References
- Akesson CM 2019. Humans, vegetation, and drought in Late Holocene Amazonia [PhD Thesis]. Florida Institute of Technology, USA.
- Aragão LE, Anderson LO, Fonseca MG, Rosan TM, Vedovato LB, Wagner FH, Silva CV, Junior CHS, Arai E, Aguiar AP. 2018. 21st Century drought-related fires counteract the decline of Amazon deforestation carbon emissions. Nat Commun. 9(1):1–12. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02771-y.
- Arroyo-Kalin M. 2012. Slash-burn-and-churn: landscape history and crop cultivation in pre-Columbian Amazonia. Quat Int. 249:4–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.004.
- Balée W. 1989. The Culture of Amazonian Forests. Adv Econ Bot. 7:1–21.
- Barlow J, Berenguer E, Carmenta R, França F. 2020. Clarifying Amazonia’s burning crisis. Glob Chang Biol. 26(2):319–321. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14872.
- Barlow J, Lagan BO, Peres CA. 2003. Morphological correlates of fire-induced tree mortality in a central Amazonian forest. J Trop Ecology. 19(3):291–299. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467403003328.
- Barlow J, Peres CA. 2008. Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest. Philos Trans R Soc B. 363(1498):1787–1794. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0013.
- Bass MS, Finer M, Jenkins CN, Kreft H, Cisneros-Heredia DF, McCracken SF, Pitman NC, English PH, Swing K, Villa G. 2010. Global conservation significance of Ecuador’s Yasuní National Park. PloS One. 5(1):e8767. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008767.
- Behling H. 2001. Late Quaternary environmental changes in the Lagoa da Curuça region (eastern Amazonia, Brazil) and evidence of Podocarpus in the Amazon lowland. Veg Hist Archaeobot. 10(3):175–183. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00006929.
- Behling H, Da Costa ML. 2001. Holocene vegetational and coastal environmental changes from the Lago Crispim record in northeastern Pará State, eastern Amazonia. Rev Palaeobot Palynol. 114(3–4):145–155. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(01)00044-6.
- Behling H, Lima Da Costa M. 2000. Holocene environmental changes from the Rio curuá record in the Caxiuanã region, eastern amazon basin. Quat Res. 53(3):369–377. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2117.
- Berenguer E, Carvalho N, Anderson LO, Aragao LE, França F, Barlow J. 2021. Improving the spatial‐temporal analysis of Amazonian fires. Glob Chang Biol. 27(3):469–471. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15425.
- Borunda A. 2019. See how much of the Amazon is burning, how it compares to other years. Natl Geogr Mag. Published online 29 August 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/amazon-fires-cause-deforestation-graphic-map.
- Brando PM, Nepstad DC, Balch JK, Bolker B, Christman MC, Coe M, Putz FE. 2012. Fire-induced tree mortality in a Neotropical forest: the roles of bark traits, tree size, wood density and fire behavior. Glob Chang Biol. 18(2):630–641. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02533.x.
- Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2019. [Published online 28 August 2019]. https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/en/agencia-press-room/2185-news-agency/releases-en/25283-ibge-divulga-as-estimativas-da-populacao-dos-municipios-para-2020 . Accessed 29 November 2021.
- Brugger SO, Gobet E, van Leeuwen JF, Ledru M, Colombaroli D, van der Knaap WO, Lombardo U, Escobar-Torrez K, Finsinger W, Rodrigues L. 2016. Long-term man–environment interactions in the Bolivian Amazon: 8000 years of vegetation dynamics. Quat Sci Rev. 132:114–128. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.11.001.
- Bush MB, Correa-Metrio A, McMichael CH, Sully S, Shadik CR, Valencia BG, Guilderson T, Steinitz-Kannan M, Overpeck JT. 2016. A 6900-year history of landscape modification by humans in lowland Amazonia. Quat Sci Rev. 141:52–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.03.022.
- Bush MB, Correa-Metrio A, van Woesik R, Shadik CR, McMichael C. 2017. Human disturbance amplifies Amazonian El Niño–Southern Oscillation signal. Glob Chang Biol. 23(8):3181–3192. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13608.
- Bush MB, Gosling WD, Colinvaux PA. 2011. Climate and vegetation change in the lowlands of the Amazon Basin. In: Bush MB, Flenley JR, Gosling WD, editors. Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change. second ed. Chichester (Uk): Springer/Praxis; p. 61–84.
- Bush MB, Lovejoy TE. 2007. Amazon conservation: pushing the limits of biogeographical knowledge. J Biogeogr. 34(8):1291–1293. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01758.x.
- Bush MB, Miller MC, De Oliveira PE, Colinvaux PA. 2000. Two histories of environmental change and human disturbance in eastern lowland Amazonia. Holocene. 10(5):543–554. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1191/095968300672647521.
- Bush MB, Nascimento MN, Åkesson CM, Cárdenes-Sandí GM, Maezumi SY, Behling H, Correa-Metrio A, Church W, Huisman SN, Kelly T. 2021. Widespread reforestation before European influence on Amazonia. Science. 372(6541):484–487. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf3870.
- Bush MB, Piperno DR, Colinvaux PA. 1989. A 6000 year history of Amazonian maize cultivation. Nature. 340(6231):303–305. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/340303a0.
- Bush MB, Silman MR. 2007. Amazonian exploitation revisited: ecological asymmetry and the policy pendulum. Front Ecol Environ. 5(9):457–465. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1890/070018.
- Bush MB, Silman MR, de Toledo MB, Listopad C, Gosling WD, Williams C, de Olivera PE, Krisel C. 2007a. Holocene fire and occupation in Amazonia: records from two lake districts. Philos Trans R Soc B. 362(1478):209–218. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1980.
- Bush MB, Silman MR, Listopad CMCS. 2007b. A regional study of Holocene climate change and human occupation in Peruvian Amazonia. J Biogeogr. 34(8):1342–1356. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01704.x.
- Bush MB, Silman MR, McMichael C, Saatchi S. 2008. Fire, climate change and biodiversity in Amazonia: a Late-Holocene perspective. Philos Trans R Soc B. 363(1498):1795–1802. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0014.
- Capriles JM, Lombardo U, Maley B, Zuna C, Veit H, Kennett DJ. 2019. Persistent early to middle holocene tropical foraging in southwestern Amazonia. Sci Adv. 5(4):eaav5449. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav5449.
- Carson JF, Whitney BS, Mayle FE, Iriarte J, Prümers H, Soto JD, Watling J 2014. Environmental impact of geometric earthwork construction in pre-Columbian Amazonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:10497–10502. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321770111
- Clark JS. 1988. Particle motion and the theory of charcoal analysis: source area, transport, deposition, and sampling. Quat Res. 30(1):67–80. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90088-9.
- Clark JS, Royall PD. 1996. Local and regional sediment charcoal evidence for fire regimes in presettlement north-eastern America. J Ecol. 84(3):365–382. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/2261199.
- Clinebell IIRR, Phillips OL, Gentry AH, Stark N, Zuuring H. 1995. Prediction of neotropical tree and liana species richness from soil and climatic data. Biodivers Conserv. 4(1):56–90. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00115314.
- Cochrane MA. 2003. Fire science for rainforests. Nature. 421(6926):913–919. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01437.
- Cochrane MA, Laurance WF. 2008. Synergisms among fire, land use, and climate change in the Amazon. AMBIO: J Hum Environ. 37(7):522–527. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-37.7.522.
- Cochrane MA, Schulze MD. 1999. Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern amazon: effects on forest structure, biomass, and species composition 1. Biotropica. 31(1):2–16.
- Cordeiro RC, Turcq B, Suguio K, Da Silva AO, Sifeddine A, Volkmer-Ribeiro C. 2008. Holocene fires in East Amazonia (Carajás), new evidences, chronology and relation with paleoclimate. Glob Planet Change. 61(1–2):49–62. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.08.005.
- de Souza JG, Robinson M, Maezumi SY, Capriles J, Hoggarth JA, Lombardo U, Novello VF, Apaéstegui J, Whitney B, Urrego D. 2019. Climate change and cultural resilience in late pre-Columbian Amazonia. Nat Ecol Evoln. 3(7):1007–1017. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0924-0.
- De Toledo MB, Bush MB. 2007. A mid‐Holocene environmental change in Amazonian savannas. J Biogeogr. 34(8):1313–1326. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01606.x.
- Denevan WM. 2014. Estimating Amazonian indian numbers in 1492. J Latin Am Geogr. 13(2):207–221. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1353/lag.2014.0036.
- Duffin KI, Gillson L, Willis KJ. 2008. Testing the sensitivity of charcoal as an indicator of fire events in savanna environments: quantitative predictions of fire proximity, area and intensity. Holocene. 18(2):279–291. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683607086766.
- Escobar H. 2019. Brazil’s deforestation is exploding—and 2020 will be worse. Science. Published online 22 November 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba3238.
- Eva HD, Huber O, Achard F, Balslev H, Beck S, Behling H, Belward AS, Beuchle R, Cleef AM, Colchester M, et al. A proposal for defining the geographical boundaries of Amazonia; synthesis of the results from an expert consultation workshop organized by the European Commission in collaboration with the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization - JRC Ispra, 7-8 June 2005. EC.
- Ferrante L, Fearnside PM. 2019. Brazil’s new president and ‘ruralists’ threaten Amazonia’s environment, traditional peoples and the global climate. Environ Conserv. 46(4):261–263. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892919000213.
- Gentry AH. 1988a. Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients. Ann Mo Bot Gard. 75(1):1–34. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/2399464.
- Gentry AH 1988b. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85( 1):156–159. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.1.156.
- Glaser B, Woods WI. 2004. Amazonian Dark Earths: explorations in Space and Time. Berlin: Springer.
- Goldberg A, Mychajliw AM, Hadly EA. 2016. Post-invasion demography of prehistoric humans in South America. Nature. 532(7598):232–235. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17176.
- Gosling WD, de Kruif J, Norder SJ, de Boer EJ, Hooghiemstra H, Rijsdijk KF, McMichael CNH. 2017. Mauritius on fire: tracking historical human impacts on biodiversity loss. Biotropica. 49(6):778–783. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12490.
- Gosling, WD, Maezumi SY, Heijink, BM, de Novaes Nascimento M, Raczka MF, van der Sande MT, Bush MB, and McMichael CNH. 2021. Data from: Scarce fire activity in the north and north-western Amazonian forests during the last 10,000 years. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14890851 Dataset
- Hecht SB. 2013. The scramble for the Amazon and the” Lost paradise” of Euclides da Cunha. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Hoorn C, Wesselingh FP, Ter Steege H, Ma B, Mora A, Sevink J, Sanmartín I, Sanchez-Meseguer A, Anderson CL, Jp F, et al. 2010. Amazonia through time: andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity. Science. 330(6006):927–931. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194585
- Iriarte J, Elliott S, Maezumi SY, Alves D, Gonda R, Robinson M, de Souza JG, Watling J, Handley J. 2020. The origins of Amazonian landscapes: plant cultivation, domestication and the spread of food production in tropical South America. Quat Sci Rev. 248:106582. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106582.
- Irion G, Bush MB, Nunes de Mello JA, Stüben D, Neumann T, Müller G, Morais de JO, Junk JW. 2006. A multiproxy palaeoecological record of Holocene lake sediments from the Rio Tapajós, eastern Amazonia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 240(3–4):523–535. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.03.005.
- Kelly TJ, Lawson IT, Roucoux KH, Baker TR, Honorio-Coronado EN, Jones TD, Rivas Panduro S. 2018. Continuous human presence without extensive reductions in forest cover over the past 2500 years in an aseasonal Amazonian rainforest. J Quat Sci. 33(4):369–379. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3019.
- Koch A, Brierley C, Maslin MM, Lewis SL. 2019. Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492. Quat Sci Rev. 207:13–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.12.004.
- Kricher J. 2011. Tropical Ecology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Leys BA, Commerford JL, McLauchlan KK. 2017. Reconstructing grassland fire history using sedimentary charcoal: considering count, size and shape. PLoS One. 12(4):e0176445. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176445.
- Leys B, Brewer SC, McConaghy S, Mueller J, McLauchlan KK. 2015. Fire history reconstruction in grassland ecosystems: amount of charcoal reflects local area burned. Environ Res Lett. 10(11):114009. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114009.
- Lombardo U, Iriarte J, Hilbert L, Ruiz-Pérez J, Capriles JM, Veit H. 2020. Early Holocene crop cultivation and landscape modification in Amazonia. Nature. 581(7807):190–193. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2162-7.
- Loughlin NJD, Gosling WD, Mothes P, Montoya E. 2018. Ecological consequences of post-Columbian indigenous depopulation in the Andean-Amazonian corridor. Nat Ecol Evoln. 2(8):1233–1236. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0602-7.
- Machado-Silva F, Libonati R, de Lima TFM, Peixoto RB, de Almeida Franca JR, Magalhães MDAFM, Santos FLM, Rodrigues JA, DaCamara CC. 2020. Drought and fires influence the respiratory diseases hospitalizations in the Amazon. Ecol Indic. 109:105817. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105817.
- Maezumi SY, Alves D, Robinson M, de Souza JG, Levis C, Barnett RL, Almeida D, Urrego D, Schaan D, Iriarte J. 2018b. The legacy of 4,500 years of polyculture agroforestry in the eastern Amazon. Nat Plants. 4(8):540–547. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0205-y.
- Maezumi SY, Power MJ, Mayle FE, McLauchlan KK, Iriarte J. 2015. Effects of past climate variability on fire and vegetation in the cerrãdo savanna of the Huanchaca Mesetta, NE Bolivia. Clim Past. 11(6):835–853. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-835-2015.
- Maezumi SY, Whitney BS, Mayle FE, de Souza JG, Iriarte J. 2018a. Reassessing climate and pre-Columbian drivers of paleofire activity in the Bolivian Amazon. Quat Int. 488:81–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.11.053.
- Malhi Y, Gardner TA, Goldsmith GR, Silman MR, Zelazowski P. 2014. Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 39(1):125–159. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-030713-155141.
- Marlon JR, Kelly R, Daniau A, Vannière B, Power MJ, Bartlein P, Higuera P, Blarquez O, Brewer S, Brücher T, et al. 2016. Reconstructions of biomass burning from sediment-charcoal records to improve data–model comparisons. Biogeosci. 13(11):3225–3244. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3225-2016
- Mayle FE, Burbridge R, KilleenTJ. 2000. Millennial-scale dynamics of southern Amazonian rain forests. Science. 290(5500):2291–2294. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5500.2291.
- Mayle FE, Power MJ. 2008. Impact of a drier Early-Mid-Holocene climate upon Amazonian forests. Philos Trans R Soc B. 363(1498):1829–1838. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0019.
- McMichael CH, Bush MB, Piperno DR, Silman MR, Zimmermann AR, Anderson C. 2012. Spatial and temporal scales of pre-Columbian disturbance associated with western Amazonian lakes. Holocene. 22(2):131–141. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683611414932.
- McMichael CH, Palace MW, Bush MB, Braswell B, Hagen S, Neves EG, Silman MR, Tamanaha EK, Czarnecki C 2014. Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281( 1777):20132475. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2475.
- McMichael CN, Bush MB. 2019. Spatiotemporal patterns of pre-Columbian people in Amazonia. Quat Res. 92(1):53–69. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.152.
- McMichael CNH, Heijink BM, Bush MB, Gosling WD. 2021a. On the scaling and standardization of charcoal data in paleofire reconstructions. Front Biogeogr. 13(1):e49431. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21425/F5FBG49431.
- McMichael C, Witteveen NH, Scholz S, Zwier M, Prins MA, Lougheed BC, Mothes P, Gosling WD. 2021b. 30,000 years of landscape and vegetation dynamics in a mid-elevation Andean valley. Quat Sci Rev. 258:106866. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106866.
- Montoya E, Keen HF, Luzuriaga CX, Gosling WD. 2018. Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics in a Megadiverse Hotspot: the Ice-Age Record of a Pre-montane Forest of Central Ecuador. Front Plant Sci. 9:196. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00196.
- Nascimento MN, Martins GS, Cordeiro RC, Turcq B, Moreira LS, Bush MB. 2019. Vegetation response to climatic changes in western Amazonia over the last 7,600 years. J Biogeogr. 46(11):2389–2406. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13704.
- Neto TS, Carvalho JJA, Veras C, Alvarado EC, Gielow R, Lincoln EN, Christian TJ, Yokelson RJ, Santos JC. 2009. Biomass consumption and CO2, CO and main hydrocarbon gas emissions in an Amazonian forest clearing fire. Atmos Environ. 43(2):438–446. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.063.
- Neves EG, Petersen JB, Bartone RN, Heckenberger MJ. 2004. The timing of terra preta formation in the central Amazon: archaeological data from three sites. In: Glaser B, editor. Amazonian Dark Earths: explorations in Space and Time. Berlin: Springer; p. 125–134.
- Ohlson M, Tryterud E. 2000. Interpretation of the charcoal record in forest soils: forest fires and their production and deposition of macroscopic charcoal. Holocene. 10(4):519–525. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1191/095968300667442551.
- Palmer TY, Northcutt LI. 1975. Convection columns above large experimental fires. Fire Technol. 11(2):111–118. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02589941.
- Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J, Houghton R, Kauppi PE, Kurz WA, Phillips OL, Shvidenko A, Lewis SL, Canadell JG. 2011. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science. 333(6045):988–993. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609.
- Parsons LA, LeRoy S, Overpeck JT, Bush M, Cárdenes‐Sandí GM, Saleska S. 2018. The threat of multi‐year drought in western Amazonia. Water Resour Res. 54(9):5890–5904. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR021788.
- Piperno DR. 2011. The origins of plant cultivation and domestication in the New World tropics: patterns, process, and new developments. Curr Anthropol. 52(S4):S453–S470. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/659998.
- Ramos-Neto MB, Pivello VR. 2000. Lightning fires in a Brazilian savanna National Park: rethinking management strategies. Environ Manage. 26(6):675–684. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010124.
- Riris P. 2020. Spatial structure among the geometric earthworks of western Amazonia (Acre, Brazil). J Anthropol Archaeol. 59:101177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101177.
- Roosevelt AC. 1991. Moundbuilders of the Amazon: geophysical Archaeology on Marajó Island, Brazil. San Diego: Academic Press.
- Roosevelt AC. 2013. The Amazon and the Anthropocene: 13,000 years of human influence in a tropical rainforest. Anthropocene. 4:69–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2014.05.001.
- Roosevelt AC, Lima Da Costa M, Lopes Machado C, Michab M, Mercier N, Valladas H, Feathers J, Barnett W, Imazio Da Silveira M, Henderson A, et al. 1996. Paleoindian cave dwellers in the Amazon: the peopling of the Americas. Science. 272(5260):373–384. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5260.373
- Rosell JA. 2016. Bark thickness across the angiosperms: more than just fire. New Phytol. 211(1):90–102. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13889.
- Silvestrini RA, Soares-Filho BS, Nepstad D, Coe M, Rodrigues H, Assunção R. 2011. Simulating fire regimes in the Amazon in response to climate change and deforestation. Ecol Appl. 21(5):1573–1590. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0827.1.
- Smith LT, Aragao LE, Sabel CE, Nakaya T. 2014. Drought impacts on children’s respiratory health in the Brazilian Amazon. Sci Rep. 4(1):1–8.
- Sokal RR 1995. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. Biometry; 451–554.
- Solar R, de Castro R, Barlow J, Ferreira J, Berenguer E, Lees AC, Thomson JR, Louzada J, Maués M, Moura NG, et al. 2015. How pervasive is biotic homogenization in human‐modified tropical forest landscapes? Ecol Lett. 18(10):1108–1118. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12494.
- Staver AC, Bond WJ, Stock WD, Van Rensburg SJ, Waldram MS. 2009. Browsing and fire interact to suppress tree density in an African savanna. Ecol Appl. 19(7):1909–1919. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1907.1.
- Taylor ZP, Horn SP, Mora CI, Orvis KH, Cooper LW. 2010. A multi-proxy palaeoecological record of late-Holocene forest expansion in lowland Bolivia. Palaeogeography. Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 293(1–2):98–107. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.004.
- Ter Steege H, Pitman NCA, Phillips OL, Chave J, Sabatier D, Duque A, Molion J, Prevost M, Spichiger R, Castellanos H, et al. 2006. Continental-scale patterns of canopy tree composition and function across Amazonia. Nature. 443(7110):444–447. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05134
- Tinner W, Hofstetter S, Zeugin F, Conedera M, Wohlgemuth T, Zimmermann L, Zweifel R. 2006. Long-distance transport of macroscopic charcoal by an intensive crown fire in the Swiss Alps-implications for fire history reconstruction. Holocene. 16(2):287–292. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683606hl925rr.
- Uhl C, Kauffman JB. 1990. Deforestation, fire susceptibility, and potential tree responses to fire in the eastern Amazon. Ecology. 71(2):437–449. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/1940299.
- Urrego DH, Bush MB, Silman MR, Niccum BA, De La Rosa P, McMichael CH, Hagen S, Palace M. 2013. Holocene fires, forest stability and human occupation in south‐western Amazonia. J Biogeogr. 40(3):521–533.
- van Breukelen MR, Vonhof HB, Hellstrom JC, Wester WCG, Kroon D. 2008. Fossil dripwater in stalagmites reveals Holocene temperature and rainfall variation in Amazonia. Earth Planet Sci Lett. 275(1–2):54–60. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.060.
- van der Sande MT, Gosling WD, Correa-Metrio A, Prado-Junior J, Poorter L, Oliveira RS, Mazzei L, Bush MB. 2019. A 7000-year history of changing plant trait composition in an Amazonian landscape; the role of humans and climate. Ecol Lett. 22(6):925–935. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13251.
- Walker M, Head MJ, Lowe J, Berkelhammer M, Björck S, Cheng H, Cwynar LC, Fisher D, Gkinis V, Long A, et al. 2019. Subdividing the Holocene Series/Epoch: formalization of stages/ages and subseries/subepochs, and designation of GSSPs and auxiliary stratotypes. J Quat Sci. 34(3):173–186. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3097
- Wang X, Edwards RL, Auler AS, Cheng H, Kong X, Wang Y, Cruz FW, Dorale JA, Chiang H. 2017. Hydroclimate changes across the Amazon lowlands over the past 45,000 years. Nature. 541(7636):204–207. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20787.
- Whitlock C, Larsen C. 2001. Charcoal as a fire proxy. In: Smol JP, Birks HJB, Last WM, editors. Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments Volume 3: terrestrial, Algal and Siliceous Indicators. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers; p. 75–98.
- Woods WI, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Steiner C, WinklerPrins A, Rebellato L. 2009. Amazonian Dark Earths: wim Sombroek’s Vision. Dordrecht: Springer.