References
- Anup, K. C., & Thapa Parajuli, R. B. (2015). Climate change and Its impact on Tourism in the Manaslu Conservation Area, nepal. Tourism Planning & Development, 12(2), 225–237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2014.933122
- Adger, W. N. (2006). Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 268–281. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006
- Adger, W. N., Agrawala, S., Mirza, M. M. Q., Conde, C., O’Brien, K., Pulhin, J., Pulwarty, R., Smit, B., & Takahashi, K. (2007). Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. Chapter 17: IPCC AR4 Working Group 2 (pp. 717–743).
- Adger, W. N., Eakin, H., & Winkels, A. (2009). Nested and teleconnected vulnerabilities to environmental change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7(3), 150–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1890/070148
- Adler, C., Huggel, C., Orlove, B., & Nolin, A. (2019). Climate change in the mountain cryosphere: Impacts and responses. Regional Environmental Change, 19(5), 1225–1228. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01507-6
- Baraer, M., Mark, B. G., McKenzie, J. M., Condom, T., Bury, J., Huh, K.-I., Portocarrero, C., Gómez, J., & Rathay, S. (2012). Glacier recession and water resources in Peru's Cordillera Blanca. Journal of Glaciology, 58(207), 134–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3189/2012JoG11J186
- Bassett, T. J., & Fogelman, C. (2013). Déjà vu or something new? The adaptation concept in the climate change literature. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 48, 42–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.010
- Beazley, R. E., & Lassoie, J. P. (2017). Himalayan mobilities: An exploration of the impact of expanding rural road networks on social and ecological systems in the Nepalese Himalaya (p. 166). Springer.
- Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
- Bennike, R. B. (2017). Aftershock: Reflections on the politics of reconstruction in Northern Gorkha. HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 37, 9. https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol37/iss2/9
- Bennike, R. B. (2018). Dangerous development. Republica, 37(2), 6.
- Bliss, A., Hock, R., & Radić, V. (2014). Global response of glacier runoff to twenty-first century climate change. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 119(4), 717–730. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002931
- Bolch, T., Shea, J. M., Liu, S., Azam, F. M., Gao, Y., Gruber, S., Immerzeel, W. W., Kulkarni, A., Li, H., & Tahir, A. A. (2019). Status and change of the cryosphere in the extended Hindu Kush Himalaya region. The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment. Springer, 209–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_7
- Bury, J. (2006). New community led conservation efforts in the Cordillera Huayhuash, Peru. Mountain Research and Development, 26(2), 180–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2006)26[180:NCCEIT]2.0.CO;2
- Bury, J. (2008). New geographies of Tourism in Peru: Nature-based Tourism and conservation in the Cordillera huayhuash. Tourism Geographies, 10(3), 312–333. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680802236311
- Bury, J., Mark, B. G., Carey, M., Young, K. R., McKenzie, J. M., Baraer, M., French, A., & Polk, M. H. (2013). New geographies of water and climate change in Peru: Coupled natural and social transformations in the Santa River watershed. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(2), 363–374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.754665
- Bury, J., & Norris, T. (2013). Rocks, rangers, and resistance: Mining and conservation frontiers in the Cordillera Huayhuash, Peru. Subterranean struggles: new dynamics of mining, oil, and gas in Latin America. University of Texas Press, 91–118.
- Campbell, B. (2010). Rhetorical routes for development: A road project in Nepal. Contemporary South Asia, 18(3), 267–279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2010.501099
- Carey, M., Baraer, M., Mark, B. G., French, A., Bury, J., Young, K. R., & McKenzie, J. M. (2014). Toward hydro-social modeling: Merging human variables and the social sciences with climate-glacier runoff models (Santa River, Peru). Journal of Hydrology, 518, 60–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.006
- Carey, M., Molden, O. C., Rasmussen, M. B., Jackson, M., Nolin, A. W., & Mark, B. G. (2017). Impacts of glacier recession and declining meltwater on mountain societies. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 107(2), 350–359. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1243039
- Chesnokova, A., Baraer, M., Laperrière-Robillard, T., & Huh, K. (2020). Linking mountain Glacier Retreat and hydrological changes in southwestern Yukon. Water Resources Research, 56(1), e2019WR025706. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025706
- Childs, G. (2004). Tibetan diary: From birth to death and beyond in a Himalayan valley of Nepal. University of California Press. p. 228.
- Childs, G., & Choedup, N. (2014). Indigenous management strategies and socioeconomic impacts of Yartsa Gunbu (ophiocordyceps sinensis) harvesting in Nubri and Tsum, Nepal. HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 34, 7. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol34/iss1/7
- Conway, D., Nicholls, R. J., Brown, S., Tebboth, M. G. L., Adger, W. N., Ahmad, B., Biemans, H., Crick, F., Lutz, A. F., De Campos, R. S., Said, M., Singh, C., Zaroug, M. A. H., Ludi, E., New, M., & Wester, P. (2019). The need for bottom-up assessments of climate risks and adaptation in climate-sensitive regions. Nature Climate Change, 9(7), 503–511. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0502-0
- Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P., & Meinander, O. (2019). Atmosphere—Cryosphere interaction in the Arctic, at high latitudes and mountains With focus on transport, deposition, and effects of dust, black carbon, and other aerosols. Frontiers in Earth Science, 7, 337. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00337
- Drenkhan, F., Carey, M., Huggel, C., Seidel, J., & Oré, M. T. (2015). The changing water cycle: Climatic and socioeconomic drivers of water-related changes in the Andes of Peru. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 2(6), 715–733. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1105
- Duethmann, D., Menz, C., Jiang, T., & Vorogushyn, S. (2016). Projections for headwater catchments of the Tarim river reveal glacier retreat and decreasing surface water availability but uncertainties are large. Environmental Research Letters, 11(5), 054024. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054024
- Egan, P., & Price, M. (2017). Mountain ecosystem services and climate change: A global overview of potential threats and strategies for adaptation (p. 33). UNESCO.
- Ensor, J. E., Wennström, P., Bhatterai, A., Nightingale, A. J., Eriksen, S., & Sillmann, J. (2019). Asking the right questions in adaptation research and practice: Seeing beyond climate impacts in rural Nepal. Environmental Science & Policy, 94, 227–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.01.013
- FAO. (2002). Thimphu Declaration of the Celebrating Mountain Women conference Thimphu, Bhutan (p. 3).
- FAO. (2015). Mapping the vulnerability of mountain peoples to food insecurity. In R. Romeo, A. Vita, R. Testolin, & T. Hofer (Eds.) (p. 68).
- Farinotti, D., Usselmann, S., Huss, M., Bauder, A., & Funk, M. (2012). Runoff evolution in the Swiss Alps: Projections for selected high-alpine catchments based on ENSEMBLES scenarios. Hydrological Processes, 26(13), 1909–1924. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8276
- Ford, J. D., Keskitalo, E., Smith, T., Pearce, T., Berrang-Ford, L., Duerden, F., & Smit, B. (2010). Case study and analogue methodologies in climate change vulnerability research. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(3), 374–392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.48
- Ford, J. D., & Smit, B. (2004). A framework for assessing the vulnerability of communities in the Canadian Arctic to risks associated with climate change. Arctic, 57(3), 389–400. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40512642
- Fountain, A. G., & Tangborn, W. V. (1985). The effect of glaciers on streamflow variations. Water Resources Research, 21(4), 579–586. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i004p00579
- Frans, C., Istanbulluoglu, E., Lettenmaier, D. P., Naz, B. S., Clarke, G. K., Condom, T., Burns, P., & Nolin, A. W. (2015). Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Z ongo R iver, C ordillera R eal, B olivia. Water Resources Research, 51(11), 9029–9052. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016728
- Füssel, H.-M., & Klein, R. J. (2006). Climate change vulnerability assessments: An evolution of conceptual thinking. Climatic Change, 75(3), 301–329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-0329-3
- Graf, E., Attal, M., & Sinclair, H. (2019). Evacuation of earthquake-triggered landslide sediment in the Nepalese Himalaya, Geophysical Research Abstracts.
- Guittard, A., Baraer, M., McKenzie, J. M., Mark, B. G., Wigmore, O., Fernandez, A., Rapre, A. C., Walsh, E., Bury, J., & Carey, M. (2017). Trace-metal contamination in the glacierized Rio Santa watershed, Peru. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(12), 649. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6353-0
- Harkness, J. A., van de Vijver, F. J., Mohler, P. P., & Wiley, J. (2003). Cross-cultural survey methods (p. 432). Wiley-Interscience Hoboken.
- Hock, R., Rasul, G., Adler, C., Cáceres, B., Gruber, S., Hirabayashi, Y., Jackson, M., Kääb, A., Kang, S., Kutuzov, S., Milner, A., Molau, U., Morin, S., Orlove, B., Steltzer, H., & Contributing Authors. (2019). High mountain areas chapter - IPCC special report on the oceans and cryosphere in a changing climate (SROCC) (1st ed.). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
- Huggel, C., Muccione, V., Carey, M., James, R., Jurt, C., & Mechler, R. (2019). Loss and damage in the mountain cryosphere. Regional Environmental Change, 19(5), 1387–1399. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1385-8
- Huss, M., Bookhagen, B., Huggel, C., Jacobsen, D., Bradley, R., Clague, J., Vuille, M., Buytaert, W., Cayan, D., & Greenwood, G. (2017). Toward mountains without permanent snow and ice. Earth's Future, 5(5), 418–435. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000514
- Huss, M., & Hock, R. (2018). Global-scale hydrological response to future glacier mass loss. Nature Climate Change, 8(2), 135–140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-017-0049-x
- Immerzeel, W. W., Lutz, A., Andrade, M., Bahl, A., Biemans, H., Bolch, T., Hyde, S., Brumby, S., Davies, B., & Elmore, A. (2020). Importance and vulnerability of the world’s water towers. Nature, 577(7790), 364–369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y
- Immerzeel, W. W., Pellicciotti, F., & Bierkens, M. F. P. (2013). Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds. Nature Geoscience, 6(9), 742. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1896
- INAIGEM. (2018). Inventario Nacional de Glaciares: Las Cordilleras Glaciares del Perú (p. 198). Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña.
- Jansson, P., Hock, R., & Schneider, T. (2003). The concept of glacier storage: A review. Journal of Hydrology, 282(1-4), 116–129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00258-0
- Kelly, P. M., & Adger, W. N. (2000). Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation. Climatic Change, 47(4), 325–352. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005627828199
- Khoi, D. N., & Suetsugi, T. (2014). Impact of climate and land-use changes on hydrological processes and sediment yield—a case study of the be river catchment, Vietnam. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59(5), 1095–1108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.819433
- Klain, S. C., Olmsted, P., Chan, K. M., & Satterfield, T. (2017). Relational values resonate broadly and differently than intrinsic or instrumental values, or the New ecological paradigm. PLoS ONE, 12(8), e0183962. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183962
- Koppes, M., Hallet, B., Rignot, E., Mouginot, J., Wellner, J. S., & Boldt, K. (2015). Observed latitudinal variations in erosion as a function of glacier dynamics. Nature, 526(7571), 100–103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15385
- La Frenierre, J., & Mark, B. G. (2014). A review of methods for estimating the contribution of glacial meltwater to total watershed discharge. Progress in Physical Geography, 38(2), 173–200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133313516161
- Lutz, A., Immerzeel, W., Shrestha, A., & Bierkens, M. (2014). Consistent increase in high Asia's runoff due to increasing glacier melt and precipitation. Nature Climate Change, 4(7), 587. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2237
- Mark, B. G., Bury, J., McKenzie, J. M., French, A., & Baraer, M. (2010). Climate change and tropical Andean glacier recession: Evaluating hydrologic changes and livelihood vulnerability in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(4), 794–805. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2010.497369
- Mark, B. G., French, A., Baraer, M., Carey, M., Bury, J., Young, K. R., Polk, M. H., Wigmore, O., Lagos, P., Crumley, R., McKenzie, J. M., & Lautz, L. (2017). Glacier loss and hydro-social risks in the Peruvian Andes. Global and Planetary Change, 159, 61–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.10.003
- McDowell, G., Ford, J. D., Lehner, B., Berrang-Ford, L., & Sherpa, A. (2013). Climate-related hydrological change and human vulnerability in remote mountain regions: A case study from Khumbu, Nepal. Regional Environmental Change, 13(2), 299–310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0333-2
- Mcdowell, G., Harris, L., Koppes, M., Price, M. F., Chan, K. M., & Lama, D. G. (2020). From needs to actions: Prospects for planned adaptations in high mountain communities. Climatic Change, 163(2), 953–972. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02920-1
- McDowell, G., Huggel, C., Frey, H., Wang, F. M., Cramer, K., & Ricciardi, V. (2019). Adaptation action and research in glaciated mountain systems: Are they enough to meet the challenge of climate change? Global Environmental Change, 54, 19–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.10.012
- McDowell, G., & Koppes, M. (2017). Robust adaptation research in high mountains: Integrating the scientific, social, and ecological dimensions of glacio-hydrological change. Water, 9(10), 739. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100739
- Mills, A. J., Durepos, G., & Wiebe, E. (2010). Encyclopedia of case study research (1st ed. p. 1140). Sage Publications.
- Milner, A. M., Khamis, K., Battin, T. J., Brittain, J. E., Barrand, N. E., Füreder, L., Cauvy-Fraunié, S., Gíslason, G. M., Jacobsen, D., & Hannah, D. M. (2017). Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(37), 9770–9778. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619807114
- Neukom, R., Rohrer, M., Calanca, P., Salzmann, N., Huggel, C., Acuña, D., Christie, D. A., & Morales, M. S. (2015). Facing unprecedented drying of the Central Andes? Precipitation variability over the period AD 1000–2100. Environmental Research Letters, 10(8), 084017. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084017
- NTNC. (2019). National Trust for Nature Conservation - Manaslu Conservation Area Project (MCAP). https://ntnc.org.np/project/manaslu-conservation-area-project-mcap
- O'Brien, K., Eriksen, S., Nygaard, L. P., & Schjolden, A. (2007). Why different interpretations of vulnerability matter in climate change discourses. Climate Policy, 7(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2007.9685639
- O'Brien, K., & Leichenko, R. M. (2000). Double exposure: Assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization. Global Environmental Change, 10(3), 221–232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00021-2
- Palomo, I. (2017). Climate change impacts on ecosystem services in high mountain areas: A literature review. Mountain Research and Development, 37(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-16-00110.1
- Pant, R. R., Zhang, F., Rehman, F. U., Wang, G., Ye, M., Zeng, C., & Tang, H. (2018). Spatiotemporal variations of hydrogeochemistry and its controlling factors in the Gandaki River Basin, Central Himalaya Nepal. Science of The Total Environment, 622-623, 770–782. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.063
- Payne, G., & Payne, J. (2004). Key concepts in social research. Sage Research Methods.
- Plachta, N. (2018). Himalayan borderland communities: Identity, belonging, and place among the tsumpas, institute for the science of religion and central Asian studies (p. 260). University of Bern.
- Polk, M. H., Young, K. R., Baraer, M., Mark, B. G., McKenzie, J. M., Bury, J., & Carey, M. (2017). Exploring hydrologic connections between tropical mountain wetlands and glacier recession in Peru's Cordillera blanca. Applied Geography, 78, 94–103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.11.004
- Rabatel, A., Francou, B., Soruco, A., Gomez, J., Ceballos, J., Basantes, R., Vuille, M., Sicart, J., & Huggel, C. (2013). Current state of glaciers in the tropical Andes: A multi-century perspective on glacier evolution and climate change. The Cryosphere, 7(1), 81–102. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-81-2013
- Ragettli, S., Immerzeel, W. W., & Pellicciotti, F. (2016). Contrasting climate change impact on river flows from high-altitude catchments in the Himalayan and Andes mountains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(33), 9222–9227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606526113
- Rangwala, I., Pepin, N., Vuille, M., & Miller, J. (2015). Influence of climate variability and large-scale circulation on the mountain cryosphere. In C. Huggel, M. Carey, J. J. Clague, & A. Kääb (Eds.), The high-mountain cryosphere (pp. 9–27). Cambridge University Press.
- Rasul, G., & Molden, D. (2019). The global social and economic consequences of mountain cryospheric change. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00091
- Ribot, J. (2010). Vulnerability does not fall from the sky: Toward multiscale, pro-poor climate policy. In R. Mearns, & A. Norton (Eds.), Social dimensions of climate change: Equity and vulnerability in a warming world ( (pp. 47–74). The World Bank.
- Robson, B. A., Nuth, C., Nielsen, P. R., Girod, L., Hendrickx, M., & Dahl, S. O. (2018). Spatial variability in patterns of glacier change across the Manaslu range, central Himalaya. Frontiers in Earth Science, 6, 12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00012
- Schoolmeester, T., Johansen, K. S., Alfthan, B., Baker, E., Hesping, M., & Verbist, K. (2018). The Andean Glacier and Water Atlas – The Impact of Glacier Retreat on Water Resources, UNESCO and GRID-Arendal.
- Scott, C. A., Zhang, F., Mukherji, A., Immerzeel, W., Mustafa, D., & Bharati, L. (2019). Water in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. In P. Wester, A. Mishra, A. Mukherji, & A. B. Shrestha (Eds.), The Hindu Kush Himalaya assessment (pp. 257–299). Springer.
- Smit, B., & Wandel, J. (2006). Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 282–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008
- Stake, R. E. (2013). Multiple case study analysis (p. 342). Guilford Press.
- Turner, B., Kasperson, R., Matson, P., McCarthy, J., Corell, R., Christensen, L., Eckley, N., Kasperson, J., Luers, A., & Martello, M. (2003). A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(14), 8074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231335100
- UNFCCC. (2015). Paris Agreement in: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Ed.) (p. 16).
- van Tiel, M., Kohn, I., Van Loon, A. F., & Stahl, K. (2019). The compensating effect of glaciers: Characterizing the relation between interannual streamflow variability and glacier cover. Hydrological Processes, 34(3), 553–568. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13603
- Viviroli, D., Dürr, H. H., Messerli, B., Meybeck, M., & Weingartner, R. (2007). Mountains of the world, water towers for humanity: Typology, mapping, and global significance. Water Resources Research, 43(7), W07447. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005653
- Viviroli, D., Kummu, M., Meybeck, M., & Wada, Y. (2020). Increasing dependence of lowland population on mountain water resources. Nature Sustainability, 3, 917–928. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0559-9
- Vuille, M., Carey, M., Huggel, C., Buytaert, W., Rabatel, A., Jacobsen, D., Soruco, A., Villacis, M., Yarleque, C., Elison Timm, O., Condom, T., Salzmann, N., & Sicart, J.-E. (2018). Rapid decline of snow and ice in the tropical Andes – Impacts, uncertainties and challenges ahead. Earth-Science Reviews, 176, 195–213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.019
- Walker, B., Carpenter, S., Rockstrom, J., Crépin, A.-S., & Peterson, G. (2012). Drivers,” slow” variables,” fast” variables, shocks, and resilience. Ecology and Society, 17(3), 30–34. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-05063-170330
- Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed., p. 312). Sage Publications.