189
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Changes in rainfall amount and seasonality modulate taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in a gypsophilous plant community in the Chihuahuan Desert

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 265-280 | Received 30 Sep 2021, Accepted 23 Sep 2022, Published online: 12 Nov 2022

References

  • Anderson MJ. 2001. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Null. 26(1):32–46. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.x.
  • Anderson MJ 2017. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). In: Balakrishnan N, Colton T, Everitt B, Piegorsch W, Ruggeri F, Teugels JL, editors. Wiley StatsRef: statistics reference online. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; p. 1–15.
  • Báez S, Collins SL, Pockman WT, Johnson JE, Small EE. 2013. Effects of experimental rainfall manipulations on Chihuahuan Desert grassland and shrubland plant communities. Oecologia. 172(4):1117–1127. doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2552-0.
  • Barber SC. 1979. Floristic components of the gypsum hills and redbed plains area of southwestern Oklahoma. Southwest Nat. 24(3):431–437. doi:10.2307/3671298.
  • Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw. 67(1):1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01.
  • Butterfield BJ, Briggs JM. 2011. Regeneration niche differentiates functional strategies of desert woody plant species. Oecologia. 165(2):477–487. doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1741-y.
  • Cadotte MW, Cavender-Bares J, Tilman D, Oakley TH. 2009. Using phylogenetic, functional and trait diversity to understand patterns of plant community productivity. PLoS One. 4(5):e5695. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005695.
  • Cadotte MW, Davies TJ, Peres-Neto PR. 2017. Why phylogenies do not always predict ecological differences. Ecol Monogr. 87(4):535–551. doi:10.1002/ecm.1267.
  • Cadotte MW, Dinnage R, Tilman D. 2012. Phylogenetic diversity promotes ecosystem stability. Ecology. 93(sp8):S223–233. doi:10.1890/11-0426.1.
  • Chaves R, Ferrandis P, Escudero A, Luzuriaga AL. 2021. Diverse phylogenetic neighborhoods enhance community resistance to drought in experimental assemblages. Sci Rep. 11(1):22499. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01991-z.
  • Chozas S, Correia O, Santos AMC, Hortal J. 2017. Trait dynamics of mediterranean xerophytic shrub communities growing on stabilised inland dunes respond to nutrient and aridity gradients. Plant Ecol Divers. 10(2–3):115–126. doi:10.1080/17550874.2017.1345997.
  • Cornelissen JHC, Lavorel S, Garnier E, Diaz S, Buchmann N, Gurvich DE, Reich PB, Ter Steege H, Morgan HD, van der Heijden MGA, et al. 2003. A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Aust J Bot. 51(4):335–380. doi:10.1071/BT02124.
  • de Bello F, Šmilauer P, Diniz-Filho JAF, Carmona CP, Lososová Z, Herben T, Götzenberger L, Münkemüller T. 2017. Decoupling phylogenetic and functional diversity to reveal hidden signals in community assembly. Methods Ecol Evol. 8(10):1200–1211. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12735.
  • Delhaye G, Hardy OJ, Séleck M, Ilunga Wa Ilunga E, Mahy G, Meerts P, Kühn I. 2020. Plant community assembly along a natural metal gradient in central Africa: functional and phylogenetic approach. J Veg Sci. 31(1):151–161. doi:10.1111/jvs.12829.
  • Duke JA. 1961. Preliminary revision of the genus Drymaria. Ann Mo Bot Gard. 48(3):173–268. doi:10.2307/2394953.
  • Escudero A, Palacio S, Maestre FT, Luzuriaga AL. 2015. Plant life on gypsum: a review of its multiple facets. Biol Rev. 90(1):1–18. doi:10.1111/brv.12092.
  • Flores J, Pérez-Sánchez RM, Jurado E. 2017. The combined effect of water stress and temperature on seed germination of Chihuahuan Desert species. J Arid Environ. 146:95–98. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.07.009.
  • Garnier E, Cortez J, Billès G, Navas ML, Roumet C, Debussche M, Laurent G, Blanchard A, Aubry D, Bellmann A, et al. 2004. Plant functional markers capture ecosystem properties during secondary succession. Ecology. 85(9):2630–2637. doi:10.1890/03-0799.
  • Garnier E, Navas M-L, Grigulis K. 2016. Plant functional diversity. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Götzenberger L, de Bello F, Bråthen KA, Davison J, Dubuis A, Guisan A, Lepš J, Lindborg R, Moora M, Pärtel M, et al. 2012. Ecological assembly rules in plant communities-approaches, patterns and prospects. Biol Rev. 87(1):111–127. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00187.x.
  • Green W. 2009. USDA PLANTS Compilation, version 1, 09-02-02. USA: national plant data center; [accessed 2020 June 30]. http://bricol.net/downloads/data/PLANTSdatabase/.
  • Guerrero-Campo J, Alberto F, Maestro M, Hodgson J, Montserrat-Martı́ G. 1999. Plant community patterns in a gypsum area of NE Spain. II. effects of ion washing on topographic distribution of vegetation. J Arid Environ. 41(4):411–419. doi:10.1006/jare.1999.0493.
  • Harper JL, Lovell PH, Moore KG. 1970. The shapes and sizes of seeds. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1(1):327–356. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.01.110170.001551.
  • Herrero J, Artieda O, Weindorf DC. 2020. Soil gypsum determination. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 84(5):1477–1484. doi:10.1002/saj2.20156.
  • Herrero J, Porta J. 2000. The terminology and the concepts of gypsum-rich soils. Geoderma. 96(1–2):47–61. doi:10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00003-3.
  • Huerta-Martínez FM, Vázquez-García JA, García-Moya E, López-Mata L, Vaquera-Huerta H. 2004. Vegetation ordination at the southern Chihuahuan Desert (San Luis Potosi, Mexico). Plant Ecol. 174(1):79–87. doi:10.1023/B:VEGE.0000046063.12313.74.
  • IPCC. 2021. Summary for policymakers. In: Masson-Delmotte VP, Zhai AP, Connors SL, Péan C, Berger S, Caud N, Chen Y, Goldfarb L, Gomis MI, Huang M, et al, editors. Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. In Press.
  • Jin Y, Qian H. 2019. V.Phylomaker: an R package that can generate very large phylogenies for vascular plants. Ecography. 42(8):1353–1359. doi:10.1111/ecog.04434.
  • Johnston IM. 1940. New phanerogams from Mexico. II. J Arnold Arboretum. 21(1):67–75. doi:10.5962/p.37226.
  • Johnston IM. 1941. Gypsophily among Mexican desert plants. J Arnold Arboretum. 22(2):145–170. doi:10.5962/p.185425.
  • Jurado E, Flores J. 2005. Is seed dormancy under environmental control or bound to plant traits? J Veg Sci. 16(5):559–564. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2005.tb02396.x.
  • Kattge J, Bönisch G, Díaz S, Lavorel S, Prentice IC, Leadley P, Tautenhahn S, Werner GDA, Aakala T, Abedi M, et al. 2020. TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access. Glob Change Biol. 26(1):119–188. doi:10.1111/gcb.14904.
  • Keddy PA. 1992. Assembly and response rules: two goals for predictive community ecology stable. J Veg Sci. 3(2):157–164. doi:10.2307/3235676.
  • Kembel SW, Cowan PD, Helmus MR, Cornwell WK, Morlon H, Ackerly DD, Blomberg SP, Webb CO. 2010. Picante: r tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics. 26(11):1463–1464. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btq166.
  • Kemp PR. 1983. Phenological patterns of Chihuahuan Desert plants in relation to the timing of water availability. J Ecol. 71(2):427–436. doi:10.2307/2259725.
  • Kraft NJB, Adler PB, Godoy O, James EC, Fuller S, Levine JM. 2015. Community assembly, coexistence and the environmental filtering metaphor. Funct Ecol. 29(5):592–599. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12345.
  • Laliberté E, Legendre P, Shipley B. 2015. FD: measuring functional diversity from multiple traits, and other tools for functional ecology. R Package Version 1.0–12.
  • Leishman MR, Westoby M. 1994. The role of seed size in seedling establishment in dry soil conditions – experimental evidence from semi-arid species. J Ecol. 82(2):249–258. doi:10.2307/2261293.
  • Lenth R. 2016. Least-squares means: the R package lsmeans. J Stat Softw. 69(1):1–33. doi:10.18637/jss.v069.i01.
  • Lloret F, Peñuelas J, Estiarte M. 2004. Experimental evidence of reduced diversity of seedlings due to climate modification in a mediterranean-type community. Glob Change Biol. 10(2):248–258. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00725.x.
  • López-Angulo J, Pescador DS, Sánchez AM, Luzuriaga AL, Cavieres LA, Escudero A. 2020. Impacts of climate, soil and biotic interactions on the interplay of the different facets of alpine plant diversity. Sci Total Environ. 698:133960. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133960.
  • Lundholm JT, Larson DW. 2004. Experimental separation of resource quantity from temporal variability: seedling responses to water pulses. Oecologia. 141(2):346–352. doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1454-6.
  • Luzuriaga AL, Ferrandis P, Flores J, Escudero A. 2020. Effect of aridity on species assembly in gypsum drylands: a response mediated by the soil affinity of species. AoB Plants. 12(3):laa020. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plaa020.
  • Luzuriaga AL, González JM, Escudero A, Kikvidze Z. 2015. Annual plant community assembly in edaphically heterogeneous environments. J Veg Sci. 26(5):866–875. doi:10.1111/jvs.12285.
  • Luzuriaga AL, Sánchez AM, Maestre FT, Escudero A, Cahill JF. 2012. Assemblage of a semi-arid annual plant community: abiotic and biotic filters act hierarchically. PLoS One. 7(7):e41270. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041270.
  • Madrigal-González J, Cano-Barbacil C, Kigel J, Ferrandis P, Luzuriaga AL, Michalet R. 2020. Nurse plants promote taxonomic and functional diversity in an arid mediterranean annual plant community. J Veg Sci. 31(4):658–666. doi:10.1111/jvs.12876.
  • Magurran AE. 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Martínez-Montoya JF, Herrero-Isern J, Aceves-de Alba J, Palacio-Núñez J, Ruiz-Vera VM, Olmos-Oropeza G. 2012. Approximation of the surface of gypseous soils in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Ciencia E investigación Agraria. 39(3):545–556. doi:10.4067/S0718-16202012000300013.
  • Merino-Martín L, Courtauld C, Commander L, Turner S, Lewandrowski W, Stevens J. 2017. Interactions between seed functional traits and burial depth regulate germination and seedling emergence under water stress in species from semi-arid environments. J Arid Environ. 147:25–33. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2017.07.018.
  • Meyer SE. 1986. The ecology of gypsophile endemism in the eastern Mojave Desert. Ecology. 67(5):1303–1313. doi:10.2307/1938686.
  • Meyer SE, García-Moya E. 1989. Plant community patterns and soil moisture regime in gypsum grasslands of north central Mexico. J Arid Environ. 16(2):147–155. doi:10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31021-8.
  • Meyer SE, García-Moya E, Lagunes-Espinoza LC. 1992. Topographic and soil surface effects on gypsophile plant community patterns in central Mexico. J Veg Sci. 3(3):429–438. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.1992.tb00353.x.
  • Miranda JD, Armas C, Padilla FM, Pugnaire FI. 2011. Climatic change and rainfall patterns: effects on semi-arid plant communities of the Iberian Southeast. J Arid Environ. 75(12):1302–1309. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.022.
  • Miranda JD, Padilla FM, Lázaro R, Pugnaire FI. 2009. Do changes in rainfall patterns affect semiarid annual plant communities? J Veg Sci. 20(2):269–276. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05680.x.
  • Moles AT, Falster DS, Leishman MR, Westoby M. 2004. Small-seeded species produce more seeds per square metre of canopy per year, but not per individual per lifetime. J Ecol. 92(3):384–396. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00880.x.
  • Molina VM, Pando M, Jurado E, Cantú I, Alanís E. 2013. Costras biológicas del suelo en pastizales gipsófilos del noreste de México [biological soil crust in gypsophilous grasslands of northeastern Mexico]. Cienc UANL. 16:89–97. Spanish.
  • Moore MJ, Mota JF, Douglas NA, Olvera HF, Ochoterena H. 2014. The ecology, assembly and evolution of gypsophile floras. In: Rajakaruna N, Boyd R Harris T, editors. Plant ecology and evolution in harsh Environments. Hauppauge (NY): Nova Science Publishers; p. 97–128.
  • Muldavin EH, Moore DI, Collins SL, Wetherill KR, Lightfoot DC. 2008. Aboveground net primary production dynamics in a northern Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem. Oecologia. 155(1):123–132. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0880-2.
  • Mulhouse JM, Hallett LM, Collins SL. 2017. The influence of seasonal precipitation and grass competition on 20 years of forb dynamics in northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland. J Veg Sci. 28(2):250–259. doi:10.1111/jvs.12476.
  • NMS. National meteorological service of Mexico - servicio meteorológico nacional. 2016; [accessed 2016 Feb 20]. https://smn.conagua.gob.mx/es/
  • Ochoterena H, Flores-Olvera H, Gómez-Hinostrosa C, Moore MJ. 2020. Gypsum and plant species: a marvel of cuatro ciénegas and the Chihuahuan Desert. In: Mandujano M, Pisanty I Eguiarte L, editors. Plant diversity and ecology in the Chihuahuan Desert. Cham: Springer International Publishing Switzerland; pp. 129–165.
  • Ogburn RM, Edwards EJ. 2010. The ecological water-use strategies of succulent plants. Adv Bot Res. 55:179–225.
  • Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, et al. 2019. Vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.5-6.
  • Pedraza F, Martorell C. 2019. Localización de las especies en el espacio de estrategias de Grime: una alternativa a los métodos basados en atributos [species localization in the Grime strategy space: an alternative to attribute-based methods]. Bot Sci. 97:649–660. Spanish.
  • Pemberton RW 1984. Native plant considerations in the biological control of leafy spurge. In Delfosse E, editor. Proceedings of the VI International Symposium for the Biological Control of Weed; Aug 19-25; Vancouver (BC): p. 365–390.
  • Peñuelas J, Terradas J, Lloret F. 2011. Solving the conundrum of plant species coexistence: water in space and time matters most. New Phytol. 189(1):5–8. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03570.x.
  • Peralta AML, Sánchez AM, Luzuriaga AL, Bello F, Escudero A, Staver C. 2019. Evidence of functional species sorting by rainfall and biotic interactions: a community monolith experimental approach. J Ecol. 107(6):2772–2788. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13210.
  • Peralta AML, Sánchez AM, Luzuriaga AL, Escudero A. 2016. Factors driving species assemblage in Mediterranean soil seed banks: from the large to the fine scale. Ann Bot. 117(7):1221–1228. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw039.
  • Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D, Core Team R. 2019. _nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models_. R package version 3.1-142, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme.
  • Potts DL, Barron-Gafford GA, Butterfield BJ, Fay PA, Hultine KR. 2019. Bloom and bust: ecological consequences of precipitation variability in aridlands. Plant Ecol. 220(2):135–139. doi:10.1007/s11258-019-00915-2.
  • R Core Team. 2020. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 4.0.3. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
  • Reynolds JF, Kemp PR, Ogle K, Fernández RJ. 2004. Modifying the ‘pulse–reserve’ paradigm for deserts of North America: precipitation pulses, soil water, and plant responses. Oecologia. 141(2):194–210. doi:10.1007/s00442-004-1524-4.
  • Romao RL, Escudero A. 2005. Gypsum physical soil crust and the existence of gypsophytes in semi-arid central Spain. Plant Ecol. 181(1):127–137. doi:10.1007/s11258-005-5321-x.
  • Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Seed Information Database (SID). 2019. Version 7.1.; [accessed 2019 Nov 30]. http://data.kew.org/sid/.
  • Ruiz JM, López-Cantarero I, Rivero RM, Romero L. 2003. Sulphur phytoaccumulation in plant species characteristic of gypsiferous soils. Int J Phytoremediat. 5(3):203–210. doi:10.1080/713779220.
  • Sánchez AM, Luzuriaga AL, Peralta AL, Escudero A. 2014. Environmental control of germination in semi-arid mediterranean systems: the case of annuals on gypsum soils. Seed Sci Res. 24(3):247–256. doi:10.1017/S0960258514000154.
  • Sánchez AM, Peralta AML, Luzuriaga AL, Prieto M, Escudero A. 2022. Climate change and biocrust disturbance synergistically decreased taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity in annual communities on gypsiferous soils. Oikos. 2022(3):e08809. doi:10.1111/oik.08809.
  • Satdichanh M, Millet J, Heinimann A, Nanthavong K, Harrison RD. 2015. Using plant functional traits and phylogenies to understand patterns of plant community assembly in a seasonal tropical forest in Lao PDR. PLoS One. 10(6):e0130151. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130151.
  • Schellenberger Costa D, Gerschlauer F, Pabst H, Kühnel A, Huwe B, Kiese R, Kuzyakov Y, Kleyer M, Kühn I. 2017. Community‐weighted means and functional dispersion of plant functional traits along environmental gradients on Mount Kilimanjaro. J Veg Sci. 28(4):684–695. doi:10.1111/jvs.12542.
  • Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B, et al. 2012. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 9(7):676–682. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019.
  • Schöb C, Butterfield BJ, Pugnaire FI. 2012. Foundation species influence trait-based community assembly. New Phytol. 196(3):824–834. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04306.x.
  • Silva S, Ayers T. 2016. Plant endemism on Mancos Shale barrens. Nat Area J. 36(2):166–173. doi:10.3375/043.036.0208.
  • Srivastava DS, Cadotte MW, Macdonald AAM, Marushia RG, Mirotchnick N. 2012. Phylogenetic diversity and the functioning of ecosystems. Ecol Lett. 15(7):637–648. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01795.x.
  • Staab M, Liu X, Assmann T, Bruelheide H, Buscot F, Durka W, Erfmeier A, Klein AM, Ma K, Michalski S, et al. 2021. Tree phylogenetic diversity structures multitrophic communities. Funct Ecol. 35(2):521–534. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13722.
  • Taylor SE. 2012. Molecular systematics and the origins of gypsophily in Nama L. (Boraginaceae) [ dissertation]. Austin (TX): The University of Texas at Austin.
  • Thomey ML, Collins SL, Vargas R, Johnson JE, Brown RF, Natvig DO, Friggens MT. 2011. Effect of precipitation variability on net primary production and soil respiration in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland. Glob Change Biol. 17(4):1505–1515. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02363.x.
  • Turner BL. 1995. Two new species of Drymaria (Caryophyllaceae) from gypseous soils in northern Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Phytologia. 78:199–203. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.10066.
  • Valladares F, Bastias CC, Godoy O, Granda E, Escudero A. 2015. Species coexistence in a changing world. Front Plant Sci. 6:866. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00866.
  • Venable DL. 2007. Bet hedging in a guild of desert annuals. Ecology. 88(5):1086–1090. doi:10.1890/06-1495.
  • Vidiella PE, Armesto JJ. 1989. Emergence of ephemeral plant species from soil sample of the Chilean coastal desert in response to experimental irrigation. Rev Chil Hist Nat. 62:99–107.
  • Villarreal-Quintanilla JA, Bartolomé-Hernández JA, Estrada-Castillón E, Ramírez-Rodríguez H, Martínez-Amador SJ. 2017. El Elemento endémico de la flora vascular del Desierto Chihuahuense [the endemic element of the Chihuahuan Desert vascular flora]. Acta Bot Mex. 118(118):65–96. doi:10.21829/abm118.2017.1201. Spanish.
  • Violle C, Navas M-L, Vile D, Kazakou E, Fortunel C, Hummel I, Garnier E. 2007. Let the concept of trait be functional! Oikos. 116(5):882–892. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15559.x.
  • Wagner W, Hoch P, Raven P. 2007. Revised classification of the Onagraceae. Syst Bot Monogr. 83:1–240.
  • Webb CO. 2000. Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees. Am Nat. 156(2):145–155. doi:10.1086/303378.
  • Webb CO, Ackerly DD, Mcpeek MA, Donoghue MJ. 2002. Phylogenies and community ecology. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 33(1):475–505. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150448.
  • Weltzin JF, Tissue DT. 2003. Resource pulses in arid environments – patterns of rain, patterns of life. New Phytol. 157(2):171–173. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00672.x.
  • Westoby M. 1998. A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant Soil. 199(2):213–227. doi:10.1023/A:1004327224729.
  • Xia Y, Moore DI, Collins SL, Muldavin EH. 2010. Aboveground production and species richness of annuals in Chihuahuan Desert grassland and shrubland plant communities. J Arid Environ. 74(3):378–385. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.08.016.
  • Zavala-Hurtado JA, Jiménez M. 2020. Diversity and uniqueness at its best: vegetation of the Chihuahuan Desert. In: Mandujano M, Pisanty I Eguiarte L, editors. Plant diversity and ecology in Chihuahuan Desert. Cham: Springer International Publishing Switzerland; p. 1–18.
  • Zhong M, Song J, Zhou Z, Ru J, Zheng M, Li Y, Hui D, Wan S. 2019. Asymmetric responses of plant community structure and composition to precipitation variabilities in a semi-arid steppe. Oecologia. 191(3):697–708. doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04520-y.
  • Zuo X, Zha S, Cheng H, Hu Y, Wang S, Yue P, Liu R, Knapp AKK, Smith MD, Yu Q, et al. 2021. Functional diversity response to geographic and experimental precipitation gradients varies with plant community type. Funct Ecol. 35(9):2119–2132. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13875.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.