Latitudinal variation in morphological traits of the genus Pinus and its relation to environmental and phylogenetic signals

References

• Aboal , JR , Jiménez , MS , Morales , D and Gil , P. 2000 . Effects of thinning on throughfall in Canary Islands pine forest – the role of fog . Journal of Hydrology , 238 : 218 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agee , JK. 1998 . “ Fire and pine ecosystems ” . In Richardson DM, editor. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus , 193 – 218 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , IW and Sinnott , EW. 1916 . The climatic distribution of certain types of angiosperm leaves . American Journal of Botany , 3 : 24 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Brodribb , TJ and Feild , TS. 2008 . Evolutionary significance of a flat-leaved Pinus in Vietnamese rainforest . New Phytologist , 178 : 201 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchfield , WB and Little , EL. 1971 . Geographic distribution of the pines of the world . U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication , 991 : 1 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• De Laubenfels , DJ. 1989 . “ Coniferales ” . In Flora malesiana. Series I – flowering plants 10 , Edited by: Van Steenis , CG and de Wilde , WJ . 337 – 453 . Groningen , , The Netherlands : Noordhoff International Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Denk , T , Grimsson , F and Kvacek , Z. 2005 . The Miocene floras of Iceland and their significance for late Cainozoic North Atlantic biogeography . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 149 : 369 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desdevises , Y , Legendre , P , Azouzi , L and Morand , S. 2003 . Quantifying phylogenetically structured environmental variation . Evolution , 57 : 2647 – 2652 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diniz-Filho , JAF and Bini , LM. 2008 . Macroecology, global change and the shadow of forgotten ancestors . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 17 : 11 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbertin , M , Eilmann , B , Bleuler , P. , Giuggiola , A , Pannatier , EG , Landolt , W , Schleppi , P and Rigling , A. 2010 . Effect of irrigation on needle morphology, shoot and stem growth in a drought-exposed Pinus sylvestris forest . Tree Physiology , 30 : 346 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dray , S , Legendre , P and Blanchet , G. 2007 . Package: packfor . Forward selection with permutation (Canoco p. 46), version: 0.0–7 ,
   Google Scholar
• Dvorak , WS , Hamrick , JL and Gutiérrez , EA. 2005 . The origin of Caribbean pine in the seasonal swamps of the Yucatán . International Journal of Plant Sciences , 166 : 985 – 994 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckenwalder , JE. 2009 . Conifers of the world: the complete reference , Portland , OR : Timber Press .
   Google Scholar
• Farjon , A. 1998 . World checklist and bibliography of conifers , Kew , , UK : Royal Botanic Gardens .
   Google Scholar
• Farjon , A and Styles , BT. 1997 . Pinus (Pinaceae): flora neotropica monograph 75 , New York , NY : The New York Botanical Garden .
   Google Scholar
• Felsenstein , J. 1985 . Phylogenies and the comparative method . American Naturalist , 125 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flora of China [Internet]. (1994–present). Beijing (China) and St. Louis (MO): Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/index.html (http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/index.html) (Accessed: 25 September 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Gernandt , DS , Lopez , GG , Garcia , SO and Liston , A. 2005 . Phylogeny and classification of Pinus . Taxon , 54 : 29 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Givnish , TJ. 1987 . Comparative studies of leaf form: assessing the relative roles of selective pressures and phylogenetic constraints . New Phytologist , 106 : 131 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grierson , AJC , Long , DG and Page , CN. 1980 . Notes relating to the flora of Bhutan: III. Pinus bhutanica: a new 5-needle pine from Bhutan and India . Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh , 38 : 297 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Grotkopp , E , Rejmanek , M and Rost , TL. 2002 . Toward a causal explanation of plant invasiveness: seedling growth and life-history strategies of 29 pine (Pinus) species . The American Naturalist , 159 : 396 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , MO and Gauch , HG. 1980 . Detrended correspondence analyses: an improved ordination technique . Vegetatio , 42 : 47 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Hinojosa , LF , Pérez , F , Gaxiola , A and Sandoval , I. 2010 . Historical and phylogenetic constraints on the incidence of entire leaf margins: insights from a new South American model . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 20 : 380 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardón-Barbolla , L , Delgado-Valerio , P , Geada-López , G , Vázquez-Lobo , A and Piñero , D. 2011 . Phylogeography of Pinus subsection Australes in the Caribbean basin . Annals of Botany , 107 : 229 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaku , S. 1975 . Analysis of freezing temperature distribution in plants . Cryobiology , 12 : 154 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaku , S and Salt , RW. 1968 . Relation between freezing temperature and length of conifer needles . Canadian Journal of Botany , 46 : 1211 – 1213 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , XW. 1992 . A new series and a new species of Pinus from Yunnan . Acta Botanica Yunnanica , 14 : 259 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Little , SA , Kembel , SW and Wilf , P. 2010 . Paleotemperature proxies from leaf fossils reinterpreted in light of evolutionary history . PLoS ONE 5:e15161 ,
   Google Scholar
• López , R , Climent , J and Gil , L. 2008 . From desert to cloud forest: the non-trivial phenotypic variation of Canary Island pine needles . Trees , 22 : 843 – 849 .
   Google Scholar
• Losos , JB. 2008 . Phylogenetic niche conservatism, phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species . Ecology Letters , 11 : 995 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusk , C. 2008 . Constraints on the evolution and geographical range of Pinus . New Phytologist , 178 : 1 – 3 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCune , B. 1988 . Ecological diversity in North American pines . American Journal of Botany , 75 : 353 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai , DH. 1990 . On the history of Pines (Pinus L.) in Europe. Proceedings of the Symposium “Paleofloristic and Paleoclimatic changes in the Cretaceous and Tertiary” 1989 , 299 – 309 . Prague , , Czech Republic : Geological Survey Publisher .
   Google Scholar
• Malusa , J. 1992 . Phylogeny and biogeography of the Pinyon pines (Pinus subsect. Cembroides) . Systematic Botany , 17 : 42 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moles , AT , Ackerley , DD , Tweddle , JC , Dickie , RS , Leishman , MR , Mayfield , MM , Pitman , A , Wood , JT and Westoby , M. 2007 . Global patterns in seed size . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 16 : 109 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moles , AT , Warton , DI , Warman , L , Swenson , NG , Laffan , SW , Zanne , AE , Pitman , A , Hemmings , FA and Leishman , MR. 2009 . Global patterns in plant height . Journal of Ecology , 97 : 923 – 932 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New , M , Hulme , M and Jones , P. 1999 . Representing twentieth-century space–time climate variability. Part I: development of a 1961–90 mean monthly terrestrial climatology . Journal of Climate , 12 : 829 – 856 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noshiro , S and Baas , P. 2000 . Latitudinal trends in wood anatomy within species and genera: case study in Cornus SL (Cornaceae) . American Journal of Botany , 87 : 1495 – 1506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, O'Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Henry M, Stevens H, Wagner H. 2010. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 1.17-4 http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan (http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan)
   Google Scholar
• Paradis , E , Claude , J and Strimmer , K. 2004 . APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language . Bioinformatics , 20 : 289 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppe , DJ , Royer , DL , Cariglino , B , Oliver , SY , Newman , S , Leight , E , Enikolopov , G , Fernandez-Burgos , M , Herrera , F Adams , JM . 2011 . Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climate: global patterns and paleoclimatic applications . New Phytologist , 190 : 724 – 739 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , RA , Liston , A and Strauss , SH. 1998 . “ Phylogeny and systematics of Pinus ” . In Ecology and biogeography of Pinus , Edited by: Richardson , DM . 49 – 68 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Procheş Ş , Wilson , JRU , Richardson , DM and Rejmánek , M. 2012 . Native and naturalized range size in Pinus: relative importance of biogeography, introduction effort and species traits . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 21 : 513 – 523 .
   Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team . 2010 . R: a language and environment for statistical computing , Vienna , , Austria : R Foundation for Statistical Computing .
   Google Scholar
• Reich , PB , Oleksyn , J , Modrzynski , J and Tjoelker , MG. 1996 . Evidence that longer needle retention of spruce and pine populations at high elevations and high latitudes is largely a phenotypic response . Tree Physiology , 16 : 643 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , DM . 1998 . Ecology and biogeography of Pinus , Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , DM. 2006 . Pinus: a model group for unlocking the secrets of alien plant invasions? . Preslia , 78 : 375 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson , DM and Higgins , SI. 1998 . “ Pines as invaders in the southern hemisphere ” . In Ecology and biogeography of Pinus , Edited by: Richardson , DM . 450 – 473 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , DM and Rundel , PW. 1998 . “ Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: an introduction ” . In Ecology and biogeography of Pinus , Edited by: Richardson , DM . 3 – 46 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig , ML. 1995 . Species diversity in space and time , Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Royer , DL , Kooyman , RM , Little , SA and Wilf , P. 2009 . Ecology of leaf teeth: a multi-site analysis from an Australian subtropical rainforest . American Journal of Botany , 96 : 738 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundel , PW and Yoder , BJ. 1998 . “ Ecophysiology of Pinus ” . In Ecology and biogeography of Pinus , Edited by: Richardson , DM . 296 – 323 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Swenson , NG and Enquist , BJ. 2007 . Ecological and evolutionary determinants of a key plant functional trait: wood density and its community-wide variation across latitude and elevation . American Journal of Botany , 94 : 451 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takada , T , Kikuzawa , K and Fujita , N. 2006 . A mathematical analysis of leaf longevity of trees under seasonally varying temperatures, based on a cost-benefit model . Evolutionary Ecology Research , 8 : 605 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RS, Anderson KH, Bartlein PJ. 1999. Atlas of relations between climatic parameters and distributions of important trees and shrubs in North America. US Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1650 A&B. online version 1.0 http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1650-b/ (http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1650-b/)
   Google Scholar
• Tiffney , BH. 2008 . Phylogeography, fossils, and northern hemisphere biogeography: the role of physiological uniformitarianism . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , 95 : 135 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traiser , C , Klotz , S , Uhl , D and Mosbrugger , V. 2005 . Environmental signals from leaves - a physiognomic analysis of European vegetation . New Phytologist , 166 : 465 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traiser , C , Roth-Nebelsick , A and Nobis , M. 2011 . Morphological, biogeographical and plant systematic data of 103 Pinus species . PANGAEA Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science , doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.763149
   Google Scholar
• Van der Burgh , J. 1973 . Hölzer der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation, 2. Hölzer der Braunkohlengruben “Maria Theresia” zu Herzogenrath, “Zukunft West” zu Eschweiler und “Victor” (Zülpich Mitte) zu Zülpich. Nebst einer systematisch–anatomischen Bearbeitung der Gattung Pinus L . Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology , 15 : 73 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Humboldt , A. 1808 . Ansichten der Natur mit wissenschaftlichen Erläuterungen , Tübingen , , Germany : J.G. Cotta .
   Google Scholar
• Walls , RL. 2011 . Angiosperm leaf vein patterns are linked to leaf functions in a global-scale data set . American Journal of Botany , 98 : 244 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiemann , MC , Manchester , SR , Dilcher , DL , Hinojosa , L and Wheeler , EA. 1998 . Estimation of temperature and precipitation from morphological characters of dicotyledonous leaves . American Journal of Botany , 85 : 1796 – 1802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willig , MR , Kaufman , DM and Stevens , RD. 2003 . Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: pattern, process, scale and synthesis . Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics , 34 : 273 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , JA. 1993 . A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages . US Geological Survey Bulletin , 2040 : 1 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Xiao , Y. 2003 . Variation in needle longevity of Pinus tabulaeformis forests at different geographic scales . Tree Physiology , 23 : 463 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar