1,018
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Understanding the implementation gap: policy-makers’ perceptions of ecosystem-based adaptation in Central Vietnam

, , &
Pages 81-94 | Received 23 Jun 2019, Accepted 25 Jan 2020, Published online: 23 Feb 2020

References

  • Aheto, D., Kankam, S., Okyere, I., Mensah, E., Osman, A., Jonah, F., & Mensah, J. (2016). Community-based mangrove forest management: Implications for local livelihoods and coastal resource conservation along the Volta estuary catchment area of Ghana. Ocean & Coastal Management, 127, 43–54. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.006
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Anderson, S., & Moss, B. (1993). How wetland habitats are perceived by children: Consequences for children's education and wetland conservation. International Journal of Science Education, 15(5), 473–485. doi: 10.1080/0950069930150502
  • Bandaranayake, W. (1998). Traditional and medicinal uses of mangroves. Mangroves and Salt Marshes, 2(3), 133–148. doi: 10.1023/A:1009988607044
  • Barbier, E. (2016). The protective service of mangrove ecosystems: A review of valuation methods. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109(2), 676–681. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.033
  • Baxter, J., & Eyles, J. (1997). Evaluating qualitative research in social Geography: Establishing ‘rigour’ in interview analysis. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 22(4), 505–525. doi: 10.1111/j.0020-2754.1997.00505.x
  • Beck, M. W., Narayan, S., Trespalacios, D., Pfliegner, K., Losada, I. J., Menéndez, P., … Kirch, L. (2018). The global value of mangroves for risk reduction. Berlin: The Nature Conservancy.
  • Becker, G., Aerts, J.C.J.H., & Huitema, D. (2014). Influence of flood risk perception and other factors on risk-reducing behaviour: A survey of municipalities along the Rhine. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 7(1), 16–30. doi: 10.1111/jfr3.12025
  • Berry, T., Stalhammar, S., Jönsson, K. I., Wamsler, C., Bramryd, T., Brink, E., … Schubert, P. (2016). Perceptions of the ecosystem services concept: Opportunities and challenges in the Swedish municipal context. Ecosystem Services, 17, 123–130. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.12.002
  • Birkmann, J., Welle, T., Solecki, W., Lwasa, S., & Garschagen, M. (2016). Boost resilience of small and mid-sized cities. Nature, 537, 605–608. doi: 10.1038/537605a
  • Bolund, P., & Hunhammar, S. (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics, 29(2), 293–301. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00013-0
  • Browder, G., Ozment, S., Rehberger Bescos, I., Gartner, T., & Langer, G.-M. (2019). Integrating green and gray: Creating next generation infrastructure. Washington, DC: World Bank and World Resources Institute.
  • Bruun, O. (2012). Sending the Right Bill to the Right people: Climate change, environmental degradation, and social vulnerabilities in Central Vietnam. Weather, Climate, and Society, 4(4), 250–262. doi: 10.1175/WCAS-D-11-00040.1
  • Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bubeck, P., Botzen, W.J.W., & Aerts, J.C.J.H. (2012). A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior. Risk Analysis, 32(9), 1481–1495. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01783.x
  • Bubeck, P., Botzen, W.J.W., Kreibich, H., & Aerts, J.C.J.H. (2013). Detailed insights into the influence of flood-coping appraisals on mitigation behaviour. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1327–1338. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.009
  • Bubeck, P., Botzen, W.J.W., Laudan, J., Aerts, J.C.J.H., & Thieken, A. H. (2018). Insights into flood-coping appraisals of protection motivation theory: Empirical evidence from Germany and France. Risk Analysis, 38(6), 1239–1257. doi: 10.1111/risa.12938
  • CCFSC. (2006). National strategy and action plan for disaster prevention, control and mitigation in Vietnam: 2001 to 2020. Hanoi: Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control.
  • Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance. (2018). Vietnam disaster management reference handbook. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/201820Vietnam20Disaster20Management20Reference%20Handbook.pdf
  • Chau, V. N., Holland, J., & Cassells, S. (2014). Institutional structures underpinning flood management in Vietnam. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 10, 341–348. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.10.008
  • Cloke, P., Cook, I., Crang, P., Goodwin, M., Painter, J., & Philo, C. (2004). Practising human Geography. London: Sage.
  • Dadvand, P., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2019). Green space and health. In M. Nieuwenhuijsen & H. Khreis (Eds.), Integrating human health into urban and transport planning: A framework (pp. 409–423). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Daily, G. C., Polasky, S., Goldstein, J., Kareiva, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Pejchar, L., … Shallenberger, R. (2009). Ecosystem services in decision making: Time to deliver. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7, 21–28. doi: 10.1890/080025
  • Danermark, B., Ekstroem, M., Jakobsen, L., & Karlsson, J. (2002). Explaining society: Critical realism in the social sciences. London: Routledge.
  • Das, S., & Vincent, J. (2009). Mangroves protected villages and reduced death toll during Indian super cyclone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(18), 7357–7360. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0810440106
  • Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Meisner, C., Wheeler, D., & Yan, J. (2007). The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: A comparative analysis. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Denzin, N. (1989). The research Act (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Dilley, M., Chen, R., Deichmann, U., Lerner-Lam, A., Arnold, M., Agwe, J., … Yetman, G. (2005). Natural disaster hotspots – A global risk analysis (disaster risk management Series No. 5). Washington, D.C: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ World Bank and Columbia University.
  • DKKV. (2019). Strong roots, strong women: Women and ecosystem-based adaptation in Central Vietnam (DKKV-Schriftenreihe Nr. 61). Bonn: Deutsches Komitee Katastrophenvorsorge e.V.
  • Dolan, A., & Walker, I. (2006). Understanding vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change related risks. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, 3(39), 1316–1323.
  • Duc, T. (2015). Environment and climate change in the Central Coast of Vietnam. Vietnam Social Sciences, 5(169), 47–61.
  • Edwards, R., & Holland, J. (2013). What is qualitative interviewing? London: Bloomsbury.
  • FAO. (2007). The world’s mangroves 1980–2005. A thematic study prepared in the framework of the Global forest resources assessment 2005 (FAO forestry paper 153). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a1427e/a1427e00.htm
  • Flick, U. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Floyd, D., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 407–429. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.x
  • Gebrehiwot, T., & Van der Veen, A. (2015). Farmers prone to drought risk: Why some farmers undertake farm-level risk-reduction measures while others not? Environmental Management, 55, 588–602. doi: 10.1007/s00267-014-0415-7
  • Gillman, B. (2000). The research interview. London: Continuum.
  • Gordon, A., Davis, J., Long, A., & Meadows, K. (2000). The role of natural resources in the livelihoods of the urban poor (policy Series 9). Chatham: Natural Resources Institute.
  • Gotham, K., & Brumley, K. (2002). Using Space: Agency and identity in a public-Housing development. City and Community, 1(3), 267–289. doi: 10.1111/1540-6040.00023
  • Grothmann, T., & Patt, A. (2005). Adaptive capacity and human cognition: The process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 15(3), 199–213. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.002
  • Grothmann, T., & Reusswig, F. (2006). People at risk of flooding: Why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Natural Hazards, 38(1–2), 101–120. doi: 10.1007/s11069-005-8604-6
  • Guba, E., & Lincoln, Y. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105–117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Gupta, A., & Nair, S. (2012). Ecosystem approach to disaster risk reduction. New Delhi: National Institute of Disaster Management.
  • Gupta, J., Hurley, F., Grobicki, A., Keating, T., Stoett, P., Baker, E., … Ekins, P. (2019). Communicating the health of the planet and its links to human health. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3(5), E204–E206. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30040-3.
  • Ha, T., van Dijk, H., & Bush, S. (2012). Mangrove conservation or shrimp farmer's livelihood? The devolution of forest management and benefit sharing in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Ocean & Coastal Management, 69, 185–193. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.07.034
  • Hagedoorn, L., Brandner, L., Bubeck, P., Pham, M., Hudson, P., Haer, T., & Lasage, R. (2018). Ecosystem-based adaptation as a tool to increase flood resilience of the vulnerable. Evidence from Central Vietnam, ResilNam Policy Brief.
  • Hallegatte, S., Bangalore, M., Bonzanigo, L., Fay, M., Kane, T., Narloch, U., … Bangalore, M. R. (2016). Shock Waves: Managing the impacts of climate change on poverty (climate change and development Series). Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0673-5.
  • Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
  • Hoggart, K., Lees, L., & Davies, A. (2002). Researching human Geography. London: Arnold.
  • Hong, P., & San, H. (1993). Mangroves of Vietnam. Bangkok: IUCN.
  • Hudson, P., Pham, M., & Bubeck, P. (2019). An evaluation and monetary assessment of the impact of flooding on subjective well-being across genders in Vietnam. Climate and Development, 1–15. doi:10.1080/17565529.2019.157969.
  • Hussey, K., Price, R., Pittock, J., Livingstone, J., Dovers, S., Fisher, D., & Hatfield-Dodds, S. (2013). Statutory frameworks, institutions and policy processes for climate adaptation: Do Australia’s existing statutory frameworks, associated institutions and policy processes support or impede national adaptation planning and practice? Gold Coast: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility.
  • IFRC. (2011). Breaking the waves. Impact analysis of coastal afforestation for disaster risk reduction in Viet Nam. Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
  • IPBES. (2019). Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. [Core Writing Team, E. S. Brondizio, J. Settele, S. Díaz & H. T. Ngo (Eds.)]. Bonn: IPBES Secretariat.
  • IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (Eds.)]. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • IPCC. (2018). Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.
  • Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: Adecade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11, 1–47. doi: 10.1177/109019818401100101
  • Jongman, B., Ward, P. J., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2012). Global exposure to river and coastal flooding: Long term trends and changes. Global Environmental Change, 22, 823–835. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.004
  • Jongman, B. (2018). Effective adaptation to rising flood risk. Nature Communications, 9, 1986. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04396-1.
  • Kabisch, N., Frantzeskaki, N., Pauleit, S., Naumann, S., Davis, M., Artmann, M., … Stadler, J. (2016). Nature-based solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation in urban areas: Perspectives on indicators, knowledge gaps, barriers, and opportunities for action. Ecology and Society, 21(2), 39. doi: 10.5751/ES-08373-210239.
  • Karanja, J., & Saito, O. (2017). Cost–benefit analysis of mangrove ecosystems in flood risk reduction: A case study of the Tana delta, Kenya. Sustainability Science, 13(2), 503–516. doi: 10.1007/s11625-017-0427-3
  • Koerth, J., Vafeidis, A. T., Hinkel, J., & Steer, H. (2013). What motivates coastal households to adapt pro-actively to sea-level rise and increasing flood risk? Regional Environmental Change, 13, 897–909. doi: 10.1007/s10113-012-0399-x
  • Konijnendijk, C., Annerstedt, M., Busse Nielsen, A., & Maruthaveeran, S. (2013). Benefits of urban parks a systematic review. Copenhagen/Alnarp: International Federation of Parks and Recreation Administration (IFPRA).
  • Krueger, R. (1994). Focus groups: A practical Guide for applied research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Lee, S., & Lee, S. (2017). Disaster resilience of low-cost houses: Case study of Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 5(4), 141–151. doi: 10.13189/cea.2017.050403
  • Lee, A., & Maheswaran, R. (2010). The health benefits of urban green spaces: A review of the evidence. Journal of Public Health, 33(2), 212–222. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdq068
  • Lindell, M., & Perry, R. (1992). Behavioral foundations of community emergency planning. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
  • Lindell, M., & Perry, R. (2012). The protective action decision model: Theoretical Modifications and additional evidence. Risk Analysis, 32(4), 616–632. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01647.x
  • Lo, V. (2016). Synthesis report on experiences with ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction (technical Series No. 85). Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
  • Maas, J., van Dillen, S., Verheij, R., & Groenewegen, P. (2009). Social contacts as a possible mechanism behind the relation between green space and health. Health & Place, 15(2), 586–595. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.09.006
  • Maddux, J. (1993). Social cognitive models of health and exercise behavior: An introduction and review of conceptual issues. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5(2), 116–140. doi: 10.1080/10413209308411310
  • Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching. London: Sage.
  • Mazda, Y., Magi, M., Kogo, M., & Hong, P. (1997). Mangroves as a coastal protection from waves in the Tong King delta, Vietnam. Mangroves and Salt Marshes, 1(2), 127–135. doi: 10.1023/A:1009928003700
  • Mendoza, M., The, B., Naret, H., Ballaran, V., & Arias, J. (2014). Assessing vulnerability to climate change impacts in Cambodia, the Philippines and Vietnam: An analysis at the commune and household level. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 17(2), 78–91.
  • Meyer, S., & Lunnay, B. (2013). The application of abductive and retroductive inference for the design and analysis of theory-driven sociological research. Sociological Research Online, 18(1), 1–11. doi: 10.5153/sro.2819
  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  • Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and Intervention in health-related Behavior: A Meta-Analytic review of protection motivation Theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 106–143. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02308.x
  • Mirza, M. (2003). Climate change and extreme weather events: Can developing countries adapt? Climate Policy, 3(3), 233–248. doi: 10.3763/cpol.2003.0330
  • MONRE. (2009). Climate change, sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam. Hanoi: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
  • Monty, F., Murti, R., Miththapala, S., & Buyck, C. (2017). Ecosystems protecting infrastructure and communities: Lessons learned and guidelines for implementation. Gland: IUCN.
  • Mukherjee, N., Sutherland, W., Dicks, L., Hugé, J., Koedam, N., & Dahdouh-Guebas, F. (2014). Ecosystem service Valuations of mangrove ecosystems to Inform decision making and future valuation Exercises. PLOS ONE, 9(9), e107706. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107706
  • Mumby, P. J., Edwards, A. J., Ernesto Aroas-Gonzalez, J., Lindeman, K. C., Blackwell, P. G., Gall, A., … Llewellyn, G. (2004). Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature, 427, 533–536. doi: 10.1038/nature02286
  • Munang, R., Thiaw, I., Alverson, K., Liu, J., & Han, Z. (2013). The role of ecosystem services in climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5, 47–52. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2013.02.002
  • Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1953). Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Nguyen, T. T., Pittock, J., & Nguyen, B. H. (2017). Integration of ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change policies in Viet Nam. Climatic Change, 142(1–2), 97–111. doi: 10.1007/s10584-017-1936-x
  • Nhu, O., Thuy, N., Wilderspin, I., & Coulier, M. (2011). A preliminary analysis of flood and storm disaster data in Viet Nam: Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved from https://www.preventionweb.net/files/26598_26598apreliminaryanalysisoffloodand.pdf
  • Osti, R., Tanaka, S., & Tokioka, T. (2009). The importance of mangrove forest in tsunami disaster mitigation. Disasters, 33(2), 203–213. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01070.x
  • Papayannis, T. (2011). Integrating nature and culture in wetland management. In T. Papayannis & D. Pritchard (Eds.), Culture and wetlands in the Mediterranean: An evolving story (pp. 48–55). Athens: Mediterranean Institute for Nature and Anthropos (Med-INA).
  • Pascal, N., Brathwaite, A., Brandner, L., Seidl, A., Philip, M., & Clua, E. (2018). Evidence of economic benefits for public investment in MPAs. Ecosystem Services, 30, 3–13. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.017
  • Paton, D. (2003). Disaster preparedness: A social-cognitive perspective. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 12(3), 210–216. doi: 10.1108/09653560310480686.
  • Pelling, M., & Uitto, J. (2001). Small island developing states: Natural disaster vulnerability and global change. Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 3(2), 49–62. doi: 10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00018-3
  • Perry, R., & Lindell, M. (2008). Volcanic risk perception and adjustment in a multi-hazard environment. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 172(3-4), 170–178. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.12.006
  • Pramova, E., Locatelli, B., Brockhaus, M., & Fohlmeister, S. (2012). Ecosystem services in the national adaptation programmes of action. Climate Policy, 12(4), 393–409. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2011.647848
  • Quang Bao, T. (2011). Effect of mangrove forest structures on wave attenuation in coastal Vietnam. Oceanologia, 53, 807–818. doi: 10.5697/oc.53-3.807
  • Ravindran, S. (2012). Environmental management for coastal hazard mitigation. In A. Gupta & S. Nair (Eds.), Ecosystem approach to disaster risk reduction (pp. 65–84). New Delhi: National Institute of Disaster Management.
  • Renaud, F., Estrella, M., Sudmeier-Rieux, K., & Nehren, U. (2016). Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction and adaptation in practice. Switzerland: Springer.
  • Rogers, R. (1975). A protection motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 93–114. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803
  • Rogers, R. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear-based attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. Cacioppo & R. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophvsiology. A sourcebook (pp. 153–176). New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). The health belief model: Origins and correlates. Health Education Monographs, 2, 336–353. doi: 10.1177/109019817400200404
  • Rönnbäck, P. (1999). The ecological basis for economic value of seafood production supported by mangrove ecosystems. Ecological Economics, 29(2), 235–252. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00016-6
  • Rubin, O. (2014). Social vulnerability to climate-induced natural disasters: Cross-provincial evidence from Vietnam. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 55(1), 67–80. doi: 10.1111/apv.12037
  • Salvaterra, T., Allenbach, K., Hobson, P., Ibisch, P., Korn, H., Mysiak, J., … Pulquério, M. (2016). Exploring the potential of ecosystem-based approaches – Ecosystem-based adaptation and ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction. Policy brief with proceedings from a PLACARD session convened as part of the 4th Adaptation Futures Conference, May 10–13, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Retrieved from https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:5952/SalvatzerraFGR_NBS.pdf
  • Scheurich, J. (1995). A postmodernist critique of research interviewing. Qualitative Studies in Education, 8(3), 239–252. doi: 10.1080/0951839950080303
  • Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2009). Connecting biodiversity and climate change mitigation and Adaptation: Report of the second Ad Hoc technical expert group on biodiversity and climate change. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
  • Shaw, R. (2006). Community-based climate change adaptation in Vietnam: Inter-linkages of environment, disaster, and human security. Multiple Dimensions of Global Environmental Change, 521–547.
  • Silwal, P., Roberts, L., Rennie, H. G., & Lexer, M. J. (2019). Adapting to climate change: An assessment of local adaptation planning processes in forest-based communities in Nepal. Climate and Development, 1–13. doi: 10.1080/17565529.2019.1586634.
  • Sjoberg, L. (1999). Consequences of perceived risk: Demand for mitigation. Journal of Risk Research, 2, 129–149. doi: 10.1080/136698799376899
  • Sjoberg, L. (2000). Consequences matter, ‘risk’ is marginal. Journal of Risk Research, 3, 287–295. doi: 10.1080/13669870050043189
  • Smith, B., & Devisscher, T. (2012). Impacts of climate change on different sectors in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam [online]. Retrieved from https://www.weadapt.org/knowledge-base/national-adaptation-planning/ncap-vietnam-impacts-on-thua-thien-hue-province
  • Stone, R. (2016). Dam-building threatens Mekong fisheries. Science, 354, 1084. doi: 10.1126/science.354.6316.1084
  • TEEB. (2011). TEEB manual for cities: Ecosystem services in urban management: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity. Retrieved from http://www.teebweb.org/publication/teeb-manual-for-cities-ecosystem-services-in-urban-management/
  • Terpstra, T., & Lindell, M. (2012). Citizens’ perceptions of flood hazard adjustments. Environment and Behavior, 45(8), 993–1018. doi: 10.1177/0013916512452427.
  • Tran, P., & Shaw, R. (2007). Towards an integrated approach of disaster and environment management: A case study of Thua Thien Hue province, central Viet Nam. Environmental Hazards, 7(4), 271–282. doi: 10.1016/j.envhaz.2007.03.001
  • Tran, P., Marincioni, F., & Shaw, R. (2010). Catastrophic flood and forest cover change in the Huong river basin, central Viet Nam: A gap between common perceptions and facts. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(11), 2186–2200. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.020
  • Twilley, R., Chen, R., & Hargis, T. (1992). Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 64(1-2), 265–288. doi: 10.1007/BF00477106
  • UNDP Vietnam. (2014). Institutional capacity assessment of the Committees for flood and storm Control at national and provincial levels. Hanoi: United Nations Development Programme.
  • UN ENVIRONMENT. (2019). Global environment outlook – GEO-6: Healthy planet, healthy people. Retrieved from https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/global-environment-outlook-6
  • UN WATER. (2018). The United Nations World water development report 2018: Nature-based solutions for water. Paris: UNESCO.
  • UNCT. (2017). Viet Nam: Typhoon Damrey & flooding in the Central and Highland regions of Viet Nam. Situation Update No.2. Ha Noi: United Nations Country Team.
  • UNEP. (2006). Marine and coastal ecosystems and human well-being: A Synthesis Report based on the findings of the millennium ecosystem assessment. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
  • UNEP. (2015). Promoting ecosystems for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation (Discussion Paper). Retrieved from https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/Eco-DRR/Eco-DRR_Discussion_paper_2015.pdf
  • UNFCCC. (2010). FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1. Bonn: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf
  • UNISDR. (2015). Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030. Geneva: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
  • Vietnam Women’s Union. (2013). Report on ensuring and promoting women’s rights. Hanoi: Vietnam Women's Union.
  • Vignola, R., Locatelli, B., Martinez, C., & Imbach, P. (2009). Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: What role for policy-makers, society and scientists? Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 14(8), 691–696. doi: 10.1007/s11027-009-9193-6
  • Wachinger, G., & Renn, O. (2010). Risk perception and natural hazards (CapHaz-Net WP3 Report). Stuttgart, Germany: DIALOGIK Non-Profit Institute for Communication and Cooperative Research.
  • Weinstein, N. D. (1993). Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior. Health psychology, 12(4), 324. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.12.4.324
  • Williamson, T., Parkins, J., & McFarlane, B. (2005). Perceptions of climate change risk to forest ecosystems and forest-based communities. The Forestry Chronicle, 81(5), 710–716. doi: 10.5558/tfc81710-5
  • World Bank. (2018). World Bank group announces $200 billion over five years for climate action [Press Release]. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/12/03/world-bank-group-announces-200-billion-over-five-years-for-climate-action?cid=ECR_TT_worldbank_EN_EXT
  • Zaalberg, R., Midden, C., Meijnders, A., & McCalley, T. (2009). Prevention, adaptation, and threat Denial: Flooding experiences in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis, 29(12), 1759–1778. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01316.x
  • Zhang, K. Q., Liu, H. Q., Li, Y. P., Xu, H. Z., Shen, J., Rhome, J., & Smith, T. J. (2012). The role of mangroves in attenuating storm surges. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 102, 11–23. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2012.02.021
  • Zheng, Y., & Dallimer, M. (2015). What motivates rural households to adapt to climate change? Climate and Development, 8(12), 1–12.
  • Zölch, T., Wamsler, C., & Pauleit, S. (2018). Integrating the ecosystem-based approach into municipal climate adaptation strategies: The case of Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production, 170, 966–977. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.146

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.