299
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Environmental equity and access to parks in Greater Montreal: an analysis of spatial proximity and potential congestion issues

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 03 May 2022, Accepted 14 Nov 2022, Published online: 27 Nov 2022

References

  • Abercrombie, Lauren C., James F. Sallis, Terry L. Conway, Lawrence D. Frank, Brian E. Saelens, and James E. Chapman. 2008. “Income and Racial Disparities in Access to Public Parks and Private Recreation Facilities.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.030.
  • Agyeman, Julian, Robert D. Bullard, and Bob Evans. 2002. “Exploring the Nexus: Bringing Together Sustainability, Environmental Justice and Equity.” Space and Polity 6 (1): 77–90. doi:10.1080/13562570220137907.
  • Apparicio, Philippe, Marie-Soleil Cloutier, Anne-Marie Séguin, and Josefina Ades. 2010. “Accessibilité spatiale aux parcs urbains pour les enfants et injustice environnementale. Exploration du cas montréalais.” Revue internationale de géomatique 20 (3): 363–389. doi:10.3166/rig.20.363-389.
  • Apparicio, Philippe, Jérémy Gelb, Anne-Sophie Dubé, Simon Kingham, Lise Gauvin, and Éric Robitaille. 2017. “The Approaches to Measuring the Potential Spatial Access to Urban Health Services Revisited: Distance Types and Aggregation-Error Issues.” International Journal of Health Geographics 16 (32): 1–24. doi:10.1186/s12942-017-0105-9.
  • Apparicio, Philippe, and Anne-Marie Séguin. 2006. “Measuring the Accessibility of Services and Facilities for Residents of Public Housing in Montreal.” Urban Studies 43 (1): 187–211. doi:10.1080/00420980500409334.
  • Arnberger, Arne, Brigitte Allex, Renate Eder, Martin Ebenberger, Anna Wanka, Franz Kolland, Peter Wallner, and Hans-Peter Hutter. 2017. “Elderly Resident’s Uses of and Preferences for Urban Green Spaces During Heat Periods.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 21 (January): 102–115. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.11.012.
  • Bedimo-Rung, Ariane, L. Andrew, J. Mowen, and A. Cohen. Deborah. 2005. “The Significance of Parks to Physical Activity and Public Health.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28 (2): 159–168. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024.
  • Boone, Christopher G., Geoffrey L. Buckley, J. Morgan Grove, and Chona Sister. 2009. “Parks and People: An Environmental Justice Inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99 (4): 767–787. doi:10.1080/00045600903102949.
  • Boulton, Chris, Aysin Dedekorkut-Howes, and Jason Byrne. 2018. “Factors Shaping Urban Greenspace Provision: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Landscape and Urban Planning 178 (October): 82–101. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.05.029.
  • Bullard, Robert D. 1994. Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
  • Chiesura, Anna. 2004. “The Role of Urban Parks for the Sustainable City.” Landscape and Urban Planning 68 (1): 129–138. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  • Coen, Stephanie E., and Nancy A. Ross. 2006. “Exploring the Material Basis for Health: Characteristics of Parks in Montreal Neighborhoods with Contrasting Health Outcomes.” Health & Place 12 (4): 361–371. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.02.001.
  • Cohen, Deborah A., Terry Marsh, Stephanie Williamson, Kathryn Pitkin Derose, Homero Martinez, Claude Setodji, and Thomas L. McKenzie. 2010. “Parks and Physical Activity: Why are Some Parks Used More Than Others?” Preventive medicine 50 (January): S9–12. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.08.020.
  • Conway, Hazel 2000. “Parks and People: The Social Functions.” In The Regeneration of Public Parks, edited by Jan Woudstra and Ken Fieldhouse, 1st ed. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis 9–20 .
  • Cradock, Angie L., Ichiro Kawachi, Graham A. Colditz, Cynthia Hannon, Steven J. Melly, Jean L. Wiecha, and Steven L. Gortmaker. 2005. “Playground Safety and Access in Boston Neighborhoods.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28 (4): 357–363. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.01.012.
  • Cutts, Bethany B., Kate J. Darby, Christopher G. Boone, and Alexandra Brewis. 2009. “City Structure, Obesity, and Environmental Justice: An Integrated Analysis of Physical and Social Barriers to Walkable Streets and Park Access.” Social Science & Medicine 69 (9): 1314–1322. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.020.
  • Dahmann, Nicholas, Jennifer Wolch, Pascale Joassart-Marcelli, Kim Reynolds, and Michael Jerrett. 2010. “The Active City? Disparities in Provision of Urban Public Recreation Resources.” Health & Place 16 (3): 431–445. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.11.005.
  • Dai, Dajun. 2011. “Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Urban Green Space Accessibility: Where to Intervene?” Landscape and Urban Planning 102 (4): 234–244. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.05.002.
  • DeAlvarenga, Bernardo, Philippe Apparicio, and Anne-Marie Séguin. 2018. “L’accessibilité aux aires de jeux dans les parcs de la Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal.” Cahiers de géographie du Québec 62 (176): 229. doi:10.7202/1063104ar.
  • Giles-Corti, Billie, Melissa H. Broomhall, Matthew Knuiman, Catherine Collins, Kate Douglas, Kevin Ng, Andrea Lange, and Robert J. Donovan. 2005. “Increasing Walking: How Important is Distance To, Attractiveness, and Size of Public Open Space?” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 28 (2): 169–176.
  • Gilliland, Jason, Martin Holmes, Jennifer D. Irwin, and Patricia Tucker. 2006. “Environmental Equity is Child’s Play: Mapping Public Provision of Recreation Opportunities in Urban Neighbourhoods.” Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 1 (3): 256–268. doi:10.1080/17450120600914522.
  • Godbey, Geoffrey, and Andrew Mowen. 2010. “The Benefits of Physical Activity Provided by Park and Recreation Services: The Scientific Evidence.” National Recreation and Park Association, 1–35.
  • Hewko, Jared, Karen E. Smoyer-Tomic, and M.John Hodgson. 2002. “Measuring Neighbourhood Spatial Accessibility to Urban Amenities: Does Aggregation Error Matter?” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34 (7): 1185–1206. doi:10.1068/a34171.
  • Hoang, Anh Tu, Philippe Apparicio, and Thi-Thanh-Hien Pham. 2019. “Équité environnementale et accessibilité aux parcs à Ho Chi Minh Ville (Vietnam).” Revue internationale de géomatique 29 (2): 135–158. doi:10.3166/rig.2019.00071.
  • Honey-Rosés, Jordi, Isabelle Anguelovski, Vincent K. Chireh, Carolyn Daher, Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch, Jill S. Litt, Vrushti Mawani, et al. 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Public Space: An Early Review of the Emerging Questions – Design, Perceptions and Inequities.” Cities & Health, July, 1–17. 10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074.
  • Hughey, S. Morgan, Katrina M. Walsemann, Stephanie Child, Alicia Powers, Julian A. Reed, and Andrew T. Kaczynski. 2016. “Using an Environmental Justice Approach to Examine the Relationships Between Park Availability and Quality Indicators, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Racial/Ethnic Composition.” Landscape and Urban Planning 148 (April): 159–169. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.016.
  • Johnson-Gaither, Cassandra. 2011. “Latino Park Access: Examining Environmental Equity in a ‘New Destination’ County in the South.” Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 29 (4): 37–52.
  • Kaczynski, Andrew T., and Karla A. Henderson. 2007. “Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity: A Review of Evidence About Parks and Recreation.” Leisure Sciences 29 (4): 315–354.
  • Kaczynski, Andrew T., Luke R. Potwarka, and Brian E. Saelens. 2008. “Association of Park Size, Distance, and Features with Physical Activity in Neighborhood Parks.” American Journal of Public Health 98 (8): 1451–1456. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129064.
  • Lambert, Amalie, Janae Vlaar, Susan Herrington, and Mariana Brussoni. 2019. “What is the Relationship Between the Neighbourhood Built Environment and Time Spent in Outdoor Play? A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (20): 3840. doi:10.3390/ijerph16203840.
  • Liu, Shu, and Xinhao Wang. 2021. “Reexamine the Value of Urban Pocket Parks Under the Impact of the COVID-19.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 64 (September): 127294. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127294.
  • Lüdecke, Daniel. 2021. ”Sjstats: Statistical Functions for Regression Models (Version 0.18.1).” https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sjstats.
  • Luo, Wei, and Yi Qi. 2009. “An Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) Method for Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Primary Care Physicians.” Health & Place 15 (4): 1100–1107. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.002.
  • Luo, Wei, and F. Wang. 2003. “Measures of Spatial Accessibility to Health Care in a GIS Environment: Synthesis and a Case Study in the Chicago Region.” Environment and Planning B Planning & Design 30 (6): 865–884. doi:10.1068/b29120.
  • Luo, Wei, and T. Whippo. 2012. “Variable Catchment Sizes for the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA) Method.” Health & Place 18 (4): 789–795. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.04.002.
  • Maroko, Andrew R., Juliana A. Maantay, Nancy L. Sohler, Kristen L. Grady, and Peter S. Arno. 2009. “The Complexities of Measuring Access to Parks and Physical Activity Sites in New York City: A Quantitative and Qualitative Approach.” International Journal of Health Geographics 8 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-8-34.
  • Martori, Joan Carles, Philippe Apparicio, and Anne-Marie Séguin. 2019. “Spatial Potential Accessibility of Playgrounds in Barcelona City.” Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, August. doi:10.1007/s12061-019-09316-4.
  • McCormack, Gavin R., Melanie Rock, Ann M. Toohey, and Danica Hignell. 2010. “Characteristics of Urban Parks Associated with Park Use and Physical Activity: A Review of Qualitative Research.” Health & Place 16 (4): 712–726. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003.
  • McGrail, Matthew R. 2012. “Spatial Accessibility of Primary Health Care Utilising the Two Step Floating Catchment Area Method: An Assessment of Recent Improvements.” International Journal of Health Geographics 11 (1): 50. doi:10.1186/1476-072X-11-50.
  • McPherson, G., J. R. Simpson, P. J. Peper, S. E. Maco, and Q. Xiao. 2005. “Municipal Forest Benefits and Costs in Five U.S. Cities.” Journal of Forestry 103 (8): 411–416. doi:10.1093/jof/103.8.411.
  • Mears, M., P. Brindley, R. Maheswaran, and A. Jorgensen. 2019. “Understanding the Socioeconomic Equity of Publicly Accessible Greenspace Distribution: The Example of Sheffield, UK.” Geoforum 103: 126–137. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.04.016.
  • Mehta, Vikas, and Binita Mahato. 2020. “Designing Urban Parks for Inclusion, Equity, and Diversity.” Journal of Urbanism International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, September, 1–33. 10.1080/17549175.2020.1816563.
  • Mitra, Raktim, Sarah A. Moore, Meredith Gillespie, Guy Faulkner, Leigh M. Vanderloo, Tala Chulak-Bozzer, Ryan E. Rhodes, Mariana Brussoni, and Mark S. Tremblay. 2020. “Healthy Movement Behaviours in Children and Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Role of the Neighbourhood Environment.” Health & Place 65 (September): 102418. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102418.
  • Miyake, Keith K., Andrew R. Maroko, Kristen L. Grady, Juliana A. Maantay, and Peter S. Arno. 2010. “Not Just a Walk in the Park: Methodological Improvements for Determining Environmental Justice Implications of Park Access in New York City for the Promotion of Physical Activity.” Cities and the Environment 3 (1): 1–17. doi:10.15365/cate.3182010.
  • Moore, L. V., A. V. Diez Roux, K. R. Evenson, A. P. McGinn, and S. J. Brines. 2008. “Availability of Recreational Resources in Minority and Low Socioeconomic Status Areas.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 34 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.021.
  • Moore, Spencer, Lise Gauvin, Mark Daniel, Yan Kestens, Ulf Bockenholt, Laurette Dubé, and Lucie Richard. 2010. “Associations Among Park Use, Age, Social Participation, and Neighborhood Age Composition in Montreal.” Leisure Sciences 32 (4): 318–336. doi:10.1080/01490400.2010.488193.
  • Nicholls, Sarah. 2001. “Measuring the Accessibility and Equity of Public Parks: A Case Study Using GIS.” Managing Leisure 6 (4): 201–219. doi:10.1080/13606710110084651.
  • Nordh, Helena, Chaham Alalouch, and Terry Hartig. 2011. “Assessing Restorative Components of Small Urban Parks Using Conjoint Methodology.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 10 (2): 95–103. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2010.12.003.
  • Nowak, D. J., D. E. Crane, and J. C. Stevens. 2006. “Air Pollution Removal by Urban Trees and Shrubs in the United States.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 4 (3–4): 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2006.01.007.
  • Pérezdel Pulgar, Carmen, Isabelle Anguelovski, and James Connolly. 2020. “Toward a Green and Playful City: Understanding the Social and Political Production of Children’s Relational Wellbeing in Barcelona.” Cities 96 (102438): 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.102438.
  • Peschardt, Karin Kragsig, and Ulrika Karlsson Stigsdotter. 2013. “Associations Between Park Characteristics and Perceived Restorativeness of Small Public Urban Green Spaces.” Landscape and Urban Planning 112 (April): 26–39. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.12.013.
  • R Core Team. 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Reyes, Mario, Antonio Páez, and Catherine Morency. 2014. “Walking Accessibility to Urban Parks by Children: A Case Study of Montreal.” Landscape and Urban Planning 125 (May): 38–47. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.002.
  • Rigolon, Alessandro. 2016. “A Complex Landscape of Inequity in Access to Urban Parks: A Literature Review.” Landscape and Urban Planning 153 (September): 160–169. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.017.
  • Rigolon, Alessandro, and Travis Flohr. 2014. “Access to Parks for Youth as an Environmental Justice Issue: Access Inequalities and Possible Solutions.” Buildings 4 (2): 69–94. doi:10.3390/buildings4020069.
  • Rung, Ariane L., Andrew J. Mowen, Stephanie T. Broyles, and Jeanette Gustat. 2011. “The Role of Park Conditions and Features on Park Visitation and Physical Activity.” Journal of Physical Activity & Health 8 (S2): S178–87. doi:10.1123/jpah.8.s2.s178.
  • Sister, Chona, Jennifer Wolch, and John Wilson. 2010. “Got Green? Addressing Environmental Justice in Park Provision.” GeoJournal 75 (3): 229–248. doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9303-8.
  • Smoyer-Tomic, Karen, E. Jared, N. Hewko, and M. John Hodgson. 2004. “Spatial Accessibility and Equity of Playgrounds in Edmonton, Canada.” The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien 48 (3): 287–302. doi:10.1111/j.0008-3658.2004.00061.x.
  • Statistics Canada. 2017. Census Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016. Ottawa: Minister of Industry.
  • Talen, Emily. 1997. “The Social Equity of Urban Service Distribution: An Exploration of Park Access in Pueblo, Colorado, and Macon, Georgia.” Urban geography 18 (6): 521–541. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.18.6.521.
  • Talen, Emily. 2003. “Neighborhoods as Service Providers: A Methodology for Evaluating Pedestrian Access.” Environment and Planning B Planning & Design 30 (2): 181–200. doi:10.1068/b12977.
  • Talen, Emily. 2010. “The Spatial Logic of Parks.” Journal of Urban Design 15 (4): 473–491. doi:10.1080/13574809.2010.502335.
  • Talen, Emily, and L. Anselin. 1998. “Assessing Spatial Equity: An Evaluation of Measures of Accessibility to Public Playgrounds.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30 (4): 595–613. doi:10.1068/a300595.
  • Van Aalst, Irina, and Jelle Brands. 2020. “Young People: Being Apart, Together in an Urban Park.” Journal of Urbanism International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 14 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/17549175.2020.1737181.
  • Van den Berg, Agnes E., Terry Hartig, and Henk Staats. 2007. “Preference for Nature in Urbanized Societies: Stress, Restoration, and the Pursuit of Sustainability.” The Journal of Social Issues 63 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00497.x.
  • Walker, Gordon. 2012. “Environmental Justice: Concepts, Evidence and Politics.” Environmental Justice: Concepts, Evidence and Politics, 1–256, January. 10.4324/9780203610671.
  • Wan, Neng, Bin Zou, and Troy Sternberg. 2012. “A Three-Step Floating Catchment Area Method for Analyzing Spatial Access to Health Services.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science 26 (6): 1073–1089. doi:10.1080/13658816.2011.624987.
  • Wei, Fang. 2017. “Greener Urbanization? Changing Accessibility to Parks in China.” Landscape and Urban Planning 157 (January): 542–552. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.004.
  • Wolch, Jennifer, John P. Wilson, and Jed Fehrenbach. 2005. “Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity-Mapping Analysis.” Urban Geography 26 (1): 4–35. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.26.1.4.
  • Xing, Lijun, Yanfang Liu, and Xingjian Liu. 2018. “Measuring Spatial Disparity in Accessibility with a Multi-Mode Method Based on Park Green Spaces Classification in Wuhan, China.” Applied Geography 94 (May): 251–261. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.03.014.
  • Yee, Thomas W. 2015. Vector Generalized Linear and Additive Models: With an Implementation in R. New York: Springer.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.