G N and Rohde , P . 1994 . “ Psychological approaches to the treatment of depression in adolescents. ” . In Handbook of Depression in Children and Adolescents: Issues in clinical child psychology. Edited by: Reynolds , W M and Johnston , H F . New York , , USA : Plenum Press .
  • Lobovits , D A and Handal , P J . 1985 . Childhood depression: prevalence among DSM-III criteria and validity of parent and child depression scales . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 10 : 45 – 54 .
  • Lock , S and Barrett , P M . 2003 . A longitudinal study of developmental differences in universal preventive intervention for child anxiety . Behaviour Change , 20 ( 4 ) : 183 – 99 .
  • Marsh , H W and Smith , I D . 1982 . Multi-trait-multimodal analyses of two self concept instruments . Journal of Educational Psychology , 74 : 430 – 40 .
  • McGee , R and Williams , S . 1988 . A longitudinal study of depression in nine-year-old children . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 27 ( 3 ) : 342 – 8 .
  • McLeod , J D and Shanahan , M J . 1993 . Poverty, parenting and children's mental health . American Sociological Review , 58 ( 3 ) : 351 – 66 .
  • Miech , R A , Capsi , A , Moffitt , T E , Entner Wright , B R and Silva , L A . 1999 . Low socio-economic status and mental disorders: a longitudinal study of selection and causation during young adulthood . The American Journal of Sociology , 104 ( 4 ) : 1096 – 131 .
  • Mifsud , C and Rapee , R . 2005 . Early intervention for childhood anxiety in a school setting: outcomes for an economically disadvantaged population . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 ( 10 ) : 996 – 1004 .
  • Muris , P , Merckelbach , H and Meesters , C . 2001 . Learning experiences and anxiety sensitivity in normal adolescents . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 23 ( 4 ) : 279 – 83 .
  • Muris , P , Merckelbach , H , Ollendick , T , King , N and Bogie , N . 2002 . Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 40 : 753 – 72 .
  • National Health and Medical Research Council . 1997 . Depression in Young People: Clinical Practice Guidelines. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service .
  • Norvell , N , Brophy , C and Finch , A J . 1985 . The relationship of anxiety to childhood depression . Journal of Personality Assessment , 49 : 150 – 3 .
  • Ollendick , T H and King , N J . 1994 . Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of internalizing problems in children: the role of longitudinal data . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 918 – 27 .
  • Ollendick , T H and Yule , W . 1990 . Depression in British and American children and its relation to anxiety and fear . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 58 ( 1 ) : 126 – 9 .
  • Orvaschel , H , Lewinsohn , P M and Seeley , J R . 1995 . Continuity of psychopathology in a community sample of adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 : 1525 – 35 .
  • Pine , D S , Cohen , P , Gurley , D , Brook , J and Ma , Y . 1998 . The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders . Archives of General Psychiatry , 55 : 56 – 64 .
  • Plancherel , B and Bolognini , M . 1995 . Coping and mental health in early adolescence . Journal of Adolescence , 18 ( 4 ) : 459 – 74 .
  • Pollack , M H , Otto , M W Sabatino , S . 1996 . Relationship of childhood anxiety to adult panic disorder: correlates and influence on course . American Journal of Psychiatry , 153 ( 3 ) : 376 – 81 .
  • Rao , U , Ryan , N D Birmaher , B . 1995 . Unipolar depression in adolescents: clinical outcome in adulthood . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 : 566 – 78 .
  • Reynolds , C R . 1980 . Concurrent validity of the What I Think and Feel: the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 48 : 774 – 75 .
  • Reynolds , C R and Richmond , B O . 1978 . What I think and feel: a revised measure of children's manifest anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 6 : 271 – 80 .
  • Reynolds , C R and Richmond , B O . 1985 . Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
  • Rosenbaum , J F , Biederman , J Gerten , M . 1988 . Behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia: a controlled study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 45 : 463 – 70 .
  • Rudd , M D , Joiner , T F and Rumzek , H . 2004 . Childhood diagnoses and later risk for multiple suicide attempts . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour , 34 ( 2 ) : 113 – 25 .
  • Sawyer , M G , Arney , F M Baghurst , P A . 2001 . The Mental Health of Young People in Australia: The Child and Adolescent Component of the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. Canberra , , Australia : AGPS .
  • Saylor , C F , Finch , A J , Spirito , A and Bennett , B . 1984 . The Children's Depression Inventory; a systematic evaluation of psychometric properties . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 52 : 955 – 67 .
  • Seligman , L D and Ollendick , T H . 1998 . Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: an integrative review . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 1 : 125 – 44 .
  • Spaccarelli , S and Fuchs , C . 1997 . Variability in symptom expression among sexually abused girls: developing multivariate models . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 26 ( 1 ) : 24 – 35 .
  • Spence , S H . 1994 . “ Prevention. ” . In International Handbook of Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Edited by: Ollendick , T H , King , N and Yule , W . New York , , USA : Plenum .
  • Spence , S H . 1997 . Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: a confirmatory factor—analytic study . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 280 – 97 .
  • Spence , S H . 1998 . A measure of anxiety symptoms among children . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 36 : 545 – 66 .
  • Spence , S H . 2005 . Australian normative data for the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale Unpublished raw data.
  • Spence , S H , Barrett , P M and Turner , C M . 2003 . Psychometric properties of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale with young adolescents . Anxiety Disorders , 17 : 605 – 25 .
  • Strauss , C C , Frame , C L and Forehand , R . 1987 . Psychosocial impairment associated with anxiety in children . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 16 : 235 – 9 .
  • Strober , M and Carlson , G . 1982 . Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 39 : 549 – 55 .
  • Turner , S M , Beidel , D C and Costello , A . 1987 . Psychopathology in the offspring of anxiety disorder patients . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 55 : 229 – 35 .
  • Turner , S M , Beidel , D , Spaulding , S and Brown , J . 1995 . The practice of behavior therapy: a national survey of cost and methods . Behavior Therapist , 18 : 1 – 4 .
  • Verhulst , F C . 2002 . Inleiding in de kinder en jeugd psychiatrie. Gorcum b.v. : Konink Van .
  • Wang , P S , Berglund , P and Kessler , R C . 2000 . Recent care of common mental disorders in the United States . Journal of General International Medicine , 15 ( 5 ) : 284 – 92 .
  • Windle , M and Windle , R C . 1996 . Coping strategies, drinking motives, and stressful life events among middle adolescents: associations with emotional and behavioral problems and with academic functioning . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 105 ( 4 ) : 551 – 60 .
  • Weissman , M M , Leckman , J F , Merikangas , K R , Gammon , G D and Prusoff , B A . 1984 . Depression and anxiety disorders in parents and children: results from the Yale Family Study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 41 : 845 – 52 .
  • Woodward , L J and Fergusson , D M . 2001 . Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 : 1086 – 93 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.