Phenotypic and genetic variation in natural populations of Festuca rubra s.l. in Europe

References

• Achenbach L, Lambertini C, Brix H. 2012. Phenotypic traits of Phragmites Australis clones are not related to ploidy level and distribution range. AoB Plants. (pls017).
   Google Scholar
• Aguilar JF, Feliner GN. 2003. Additive polymorphisms and reticulation in an ITS phylogeny of thrifts (Armeria, Plumbaginaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 28:430–447.
   Google Scholar
• Ahlholm JU, Helander M, Lehtimäki S, Wäli P, Saikkonen K. 2002. Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes: different responses of host-parasite systems to environmental conditions. Oikos. 99:173–183.
   Google Scholar
• Aiken SG, Dallwitz MJ, Consaul LL, McJannet CL, Boles RL, Argus GW, Gillett JM, Scott PJ, Elven R, LeBlanc MC, et al.2007. Flora of the Canadian arctic archipelago: Descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Ottawa: NRC Research Press (National Research Council of Canada); [accessed 2015 Feb 17]. http://nature.ca/aaflora/data.
   Google Scholar
• Aiken SG, Fedak G. 1992. Cytotaxonomic observations on North American Festuca (Poaceae). Can J Bot. 70:1940–1944.
   Google Scholar
• Ainscough MM, Barker CM, Stace CA. 1986. Natural hybrids between Festuca and species of Vulpia section Vulpia. Watsonia. 16:143–151.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Bermani A, Catalán P, Stace CA. 1992. A new circumscription of Festuca trichophylla (Gaudin) K. Richter (Graminae). Anales Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 50:209–220.
   Google Scholar
• Balao F, Herrera J, Talavera S. 2011. Phenotypic consequences of polyploidy and genome size at the microevolutionary scale: a multivariate morphological approach. New Phytol. 192:256–265.
   Google Scholar
• Bastida JM, Rey PJ, Alcántara JM. 2014. Plant performance and morpho-functional differentiation in response to edaphic variation in Iberian columbines: cues for range distribution? J Plant Ecol. 7:403–412.
   Google Scholar
• Bastida JM, Rey PJ, Alcántara JM. 2015. Local adaptation to distinct elevational cores contributes to current elevational divergence of two Aquilegia vulgaris subspecies. J Plant Ecol. 8:273–283.
   Google Scholar
• Braby MF, Eastwood R, Murray N. 2012. The subspecies concept in butterflies: has its application in taxonomy and conservation biology outlived its usefulness? Biol J Linn Soc. 106:699–716.
   Google Scholar
• Catalán P. 2006. Phylogeny and evolution of Festuca L. and related genera of subtribe Loliinae (Poeae, Poaceae). In: Sharma AK, Sharma A, editors. Plant genome. Biodiversity and evolution, part D, vol. 1. Enfield (NH (US)): Science Publishers; p. 255–303.
   Google Scholar
• Catalán P, Torrecilla P, López-Rodríguez JA, Müller J, Stace CA. 2007. A systematic approach to subtribe Loliinae (Poaceae:Pooideae) based on phylogenetic evidence. Aliso J Syst Evol Bot. 23:380–405.
   Google Scholar
• Catalán P, Torrecilla P, Rodrıìguez JÁL, Olmstead RG. 2004. Phylogeny of the festucoid grasses of subtribe Loliinae and allies (Poeae, Pooideae) inferred from ITS and trnL–Fsequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 31:517–541.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng Y, Zhou K, Humphreys MW, Harper JA, Ma X, Zhang X, Yan H, Huang L. 2016. Phylogenetic relationships in the Festuca-Lolium complex (Loliinae; Poaceae): new insights from chloroplast sequences. Front Ecol Evol. 4:89.
   Google Scholar
• Cheplick GP. 1998. Population biology of grasses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheplick GP, Faeth S. 2009. Ecology and evolution of the grass endophyte symbiosis. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chromas version 2.6.5. 2018. South Brisbane (Queensland, Australia): Technelysium Pty Ltd. Available from: https://technelysium.com.au/wp/chromas/.
   Google Scholar
• Clausen J, Keck DD, Hiesey WM. 1941. Regional differentiation in plant species. Am Nat. 75:231–250.
   Google Scholar
• Clausen J, Keck DD, Hiesey WM. 1942. Ecological aspects of evolution – relations between climate and intraspecific variation in plants. Am Nat. 76:5–22.
   Google Scholar
• Clausen J, Keck DD, Hiesey WM. 1947. Heredity of geographically and ecologically isolated races. Am Nat. 81:114–133.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman JS, McConnaughay KDM, Ackerly DD. 1994. Interpreting phenotypic variation in plants. Trends Ecol Evol. 9:187–191.
   Google Scholar
• Comai L. 2005. The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid. Nat Rev Genet. 6:836–846.
   Google Scholar
• Corander J, Cheng L, Marttinen P, Sirén J, Tang J. BAPS: Bayesian analysis of population structure. Manual v. 6.0; [accessed 2013 Feb 14]. http://www.helsinki.fi/bsg/software/BAPS/.
   Google Scholar
• de la Fuente Garcia V, Sánchez Mata D. 1987. Datos sobre Festuca rothmaleri (Litard.) Markgr.-Dannenb. y F. nevadensis (Hackel) K. Richter (Gramineae). Anales Jard Bot Madrid. 43:361–373.
   Google Scholar
• de la Fuente V, Ferrero LM, Ortuñez E. 2001. Chromosome counts in the genus Festuca L. section Festuca (Poaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Bot J Linn Soc. 137:385–398.
   Google Scholar
• de Queiroz K. 2007. Species concepts and species delimitation. Syst Biol. 56:879–886.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz-Perez A, Sequeira M, Santos-Guerra A, Catalán P. 2008. Multiple colonizations, in situ speciation, and volcanism-associated stepping-stone dispersals shaped the phylogeography of the Macaronesian red fescues (Festuca L., Gramineae). Systematic Biol. 57:732–749.
   Google Scholar
• Diekmann K, Hodkinson TR, Barth S. 2012. New chloroplast microsatellite markers suitable for assessing genetic diversity of Lolium perenne and other related grass species. Ann Bot. 110:1327–1339.
   Google Scholar
• Dirihan S, Helander M, Saloniemi I, Gundel PE, Saikkonen K. 2014. Effects of systemic fungal endophytes on the performance of meadow fescue and tall fescue in mixtures with red clover. Grass Forage Sci. 70:465–473.
   Google Scholar
• Dirihan S, Helander M, Väre H, Gundel PE, Garibaldi LA, Irisarri JGN, Saloniemi I, Saikkonen K. 2016. Geographic variation in Festuca rubra L. ploidy levels and systemic fungal endophyte frequencies. PLoS One. 11:e0166264.
   Google Scholar
• Dubé M, Morisset P. 1987. Morphological and leaf anatomical variation in Festuca rubra sensu lato (Poaceae) from eastern Quebec. Can J Bot. 65:1065–1077.
   Google Scholar
• Ebach MC, Williams DM. 2009. How objective is a definition in the subspecies debate? Nature. 457:785.
   Google Scholar
• Ebert D, Peakall R. 2009. Chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs): technical resources and recommendations for expanding cpSSR discovery and applications to a wide array of plant species. Mol Ecol Resour. 9:673–690.
   Google Scholar
• Elbaum R, Zaltzman L, Burgert I, Fratzl P. 2007. The role of wheat awns in the seed dispersal unit. Science. 316:884–886.
   Google Scholar
• Faeth SH. 2002. Are endophytic fungi defensive plant mutualists? Oikos. 98:25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Frankham R, Ballou JD, Dudash MR, Eldridge MDB, Fenster CB, Lacy RC, Mendelson JR, Porton IJ, Ralls K, Ryder OA. 2012. Implications of different species concepts for conserving biodiversity. Biol Conserv. 153:25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Garnier LKM, Dajoz I. 2001. Evolutionary significance of awn length variation in a clonal grass of fire-prone savannas. Ecology. 82:1720–1733.
   Google Scholar
• Gourbière S, Mallet J. 2009. Are species real? The shape of the species boundary with exponential failure, reinforcement, and the “missing snowball”. Evolution. 64:1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Hausdorf B. 2011. Progress toward a general species concept. Evolution. 65:923–931.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt GM. 1996. Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biol J Linn Soc. 58:247–276.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt GM. 1999. Post-glacial re-colonisation of European biota. Biol J Linn Soc. 68:87–112.
   Google Scholar
• Howe HF, Smallwood J. 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 13:201–228.
   Google Scholar
• Hsiao C, Chatterton NJ, Asay KH, Jensen KB. 1995. Molecular phylogeny of the Pooideae (Poaceae) based on nuclear rDNA (ITS) sequences. Theor Appl Gen. 90:389–398.
   Google Scholar
• Husband BC, Baldwin SJ, Suda J. 2013. The incidence of polyploidy in natural plant populations: major patterns and evolutionary processes. In: Greilhuber JD, Dolezel J, Wendel J, editors. Plant genome diversity Volume 2. Vienna: Springer; p. 255–276.
   Google Scholar
• Husband BC, Sahara HA. 2004. Reproductive isolation between autotetraploids and their diploid progenitors in fireweed, Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae). Heredity. 75:206–215.
   Google Scholar
• Huson DH, Bryant D. 2006. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol Biol Evol. 23(2):254–267.
   Google Scholar
• Inda LA, Segarra-Moragues JG, Müller J, Peterson PM, Catalán P. 2008. Dated historical biogeography of the temperate Loliinae (Poaceae, Pooideae) grasses in the northern and southern hemispheres. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 46:932–957.
   Google Scholar
• The International Plant Names Index (IPNI). [accessed 2018 Nov 23]. Available from: https://www.ipni.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Jarne P, Lagoda PJL. 1996. Microsatellites, from molecules to populations and back. TREE. 11:424–429.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkin TJ. 1955. Interspecific and intergeneric hybrids in herbage grasses, XV. The breeding affinities of Festuca rubra. J Genet. 53:125–130.
   Google Scholar
• Joyce DA, Dennis RLH, Bryant SR, Shreeve TG, Ready JS, Pullin AS. 2009. Do taxonomic divisions reflect genetic differentiation? A comparison of morphological and genetic data in Coenonympha tullia (Müller), Satyrinae. Biol J Linn Soc. 97:314–327.
   Google Scholar
• Kauppinen M, Saikkonen K, Helander M, Pirttilä AM, Wäli PR. 2016. Epichloë grass endophytes in sustainable agriculture. Nat Plants. 2:15224.
   Google Scholar
• Kirk H, Freeland JR. 2011. Applications and implications of neutral versus non-neutral markers in molecular ecology. Int J Mol Sci. 12:3966–3988.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. 2018. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biolo Evol. 35:1547–1549.
   Google Scholar
• Leinonen PH, Helander M, Vázquez-de-Aldana BR, Zabalgogeazcoa I, Saikkonen K. 2019. Local adaptation in natural European host grass populations with asymmetric symbiosis. PLoS ONE. 14(4):e0215510. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215510.
   Google Scholar
• Lev-Yadun S, Gould KS. 2009. Role of anthocyanins in plant defence. In: Winefield C, Davies K, Gould K, editors. Anthocyanins. New York: Springer; p. 22–28.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis WH. 1979. Polyploidy in species populations. In: Lewis WH, editor. Polyploidy. Basic Life Sci. vol 13. Boston: Springer; p. 103–144.
   Google Scholar
• Linhart YB, Grant MC. 1996. Evolutionary significance of local genetic differentiation in plants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 27:237–277.
   Google Scholar
• López AS, Azpilicueta MM, López DR, Siffredi GL, Marchelli P. 2018. Phylogenetic relationships and intraspecific diversity of a North Patagonian fescue: evidence of differentiation and interspecific introgression at peripheral populations. Folia Geobot. 53:115–131.
   Google Scholar
• Loureiro J, Kopecký D, Castro S, Santos C, Silveira P. 2007. Flow cytometric and cytogenetic analyses of Iberian Peninsula Festuca spp. Plant Syst Evol. 269:89–105.
   Google Scholar
• Mallet J. 2008. Hybridization, ecological races and the nature of species: empirical evidence for the ease of speciation. Phil Trans R Soc B. 363:2971–2986.
   Google Scholar
• Mallet J. 2010. Why was Darwin’s view of species rejected by twentieth century biologists? Biol Philos. 25:497–527.
   Google Scholar
• Mallet J, Besansky N, Hahn MW. 2015. How reticulated are species? Bioassays. 38:140–149.
   Google Scholar
• Markgraf-Dannenberg I. 1980. Gen. Festuca. In: Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, editors. Flora Europaea 5. London: Cambridge University Press; p. 125–153.
   Google Scholar
• Markovskaya E, Schmakova N, Sergienko L. 2012. Ecophysiological characteristics of the coastal plants in the conditions of the tidal zone on the coasts of Svalbard. Czech Polar Reports. 2:103–108.
   Google Scholar
• Mayr E. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species. New York (NY): Colombia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mayr E. 1982. Of what use are subspecies? Auk. 99:593–595.
   Google Scholar
• Moore DM. 1982. Flora Europaea check-list and chromosome index. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Otto SP, Whitton J. 2000. Polyploid incidence and evolution. Annu Rev Genet. 34:401–437.
   Google Scholar
• Patten MA. 2009. ‘Subspecies’ and ‘race’ should not be used as synonyms. Nature. 457:147.
   Google Scholar
• Peakall R, Smouse PE. 2006. GENALEX 6: genetic analysis in excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes. 6:288–295.
   Google Scholar
• Peakall R, Smouse PE. 2012. GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics. 28:2537–2539.
   Google Scholar
• Phillimore AB, Owens IPF. 2006. Are subspecies useful in evolutionary and conservation biology? Proc R Soc B. 273:1049–1053.
   Google Scholar
• Provan J, Powell W, Hallingsworth PM. 2001. Chloroplast microsatellites: new tools for studies in plant ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol. 6:142–247.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna (Austria). [accessed 2018 Nov 23]. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA. 2011. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal Behav. 6:1720–1731.
   Google Scholar
• Ryder OA. 1986. Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspecies. Trends Ecol Evol. 1:9–10.
   Google Scholar
• Saha DC, Jackson MA, Johnson-Cicalese JM. 1988. A rapid staining method for detection of endophytic fungi in turf and forage grasses. Phytopathology. 78:237–239.
   Google Scholar
• Saikkonen K, Ahlholm J, Helander M, Lehtimäki S, Niemeläinen O. 2000. Endophytic fungi in wild and cultivated grasses in Finland. Ecography. 3:360–366.
   Google Scholar
• Saikkonen K, Ion D, Gyllenberg M. 2002. The persistence of vertically transmitted fungi in grass metapopulations. Proc R Soc Lond B. 269:1397–1403.
   Google Scholar
• Saikkonen K, Lehtonen P, Helander M, Koricheva J, Faeth SH. 2006. Model systems in ecology: dissecting the endophyte-grass literature. Trends Plant Sci. 11:428–433.
   Google Scholar
• Saikkonen K, Saari S, Helander M. 2010a. Defensive mutualism between plants and endophytic fungi? Fungal Divers. 41:101–113.
   Google Scholar
• Saikkonen K, Wäli P, Helander M, Faeth SH. 2004. Evolution of endophyte-plant symbioses. Trends Plant Sci. 9:275–280.
   Google Scholar
• Saikkonen K, Wäli PR, Helander M. 2010b. Genetic compatibility determines endophyte-grass combinations. PloS ONE. 5:e11395.
   Google Scholar
• Saikkonen K, Young CA, Helander M, Schardl CL. 2016. Endophytic Epichloë species and their grass hosts: from evolution to applications. Plant Molec Biol. 90:665–675.
   Google Scholar
• Schlichting CD. 1986. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 17:667–693.
   Google Scholar
• Segarra-Moragues JG, Villar J, López J, Pérez-Collazos CP. 2007. A new Pyrenean hybrid Cirsium (Asteraceae) as revealed by morphological and molecular analyses. Bot J Linn Soc. 154:421–434.
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro BJ, Leducq J-B, Mallet J. 2016. What is speciation? PLoS Genet. 12(3):e1005860. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005860.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson GG. 1951. The species concept. Evolution. 5:285–298.
   Google Scholar
• Sletvold N, Huttunen P, Handley R, Kärkkäinen K, Ågren J. 2010. Cost of trichome production and resistance to a specialist insect herbivore in Arabidopsis lyrata. Evol Ecol. 24:1307–1319.
   Google Scholar
• Soreng RJ, Peterson PM, Romaschenko K, Davidse G, Zuloaga FO, Judziewicz EJ, Filgueiras TS, Davis JI, Morrone O. 2015. A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae). J Syst Evol. 53:117–137.
   Google Scholar
• Soussana J-F, Barioni LG, Ari TB, Conant R, Gerber P, Havlik P, Ickowicz A, Howden M. 2013. Managing grassland systems in a changing climate: the search for practical solutions. In: Michalk DL, Millar GD, Badgery WB, Broadfoot KM, editors. Revitalising grasslands to sustain our communities. Proceedings of the 22nd International Grasslands Congress. Australia: New South Wales Department of Primary Industry; p. 10–27.
   Google Scholar
• Stace C. 1989. Plant taxonomy and biosystematics. 2nd ed ed. London: Edward Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Stančík D, Peterson PM. 2007. A revision of Festuca (Poaceae: Loliinae) in South American Paramos. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sultan SE. 2000. Phenotypic plasticity for plant development, function and life history. Trends Plant Sci. 5:537–542.
   Google Scholar
• Sun H, Niu Y, Chen YS, Song B, Liu CQ, Peng DL, Chen JG, Yang Y. 2014. Survival and reproduction of plant species in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. J Syst Evol. 52:378–396.
   Google Scholar
• Torrecilla P, Catalan P. 2002. Phylogeny of broad-leaved and fine-leaved Festuca lineages (Poaceae) based on Nuclear ITS Sequences. System Bot. 27:241–251.
   Google Scholar
• Torrecilla P, Rodriguez JAL, Olmstead RG. 2004. Phylogeny of the festucoid grasses of subtribe Loliinae and allies (Poeae, Pooideae) inferred from ITS and trnL–F sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 31:517–541.
   Google Scholar
• Torstrom SM, Pangle KL, Swanson BJ. 2014. Shedding subspecies: the influence of genetics on reptile subspecies taxonomy. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 76:134–143.
   Google Scholar
• Tripp EA, Zhang N, Schneider H, Huang Y, Mueller GM, Hu Z, Häggblom M, Bhattacharya D. 2017. Reshaping Darwin’s tree: impact of the symbiome. TREE. 32:552–555.
   Google Scholar
• Tropicos.org. 2015. Missouri botanical garden. [accessed 2018 Nov 23]. Available from: http://www.tropicos.org.
   Google Scholar
• Turesson G. 1922a. The species and the variety as ecological units. Hereditas. 3:100–113.
   Google Scholar
• Turesson G. 1922b. The genotypic response of the plant species to the habitat. Hereditas. 3:211–350.
   Google Scholar
• van de Peer Y, Misrachi E, Marchal K. 2017. The evolutionary significance of polyploidy. Nat Rev Genet. 18:411–424.
   Google Scholar
• von Cräutlein M, Korpelainen H, Helander M, Väre H, Saikkonen K. 2014. Development and characterization of chloroplast microsatellite markers in a fine-leaved fescue, Festuca rubra (Poaceae). Appl Plant Sci. 2:1400094.
   Google Scholar
• von Cräutlein M, Leinonen PH, Korpelainen H, Helander M, Väre H, Saikkonen K. 2019. Post-glacial colonization history reflects in the genetic structure of natural populations of Festuca rubra in Europe. Ecol Evol. 9(6). doi:10.1002/ece3.4997.
   Google Scholar
• Wäli PR, Ahlholm J, Helander M, Saikkonen K. 2007. Occurrence and genetic structure of the systemic grass endophyte Epichloë festucae in fine fescue populations. Microb Ecol. 53:20–29.
   Google Scholar
• War AR, Paulraj MG, Ahmad T, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ignacimuthu S. 2012. Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Signal Behav. 7:1306–1320.
   Google Scholar
• Welch CR, Wu QL, Simon JE. 2008. Recent advances in anthocyanin analysis and characterization. Curr Anal Chem. 4:75–101.
   Google Scholar
• Wiens JA. 1976. Population responses to patchy environments. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 7:81–120.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson D. 1995. The evolution of a term, and clarification of its use and definition. Oikos. 73:274–276.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson EO, Brown WL Jr. 1953. The subspecies concept and its taxonomic application. Syst Zool. 2:97–111.
   Google Scholar
• Winkel-Shirley B. 2001. Flavonoid biosynthesis. A colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and biotechnology. Plant Physiol. 26:485–493.
   Google Scholar
• Wood TE, Takebayashi N, Barker MS, Mayrose I, Greenspoon PB, Rieseberg LH. 2009. The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:13875–13879.
   Google Scholar
• Zink RM. 2004. The role of subspecies in obscuring avian biological diversity and misleading conservation policy. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 271:561–564.
   Google Scholar