Seed–seedling conflict in conifers as a result of plant–plant interactions at the forest-tundra ecotone

References

• Barber , DB , Lukovich , JV , Keogak , J , Baryluck , S , Fortier , L and Henry , GHR. 2009 . The changing climate of the Arctic . Arctic , 61 : 7 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballaré , CL , Scopel , AL and Sánchez , RA. 1997 . Foraging for light: photosensory ecology and agricultural implications. Plant Cell and Environment , 20 : 820 – 825 . doi: 10.1046/j.13653040.1997.d01-112.x
   Google Scholar
• Batllori , E , Camarero , JJ , Ninot , JM and Gutiérrez , E. 2009 . Seedling recruitment, survival and facilitation in alpine Pinus uncinata tree line ecotones. Implications and potential responses to climate warming . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 18 : 460 – 472 . doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00464.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzaz , FA. 1991 . Habitat selection in plants . American Naturalist , 137 : S116 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertness , MD and Callaway , RM. 1994 . Positive interactions in communities . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 9 : 191 – 193 . doi: 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90088-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway , RM. 1992 . Effect of shrubs on recruitment of Quercus douglasii and Quercus lobata in California . Ecology , 75 : 9 – 19 . doi: 10.2307/1941460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway , RM. 1995 . Positive interactions among plants . Botanical Review , 61 : 306 – 349 . doi: 10.1007/BF02912621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaway , RM. 2007 . Positive interactions and interdependence in plant communities , Dordrecht , , The Netherlands : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Callaway , RM and Walker , LR. 1997 . Competition and facilitation: a synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities . Ecology , 78 : 1958 – 1965 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson , BA and Callaghan , TV. 1991 . Positive plant interactions in tundra vegetation and the importance of shelter . Journal of Ecology , 79 : 973 – 983 . doi: 10.2307/2261092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro , J , Zamora , R , Hodar , JA and Gomez , JM . 2002 . Use of shrubs as nurse plants: A new technique for reforestation in Mediterranean Mountains . Restoration Ecology , 10 : 297 – 305 . doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01022.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin , FS I II , Sturm , M , Serreze , MC , McFadden , JP , Key , JR , Lloyd , AH , McGuire , AD , Rupp , TS , Lynch , AH Schimel , JP . 2005 . Role of land-surface changes in arctic summer warming . Science , 310 : 657 – 660 . doi: 10.1126/science.1117368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charron , I and Greene , DF. 2002 . Post-wildfire seedbeds and tree establishment in the southern mixedwood boreal forest . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 32 : 1607 – 1615 . doi: 10.1139/x02-085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claveau , Y , Messier , C , Commeau , PG and Coates , KD. 2002 . Growth and crown morphological responses of boreal conifer seedlings and saplings with contrasting shade tolerance to a gradient of light and height . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 2 : 458 – 468 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cripps , CL and Eddington , LH. 2005 . Distribution of mycorrhizal types among alpine vascular plant families on the Beartooth Plateau, Rocky Mountains, USA in reference to large-scale patterns in arctic-alpine habitats . Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research , 37 : 177 – 188 . doi: 10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0177:DOMTAA]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFields , D. 2009 . Spatial patterns of trees and shrubs within the Canadian forest-tundra ecotone [MES thesis]. [ , Halifax , NS] : Dalhousie University .
   Google Scholar
• DeLucia , EH and Smith , WK. 1987 . Air and soil temperature limitations on photosynthesis in Engelmann spruce during summer . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 17 : 527 – 533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facelli , JM and Pickett , STA . 1991 . Plant litter: its dynamics and effects on plant community structure . The Botanical Review , 57 : 1 – 32 . doi: 10.1007/BF02858763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortin G, Pilote JL. 2007. Multidate mapping approach to determine alpine and subalpine vegetation variations on Mount Jacques Cartier, Quebec, Canada (1973–2004). In: 6th ICA mountain cartography workshop, mountain mapping and visualisation. http://www.mountaincartography.org/publications/papers/papers_lenk_08/fortin.pdf (http://www.mountaincartography.org/publications/papers/papers_lenk_08/fortin.pdf) (Accessed: 24 May 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Fulbright , TE , Kuti , JO and Tipton , AR. 1997 . Effects of nurse-plant canopy light intensity on shrub seedling growth . Journal of Range Management , 50 : 607 – 610 .
   Google Scholar
• Germino , MJ and Smith , WK. 1999 . Sky exposure, crown architecture, and low-temperature photoinhibition in conifer seedlings at alpine treeline . Plant Cell and Environment , 22 : 407 – 415 . doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.0042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germino , MJ , Smith , WK and Resor , AC. 2002 . Conifer seedling distribution and survival in an alpine-treeline ecotone . Plant Ecology , 162 : 1573 – 5052 . doi: 10.1023/A:1020385320738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Aparicio , L , Valladares , F , Zamora , R and Quero , JL . 2005 . Response of tree seedlings to the abiotic heterogeneity generated by nurse shrubs: an experimental approach at different scales . Ecography , 28 : 757 – 768 . doi: 10.1111/j.2005.0906-7590.04337.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace , J , Berninger , F and Nagy , L. 2002 . Impacts of climate change on the treeline . Annals of Botany , 90 : 537 – 544 . doi: 10.1093/aob/mcf222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , JL. 1977 . Population biology of plants , London , UK : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harsch , MA , Hulme , PE , McGlone , MS and Duncan , RP. 2009 . Are treelines advancing? A global meta-analysis of treeline response to climate warming . Ecology Letters , 12 : 1040 – 1049 . doi: 10.111/j.1461-0248.2009.01355.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haselwandter , K. 2007 . Mycorrhiza in the alpine timberline ecotone: nutritional implications , Edited by: Weiser , G and Tausz , M . 57 Dordrecht , , The Netherlands : Springer . Trees at their upper limit
   Google Scholar
• Hasselquist , N , Germino , MJ , McGonigle , T and Smith , WK. 2005 . Variability of Cenococcum colonization and its ecophysiological significance for young conifers at alpine-treeline . New Phytologist , 165 : 867 – 873 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01275.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassol , SJ. 2005 . “ Arctic climate impact assessment ” . In Impacts of a warming Arctic , Cambridge , UK : University of Cambridge Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hättenschwiler , S and Smith , WK. 1999 . Seedling occurrence in alpine treeline conifers: a case study from the central Rocky Mountains, USA . Acta Oecologia , 20 : 219 – 224 . doi: 10.1016/S1146-609X(99)80034-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hébert , F , Boucher , J-F , Bernier , PY and Lord , D. 2006 . Growth response and water relations of 3-year old planted black spruce and jack pine seedlings in site prepared lichen woodlands . Forest Ecology and Management , 223 : 226 – 236 . doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmers , H , Genthe , MK and Ronco , F. 1970 . Temperature affects growth and development of Englemann spruce . Forest Science , 16 : 447 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmgren , M , Scheffer , M and Huston , MA. 1997 . The interplay of facilitation and competition in plant communities . Ecology , 78 : 1966 – 1975 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , AF and Aarssen , LW . 1988 . Plants helping plants . BioScience , 38 : 34 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs J, Hermanutz L, Bell T, Simms A. 2007. Labrador Highlands Research Group: annual report of research 2006. http//adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/projdb/pdf/189_e.pdf (http://http//adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/projdb/pdf/189_e.pdf) (Accessed: 24 May 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Jägerbrand , AK , Alatalo , JM , Chrimes , D and Molau , U. 2009 . Plant community responses to 5 years of simulated climate change in meadow and heath ecosystems at a subarctic-alpine site . Oecologia , 161 : 601 – 610 . doi: 10.1007/s00442-009-1392-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jameson , R. 2012 . Conifer seed production, seed viability and relative potentials for upslope advance at a multispecies treeline, central Labrador , Canada : [M.Sc. thesis]. [St. John's, NL]: Memorial University .
   Google Scholar
• Körner , C. 1998 . A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation . Oecologia , 115 : 445 – 459 . doi: 10.1007/s004420050540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lantz , TC , Kokelj , S , Gergel , S and Henry , GHR. 2009 . Relative impacts of disturbance and temperature: persistent changes in microenvironment and vegetation in retrogressive thaw slumps . Global Change Biology , 15 : 1664 – 1675 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01917.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindahl , BD , Ihrmark , K , Boberg , J , Trumbore , SE , Högberg , P , Stenlid , J and Finlay , RD. 2006 . Spatial separation of litter decomposition and mycorrhizal nitrogen uptake in a boreal forest. New Phytologist , 173 : 611 – 620 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01936.x
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig , F , de Kroon , H , Berdense , F and Prins , HHT. 2004 . The influence of savannah trees on nutrient, water and lights availability and the understory vegetation . Plant Ecology , 170 : 93 – 105 . doi: 10.1023/B:VEGE.0000019023.29636.92
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestre , FT , Callaway , RM , Valladares , F and Lortie , CJ. 2009 . Refining the stress-gradient hypothesis for competition and facilitation in plant communities . Journal of Ecology , 97 : 199 – 205 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01476.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher , EL and Germino , MJ. 2006 . Microsite differentiation among conifer species during seedling establishment at alpine treeline . Ecoscience , 13 : 334 – 341 . doi: 10.2980/i1195-6860-13-3-334.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malanson , GP , Resler , LM , Bader , MY , Holtmeier , F-K , Butler , DR , Weiss , DJ , Daniels , LD and Fagre , DB. 2011 . Mountain treelines: a roadmap for research orientation . Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research , 43 : 167 – 177 . doi: 10.1657/1938-4246-43.2.167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miriti , MN. 2006 . Ontogenetic shift from facilitation to competition in a desert shrub . Journal of Ecology , 94 : 973 – 979 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munier , A , Hermanutz , L , Jacobs , J and Lewis , K. 2010 . Interacting effects of temperature, ground disturbance and herbivory on seedling establishment implications for treeline advance with climate warming . Plant Ecology , 210 : 19 – 30 . doi: 10.1007/s11258-010-9724-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith , I. 2007 . Shrub line advance in alpine tundra of the Kluane region: mechanisms of expansion and ecosystem impacts . Arctic , 60 : 447 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Smith , I , Forbes , BC , Wilmking , M , Hallinger , M , Lantz , T , Blok , D , Tape , KD , Marcias-Fauria , M , Sass-Klaassen , U Lévesque , E . 2011 . Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities . Environmental Research Letters , 6 : 045509 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niering , WA , Whittaker , RH and Lowe , CH. 1963 . The Saguaro: a population in relation to environment . Science , 142 : 15 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nunez , M and Bowman , DMJS. 1986 . Nocturnal cooling in a high altitude stand of Eucalyptus delegatensis as related to stand density . Australian Forest Research , 16 : 185 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachain , RK and Reisinger , A . 2007 . “ Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II, and III ” . In The fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Geneva , , Switzerland : IPCC .
   Google Scholar
• Prévost , M. 1997 . Effects of scarification on seedbed coverage and natural regeneration after a group seed-tree cutting in a black spruce (Picea mariana) stand . Forest Ecology and Management , 94 : 219 – 231 . doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03955-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resler , LM and Fonstad , MA. 2009 . “ A Markov analysis of tree islands at alpine treeline ” . In Developments in earth surface processes , Edited by: Butler , DR , Malanson , GP , Walsh , SJ and Fagre , DB . Amsterdam , , The Netherlands : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Ronco , F. 1970 . The influence of vegetational diversity on survival of planted Englemann spruce . Forest Science , 16 : 331 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schade , JD , Sponseller , R , Collins , SL and Stiles , A. 2003 . The influence of Prosopis canopies on understory vegetation: effects of landscape position . Journal of Vegetation Science , 15 : 743 – 750 . doi: 10.1111/j.1654-103.2003.tb02206.x
   Google Scholar
• Schupp , EW. 1995 . Seed–seedling conflicts, habitat choice, and patterns of plant recruitment . American Journal of Botany , 82 : 399 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , WK , Germino , MJ , Hancock , TE and Johnson , DM. 2003 . Another perspective on altitudinal limits of alpine timberlines . Tree Physiologist , 23 : 1101 – 1112 . doi: 10.1093/treephys/23.16.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , S , Qin , D , Manning , M , Chen , Z , Marquis , M , Averyt , KB , Tignor , M and Miller , HL . 2007 . “ Climate change 2007: the physical science basis ” . In The fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Geneva , , Switzerland : IPCC .
   Google Scholar
• Sturm , M , Racine , C and Tape , K. 2001 . Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic . Nature , 411 : 546 – 547 . doi: 10.1038/35079180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tape , K , Sturm , M and Racine , C. 2006 . The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic . Global Change Biology , 12 : 686 – 702 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01128.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilman , D. 1985 . The resource-ratio hypothesis of plant succession . The American Naturalist , 125 : 827 – 852 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilman , D. 1990 . Constraints and tradeoffs: toward a predictive theory of competition succession . Oikos , 58 : 3 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , J , Hermanutz , L and Marino , P. 2011 . Feathermoss seedbeds facilitate black spruce seedling recruitment in the forest-tundra ecotone , Vol. 120 , 1263 – 1271 . Labrador , , Canada : Oikos . doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18966.x
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , JB. 1988 . Shoot competition and root competition . Journal of Applied Ecology , 25 : 279 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar