Water-induced stress influences the relative investment in cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers of an invasive grass, Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae)

References

• Adams SN, Engelhardt KAM. 2009. Diversity declines in Microstegium vimineum (Japanese stiltgrass) patches. Biological Conservation 142:1003–1010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert LP, Campbell LG, Whitney KD. 2011. Beyond simple reproductive assurance: cleistogamy allows adaptive plastic responses to pollen limitation. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172:862–869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allard RW, Jain SK, Workman PL. 1968. The genetics of inbreeding populations. Advances in Genetics 14:55–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baiser B, Lockwood JL, La Puma D, Aronson MFJ. 2008. A perfect storm: two ecosystem engineers interact to degrade deciduous forests of New Jersey. Biological Invasions 10:785–795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker HG. 1965. Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. In: Baker HG, Stebbins GL, editors. The genetics of colonizing species. New York (NY): Academic Press. p. 147–169.
   Google Scholar
• Barden LS. 1987. Invasion of Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae), and exotic, annual shade-tolerant, C4 grass, into a North Carolina floodplain. American Midland Naturalist 118:40–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH. 1980. Sexual reproduction in Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth). I. Fertility of clones from diverse regions. The Journal of Applied Ecology 17:101–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett SCH, Ness RW, Vallejo-Marín M. 2009. Evolutionary pathways to self-fertilization in a tristylous plant species. New Phytologist 183:546–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates BC, Kundzewicz ZW, Wu S, Palutikof JP. 2008. Climate change and water. Technical paper of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva: IPCC Secretariat.
   Google Scholar
• Bell TJ, Quinn JA. 1987. Effects of soil moisture and light intensity on the chasmogamous and cleistogamous components of reproductive effort of Dichanthelium clandestinum populations. Canadian Journal of Botany 65:2243–2249.
   Google Scholar
• Belote RT, Weltzin JF, Norby RJ. 2004. Response of an understory plant community to elevated CO2 depends on differential responses of dominant invasive species and is mediated by soil water availability. New Phytologist 161:827–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzie JAH, Price IR, Ballment E. 1997. Population genetics and taxonomy of Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) from the Great Barrier reef, Australia. Journal of Phycology 33:491–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg H, Redbo-Torstensson P. 1998. Cleistogamy as a bet-hedging strategy in Oxalis acetosella, a perennial herb. Journal of Ecology 86:491–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleeker W, Matthies A. 2005. Hybrid zones between invasive Rorippa austriaca and native R. sylvestris (Brassicaeae) in Germany: ploidy levels and patterns of fitness in the field. Heredity 94:664–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AHD, Marshall DR, Albrecht L. 1974. The maintenance of alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in Bromus mollis L. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 27:545–559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown WV. 1952. The relation of soil moisture to cleistogamy in Stipa leucotricha. Botanical Gazette 113:438–444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell LG, Snow AA, Sweeney PM, Ketner JM. 2009. Rapid evolution in crop-weed hybrids under artificial selection for divergent life histories. Evolutionary Applications 2:172–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlesworth B. 1992. Evolutionary rates in partially self-fertilizing species. The American Naturalist 140:126–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheplick GP. 2005. Biomass portioning and reproductive allocation in the invasive cleistogamous grass Microstegium vimineum: influence of the light environment. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132:214–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheplick GP. 2007. Plasticity of chasmogamous and cleistogamous reproductive allocation in grasses. In: Columbus JT, Friar EA, Hamilton CW, Porter JM, Prince LM, et al. editors. Monocots: comparative biology and evolution. Claremont (CA): Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Press. p. 145–155.
   Google Scholar
• Cheplick GP, Fox J. 2011. Density-dependent growth and reproduction of Microstegium vimineum in contrasting light environments. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 138:62–72.
   Google Scholar
• Chevin LM, Lande R. 2011. Adaptation to marginal habitats by evolution of increased phenotypic plasticity. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24:1462–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claridge K, Franklin SB. 2003. Compensation and plasticity in an invasive plant species. Biological Invasions 4:339–347.
   Google Scholar
• Clegg MT. 1980. Measuring plant mating systems. Bioscience 30:814–818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbert LI. 2015. Reproductive plasticity in two subspecies of a cleistogamous plant. Triodanis perfoliata [ master’s thesis]. Greenville (NC): East Carolina University.
   Google Scholar
• Cole PG, Weltzin JF. 2004. Environmental correlates of the distribution and abundance of Microstegium vimineum, in East Tennessee. Southeastern Naturalist 3:545–583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford KM, Whitney KD. 2010. Population genetic diversity influences colonization success. Molecular Ecology 19:1253–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culley TM, Klooster MR. 2007. The cleistogamous breeding system: a review of its frequency, evolution and ecology in angiosperms. The Botanical Review 73:1–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desfeux C, Maurice S, Henry JP, Lejeune B, Gouyon PH. 1996. Evolution of reproductive systems in the genus Silene. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 263:409–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droste T, Flory SL, Clay K. 2010. Variation for phenotypic plasticity among populations of an invasive exotic grass. Plant Ecology 207:297–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke JA. Forthcoming 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. Available online at http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/ (accessed 1 August 2011.)
   Google Scholar
• Eckert CG, Barrett SCH. 1992. Stochastic loss of style morphs from populations of tristylous Lythrum salicaria and Decodon verticillatus (Lythraceae). Evolution 46:1014–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert CG, Kalisz S, Geber MA, Sargent R, Elle E, Cheptou PO, Goodwillie C, Johnston MO, Kelly JK, Moeller DA, et al. 2009. Plant mating systems in a changing world. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25:35–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckert CG, Massonnet B, Thomas JJ. 2000. Variation in sexual and clonal reproduction among introduced populations of flowering rush, Butomus umbellatus (Butomaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 78:437–446.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenfeld JG, Kourtev P, Huang W. 2001. Changes in soil functions following invasions of exotic understory plants in deciduous forests. Ecological Applications 11:1287–1300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbrothers DE, Gray JR. 1972. Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus (Gramineae) in the United States. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 99:97–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flory SL. 2010. Management of Microstegium vimineum invasions and recovery of resident plant communities. Restoration Ecology 18:103–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flory SL, Clay K. 2009a. Non-native invasion alters native plant composition in experimental communities. Biological Invasions 12:1285–1294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flory SL, Clay K. 2009b. Invasive plant removal method determines native plant community responses. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:434–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flory SL, Clay K. 2010. Non-native grass invasion suppresses forest succession. Oecologia 164:1029–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geng YP, Pan XY, Xu CY, Zhang WJ, Li B, Chen JK, Lu BR, Song ZP. 2007. Phenotypic plasticity rather than locally adapted ecotypes allows the invasive alligator weed to colonize a wide range of habitats. Biological Invasions 9:245–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson DJ, Spyreas G, Benedict J. 2002. Life history of Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae), an invasive grass in southern Illinois. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 129:207–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwillie C, Kalisz S, Eckert CG. 2005. The evolutionary enigma of mixed mating systems in plants: occurrence, theoretical explanations, and empirical evidence. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 36:47–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwillie C, Stewart E. 2013. Cleistogamy and hybridization in two subspecies of Triodanis perfoliata (Campanulaceae). Rhodora 115:42–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross RS, Werner PA. 1983. Relationships among flowering phenology, insect visitors, and seed set of individuals: experimental studies on four co-occurring species of goldenrod (Solidago: Compositae). Ecological Monographs 53:95–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrick JL, Allard RW. 1972. Microgeographical variation in allozyme frequences in Avena barbata. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 69:2100–2104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrick JL, Godt MJW. 1996. Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 351:1291–1298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrick JL, Linhart YB, Mitton JB. 1979. Relationship between life history characteristics and electrophoretically detectable genetic variation in plants. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 10:173–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrix SD, Trapp EJ. 1992. Population demography of Pastinaca sativa (Apiaceae): effects of seed mass on emergence, survival, and recruitment. American Journal of Botany 79:365–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holeski LM, Kelly JK. 2006. Mating system and the evolution of quantitative traits: an experimental study of Mimulus guttatus. Evolution 60:711–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt J, Barfield M, Gomulkiewicz R. 2005. Theories of niche conservatism and evolution: could exotic species be potential tests? In: Sax DF, Stachowicz JJ, Gaines SD, editors. Species invasions: insights into ecology, evolution, and biogeography. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. p. 259–290.
   Google Scholar
• Holtsford TP, Ellstrand NC. 1989. Variation in outcrossing rate and population genetic structure of Clarkia tembloriensis (Onagraceae). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 78:480–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton JL, Neufeld HS. 1998. Photosynthetic responses of Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus, a shade-tolerant, C4 grass, to variable light environments. Oecologia 114:11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes AR, Inouye BD, Johnson MTJ, Underwood N, Vellend M. 2008. Ecological consequences of genetic diversity. Ecology Letters 11:609–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliber A, Eckert CG. 2005. Interaction between founder effect and selection during biological invasion in an aquatic plant. Evolution 59:1900–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourtev PS, Ehrenfeld JG, Haggblom M. 2002. Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil. Ecology 83:3152–3166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrecht SC, Dawson TE. 2007. Correlated variation of floral and leaf traits along a moisture availability gradient. Oecologia 151:574–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer RHM, Wilson D. 1965. Environmental control of cleistogamy in prairie grass (Bromus unioloides, H.B.K.). New Phytologist 64:80–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Corff J. 1993. Effects of light and nutrient availability on chasmogamy and cleistogamy in an understory tropical herb, Calathea micans (Marantaceae). American Journal of Botany 80:214–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CE. 2002. Evolutionary genetics of invasive species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17:386–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leger EA, Rice KJ. 2007. Assessing the speed and predictability of local adaptation in invasive California poppies (Eschscholzia californica). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20:1090–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Wang B, Wang J. 2006. Lack of genetic variation of an invasive clonal plant Eichhornia crassipes in China revealed by RAPD and ISSR markers. Aquatic Botany 84:176–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loveless MD, Hamrick JL. 1984. Ecological determinants of genetic structure in plant populations. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 15:65–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luken JO, Bezold TN. 2000. Plant communities associated with different shoreline elements at Cave Run Lake, Kentucky. Wetlands 20:479–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall DR, Allard RW. 1970. Maintenance of isozyme polymorphisms in natural populations of Avena barbata. Genetics 66:393–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer EP, Brekke L, Pruitt T, Duffy PB. 2007. Fine-resolution climate projections enhance regional climate change impact studies. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 88:504.
   Google Scholar
• McGrath DA, Binkley MA. 2009. Microstegium vimineum invasion changes soil chemistry and microarthropod communities in Cumberland Plateau forests. Southeastern Naturalist 8:141–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrhoff LJ. 2000. Perennial Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae): an apparent misidentification? Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 127:251–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melville MR, Morton JK. 1982. A biosystematic study of the Solidago canadensis (Compositae) complex. I. the Ontario populations. Canadian Journal of Botany 60:976–997.
   Google Scholar
• Meusnier I, Valero M, Destombe C, Godé C, Desmarais E, Bonhomme F, Stam WT, Olsen JL. 2002. Polymerase chain reaction – single strand conformation polymorphism analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA provide evidence for recombination, multiple introductions and nascent speciation in the Caulerpa taxifolia complex. Molecular Ecology 11:2317–2325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minter TC, Lord EM. 1983. Effects of water stress, abscisic acid, and gibberellic acid on flower production and differentiation in cleistogamous species Collomia grandiflora. American Journal of Botany 70:618–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell-Olds T, Waller DM. 1985. Relative performance of selfed and outcrossed progeny in Impatiens capensis. Evolution 39:533–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morran LT, Parmenter MD, Phillips PC. 2009. Mutation load and rapid adaptation favour outcrossing over self-fertilization. Nature 462:350–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ness RW, Wright SI, Barrett SCH. 2010. Mating-system variation, demographic history and patterns of nucleotide diversity in the tristylous plant Eichhornia paniculata. Genetics 184:381–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman D, Pilson D. 1997. Increased probability of extinction due to decreased genetic effective population size: experimental populations of Clarkia pulchella. Evolution 51:354–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakley CG, Moriuchi KS, Winn AA. 2007. The maintenance of outcrossing in predominantly selfing species: ideas and evidence from cleistogamous species. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 38:437–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz MÁ, Talavera S, Garcia-Castano JL, Tremetsberger K, Stuessy T, Balao F, Casimiro-Soriguer R. 2006. Self-incompatibility and floral parameters in Hypochaeris sect. Hypochaeris (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany 93:234–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswalt CM, Oswalt SN, Clatterbuck WK. 2007. Effects of Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus on native woody species density and diversity in a productive mixed-hardwood forest in Tennessee. Forest Ecology and Management 242:727–732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson ML, Kay KM. 2015. Mating system plasticity promotes persistence and adaptation of colonizing populations of hermaphroditic angiosperms. The American Naturalist 185:28–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redbo-Torstensson P, Berg H. 1995. Seasonal cleistogamy: a conditional strategy to provide reproductive assurance. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 44:247–256.
   Google Scholar
• Reed TE, Schindler DE, Waples RS. 2011. Interacting effects of phenotypic plasticity and evolution on population persistence in a changing climate. Conservation Biology 25:56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai AK, Allendorf FW, Holt JS, Lodge DM, Molofsky J, With KA, Baughman S, Cabin RJ, Cohen JE, Ellstrand NC, et al. 2001. The population biology of invasive species. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 32:305–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt J, Ehrhardt D, Swartz D. 1985. Differential dispersal of self-fertilized and outcrossed progeny in jewelweed (Impatiens capensis). The American Naturalist 126:570–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt J, Gamble SE. 1990. The effect of distance from the parental site on offspring performance and inbreeding depression in Impatiens capensis: a test of the local adaptation hypothesis. Evolution 44:2022–2030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoen DJ. 1982. Genetic variation and the breeding system of Gilia achilleifolia. Evolution 36:361–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simao MC, Flory SL, Rudgers JA. 2010. Experimental plant invasion reduces arthropod abundance and richness across multiple trophic levels. Oikos 119:1553–1562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka H. 1975. Pollination of some Gramineae, Part 2. Journal of Japanese Botany 50:25–31.
   Google Scholar
• USDA. 2015. Microstegium vimineum. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge (LA): National Plant Data Center. Available online at http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=MIVI (accessed 23 October 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Wade MJ, Shuster SM, Stevens L. 1996. Inbreeding: its effect on response to selection for pupal weight and the heritable variance in fitness in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Evolution 50:723–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller DM. 1980. Environmental determinants of outcrossing in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae). Evolution 34:747–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster TM, Grey TL. 2008. Growth and reproduction of Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) in response to drought stress. Weed Science 56:561–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney KD, Gabler CA. 2008. Rapid evolution in introduced species, ‘introduced traits’ and recipient communities: challenges for predicting invasive potential. Diversity and Distributions 14:569–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilken DH. 1982. The balance between chasmogamy and cleistogamy in Collomia grandiflora. American Journal of Botany 69:1326–1333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter K, Schmitt MR, Edwards GE. 1982. Microstegium vimineum, a shade adapted C-4 grass. Plant Science Letters 24:311–318.
   Google Scholar
• Wright S. 1921. Systems of mating. Genetics 6:111–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeh PJ, Price TD. 2004. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and the successful colonization of a novel environment. The American Naturalist 164:531–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zampella RA, Laidig KJ. 1997. Effect of watershed disturbance on Pinelands stream vegetation. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 124:52–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar