1,387
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Human health and climate change in the Pacific: a review of current knowledge

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 119-133 | Received 16 Jun 2022, Accepted 23 Feb 2023, Published online: 16 Apr 2023

References

  • Albert, J., Bogard, J., Siota, F., McCarter, J., Diatalau, S., Maelaua, J., Brewer, T., & Andrew, N. (2020). Malnutrition in rural Solomon Islands: An analysis of the problem and its drivers. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 16(2), e12921. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12921.
  • Albrecht, G. (2011). Chronic environmental change: Emerging ‘psychoterratic’ syndromes. In I. Weissbecker (eds.), Climate change and human well-being (pp. 43–56). Springer.
  • Alcayna, T., Fletcher, I., Gibb, R., Tremblay, L., Funk, S., Rao, B., & Lowe, R. (2022). Climate-sensitive disease outbreaks in the aftermath of extreme climatic events: A scoping review. One Earth, 5(4), 336–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.03.011.
  • Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
  • Asad, H., & Carpenter, D. O. (2018). Effects of climate change on the spread of Zika virus: A public health threat. Reviews on Environmental Health, 33(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2017-0042
  • Asian Development Bank. (2017). Papua New Guinea: Building resilience to climate change in Papua New Guinea [Internet]. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.adb.org/projects/46495-002/main
  • Asugeni, J., MacLaren, D., Massey, P. D., & Speare, R. (2015). Mental health issues from rising sea level in a remote coastal region of the Solomon Islands: Current and future. Australasian Psychiatry, 23(6_suppl), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856215609767
  • Bell, J., & Taylor, M. (2015). Building climate-resilient food systems for Pacific Islands. WorldFish.
  • Berry, H. L., Waite, T. D., Dear, K. B., Capon, A. G., & Murray, V. (2018). The case for systems thinking about climate change and mental health. Nature Climate Change, 8(4), 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0102-4
  • Black, R., Adger, N., Arnel, N., Dercon, S., Geddes, A., & Thomas, D. (2017). Foresight: Migration and global environmental change, final project report.
  • Boege, V. (2018). Climate change and conflict in Oceania. Toda Peace Institute. Policy Brief, 17, 1–17.
  • Campbell, J. R. (2015). Development, global change and traditional food security in Pacific Island countries. Regional Environmental Change, 15(7), 1313–1324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0697-6
  • Cavuilati, V. (2018). Climate change and human health: An ecological study on climate variability and malnutrition in Fiji.
  • Charlton, K. E., Russell, J., Gorman, E., Hanich, Q., Delisle, A., Campbell, B., & Bell, J. (2016). Fish, food security and health in Pacific Island countries and territories: a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2953-9
  • Cobon, D. H., Ewai, M., Inape, K., & Bourke, R. M. (2016). Food shortages are associated with droughts, floods, frosts and ENSO in Papua New Guinea. Agricultural Systems, 145, 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.02.012
  • Connell, J. (2015a). Food security in the island Pacific: Is Micronesia as far away as ever? Regional Environmental Change, 15(7), 1299–1311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0696-7
  • Connell, J. (2015b). Vulnerable islands: Climate change, tectonic change, and changing livelihoods in the Western Pacific. The Contemporary Pacific, 27(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1353/cp.2015.0014
  • COSPAC. (2014). Malaria early warning system [Internet]. http://cosppac.bom.gov.au/products-and-services/malaria-early-warning-system/
  • Craig, A. T., Joshua, C. A., Sio, A. R., Teobasi, B., Dofai, A., Dalipanda, T., Hardie, K., Kaldor, J., & Kolbe, A. (2018). Enhanced surveillance during a public health emergency in a resource-limited setting: experience from a large dengue outbreak in Solomon Islands, 2016-17. PloS one, 13(6), e0198487. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198487
  • Dannenberg, A. L., Frumkin, H., Hess, J. J., & Ebi, K. L. (2019). Managed retreat as a strategy for climate change adaptation in small communities: Public health implications. Climatic Change, 153(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02382-0
  • Ebi, K. L., & Otmani del Barrio, M. (2017). Lessons learned on health adaptation to climate variability and change: Experiences across Low- and middle-income countries. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(6), 065001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP405
  • Ebi, K. L., Semenza, J. C., & Rocklöv, J. (2016). Misled about lead: An assessment of online public health education material from Australia’s lead mining and smelting towns. Environmental Health, 15(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-015-0085-9
  • Flores-Palacios, X. (2015). Samoa: Local knowledge, climate change and population movements. Forced Migration Review, 49, 59. https://www.fmreview.org/climatechange-disasters/florespalacios
  • Georgeou, N., Hawksley, C., Wali, N., Lountain, S., Rowe, E., West, C., & Barratt, L. (2022). Food security and small holder farming in Pacific Island countries and territories: A scoping review. PLOS Sustainability and Transformation, 1(4), e0000009. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000009.
  • GFDRR. (2017). The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery: Annual Report [Internet]. https://www.gfdrr.org/en/ar2017
  • Gibson, K., Barnett, J., Haslam, N., & Kaplan, I. (2020). The mental health impacts of climate change: Findings from a Pacific Island atoll nation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102237
  • Grasso, M., Moneo, M., & Arena, M. (2014). Assessing social vulnerability to climate change in Samoa. Regional Environmental Change, 14(4), 1329–1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0570-z
  • Gratzer, J. (2019). Saving the Pacific islands from extinction. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31722-2
  • Gwatirisa, P. R., Pamphilon, B., & Mikhailovich, K. (2017). Coping with drought in rural Papua New Guinea: A western highlands case study. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 56(5), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2017.1352504
  • Hadwen, W. L., Powell, B., MacDonald, M. C., Elliott, M., Chan, T., Gernjak, W., & Aalbersberg, W. G. L. (2015). Putting WASH in the water cycle: Climate change, water resources and the future of water, sanitation and hygiene challenges in Pacific Island Countries. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 5(2), 183–191. https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.133.
  • Haines, A., & Ebi, K. (2019). The imperative for climate action to protect health. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(3), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1807873
  • Hashim, J. H., & Hashim, Z. (2016). Climate change, extreme weather events, and human health implications in the Asia Pacific region. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 28(2_suppl), 8S–14S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515599030
  • ICAS. (2019). Integrated climate change adaptation Samoa [Internet]. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from http://www.adaptationlearning.net/project/integrated-climate-change-adaptation-samoa-iccas
  • Imai, C., Cheong, H. K., Kim, H., Honda, Y., Eum, J. H., Kim, C. T., Kim, J. S., Kim, Y., Behera, S. K., Hassan, M. N., Nealon, J., Chung, H., & Hashizume, M. (2016). Associations between malaria and local and global climate variability in five regions in Papua New Guinea. Tropical Medicine and Health, 44(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-016-0021-x.
  • Intraruangsri, J. (2018). The evolution of Green Hospital concept for Thailand’s Hospital.
  • IPCC. (2022). Summary for policymakers. In Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • Jenkins, A. P., Jupiter, S., Mueller, U., Jenney, A., Vosaki, G., Rosa, V., Naucukidi, A., Mulholland, K., Strugnell, R., Kama, M., & Horwitz, P. (2016). Health at the sub-catchment scale: Typhoid and its environmental determinants in Central Division, Fiji. EcoHealth, 13(4), 633–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-016-1152-6.
  • Johnson, S. M., & Watson, J. R. (2021). Novel environmental conditions due to climate change in the world’s largest marine protected areas. One Earth, 4(11), 1625–1634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.10.016
  • Jones, F. K., Ko, A. I., Becha, C., Joshua, C., Musto, J., Thomas, S., Ronsse, A., Kirkwood, C. D., Sio, A., Aumua, A., & Nilles, E. J. (2016). Increased rotavirus prevalence in diarrheal outbreak precipitated by localized flooding, Solomon Islands, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases., 22(5), 875–879. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2205.151743.
  • Khan, A. E., Ireson, A., Kovats, S., Mojumder, S. K., Khusru, A., Rahman, A., & Vineis, P. (2011). Drinking water salinity and maternal health in coastal Bangladesh: implications of climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(9), 1328–1332. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002804
  • Kim, R., Costello, A., & Campbell-Lendrum, D. (2015). Climate change and health in Pacific Island states.
  • Kjellstrom, T., Butler, A. J., Lucas, R. M., & Bonita, R. (2010). Public health impact of global heating due to climate change: Potential effects on chronic non-communicable diseases. International Journal of Public Health, 55(2), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-0090-2
  • Kovats, R. S. (2000). El Niño and human health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 1127–1135.
  • Lang, A. L., Omena, M., Abdad, M. Y., & Ford, R. L. (2015). Climate change in Papua New Guinea: Impact on disease dynamics.
  • Lau, C. L., Watson, C. H., Lowry, J. H., David, M. C., Craig, S. B., Wynwood, S. J., Kama, M., & Nilles, E. J. 2016. Human leptospirosis infection in Fiji: An eco-epidemiological approach to identifying risk factors and environmental drivers for transmission. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004405
  • Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
  • Luetz, J. (2018). “We’re not refugees, we’ll stay here until we die!”—climate change adaptation and migration experiences gathered from the Tulun and Nissan Atolls of bougainville, Papua New Guinea. In Climate Change impacts and adaptation strategies for coastal communities (pp. 3–29). Springer.
  • Lund, D. (2021). Navigating slow-onset risks through foresight and flexibility in Fiji: Emerging recommendations for the planned relocation of climate-vulnerable communities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 50, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.12.004
  • Luo, M., & Lau, N. C. (2020). Summer heat extremes in northern continents linked to developing ENSO events. Environmental Research Letters, 15(7), 074042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7d07
  • Matheson, D., Park, K., & Soakai, T. S. (2017). Pacific island health inequities forecast to grow unless profound changes are made to health systems in the region. Australian Health Review, 41(5), 590–598. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH16065
  • McIver, L., Bowen, K., Hanna, E., & Iddings, S. (2017). A ‘Healthy Islands’ framework for climate change in the Pacific. Health Promotion International, 32(3), 549–557. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dav094
  • McIver, L., Kim, R., Woodward, A., Hales, S., Spickett, J., Katscherian, D., Hashizume, M., Honda, Y., Kim, H., Iddings, S., Naicker, J., Bambrick, H., McMichael, A. J., & Ebi, K. L. (2016). Health impacts of climate change in Pacific Island countries: A regional assessment of vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(11), 1707–1714. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509756.
  • McIver, L., Naicker, J., Hales, S., Singh, S., & Dawainavesi, A. (2012). Climate change and health in Fiji: Environmental epidemiology of infectious diseases and potential for climate-based early warning systems. Fiji Journal of Public Health, 1, 7–13.
  • McIver, L., Woodward, A., Davies, S., Tibwe, T., & Iddings, S. (2014). Assessment of the health impacts of climate change in Kiribati. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(5), 5224–5240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110505224
  • McMichael, A. J., Campbell-Lendrum, D. H., Corvalán, C. F., Ebi, K. L., Githeko, A. K., Scheraga, J. D., & Woodward, A. (2003). Climate change and human health: Risks and responses. World Health Organization.
  • McMichael, C., Katonivualiku, M., & Powell, T. (2019). Planned relocation and everyday agency in low-lying coastal villages in Fiji. The Geographical Journal, 185(3), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12312
  • Medina Hidalgo, D., Witten, I., Nunn, P. D., Burkhart, S., Bogard, J. R., Beazley, H., & Herrero, M. (2020). Sustaining healthy diets in times of change: Linking climate hazards, food systems and nutrition security in rural communities of the Fiji Islands. Regional Environmental Change, 20(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01653-2.
  • MoH Solomon Islands, WHO. (2011). Health Impacts of Climate Change in the Solomon Islands: An assessment and adaptation action plan.
  • Natuzzi, E. S., Joshua, C., Shortus, M., Reubin, R., Dalipanda, T., Ferran, K., Dalipanda, T., Reubin, R., Shortus, M., & Brodine, S. (2016). Defining population health vulnerability following an extreme weather event in an urban pacific island environment: Honiara, Solomon Islands. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(2), 307–314. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0177.
  • Nayna Schwerdtle, P., Stockemer, J., Bowen, K. J., Sauerborn, R., McMichael, C., & Danquah, I. (2020). A meta-synthesis of policy recommendations regarding human mobility in the context of climate change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249342
  • Nutbeam, D. (1996). Healthy Islands—a truly ecological model of health promotion.
  • Pachauri, R. K., & Meyer, L. A. (2014). IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC (p. 151). Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
  • Palinkas, L. A., & Wong, M. (2020). Global climate change and mental health. Current Opinion in Psychology, 32, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.023
  • Park, S., Kario, K., Chia, Y., Turana, Y., Chen, C., Buranakitjaroen, P., Nailes, J., Hoshide, S., Siddique, S., Sison, J., Soenarta, A. A., Sogunuru, G. P., Tay, J. C., Teo, B. W., Zhang, Y., Shin, J., Minh, H., Tomitani, N., Kabutoya, T., … Wang, J. (2020). The influence of the ambient temperature on blood pressure and how it will affect the epidemiology of hypertension in Asia. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 22(3), 438–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13762.
  • Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Poloczanska, E. S., Mintenbeck, K., Tignor, M., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., & Okem, A. (2022). Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Internet]. Cambridge University Press: IPCC. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/
  • Savage, A., & McIver, L. (2020). Review: The nexus of climate change, food and nutrition security and diet-related non-communicable diseases in Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Climate and Development, 12(2), 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2019.1605284
  • Schwerdtle, P., Bowen, K., & McMichael, C. (2018). The health impacts of climate-related migration. BMC Medicine, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0981-7
  • Semenza, J. C., Trinanes, J., Lohr, W., Sudre, B., Löfdahl, M., Martinez-Urtaza, J., Nichols, G. L., & Rocklöv, J. (2017). Environmental suitability of Vibrio infections in a warming climate: An early warning system. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(10), 107004. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2198.
  • Shortus, M., Musto, J., Bugoro, H., Butafa, C., Sio, A., & Joshua, C. (2016). Vector-control response in a post-flood disaster setting, Honiara, Solomon Islands, 2014. Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal: WPSAR, 7(1), 38.
  • Smith, J., Tahani, L., Bobogare, A., Bugoro, H., Otto, F., Fafale, G., & Penny, M. A. (2017). Malaria early warning tool: Linking inter-annual climate and malaria variability in northern Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Malaria Journal, 16(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1650-6
  • Smith, K. R., Chafe, Z., Woodward, A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Chadee, D. D., Honda, Y., Liu, Q., Olwoch, J. M., Revich, B., Sauerborn, R., & Rocklov, J. (2014). Human health: impacts, adaptation, and co-benefits. In Climate Change 2014 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects 2015 (pp. 709–754). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415379.016
  • Solecki, W., Ramos, G. C. D., Roberts, D., Rosenzweig, C., & Walsh, B. (2021). Accelerating climate research and action in cities through advanced science-policy-practice partnerships. npj Urban Sustainability, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-021-00015-z
  • Spickett, J. T., Katscherian, D., & McIver, L. (2013). Health impacts of climate change in Vanuatu: An assessment and adaptation action plan. Global Journal of Health Science, 5(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v5n3p42
  • Swinburn, B. A., Kraak, V. I., Allender, S., Atkins, V. J., Baker, P. I., Bogard, J. R., Brinsden, H., Calvillo, A., De Schutter, O., Devarajan, R., Ezzati, M., Friel, S., Goenka, S., Hammond, R. A., Hastings, G., Hawkes, C., Herrero, M., Hovmand, P. S., Howden, M., … Dietz, W. H. (2019). The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: The Lancet Commission report. The Lancet, 393(10173), 791–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8
  • The Climate Action Accelerator [Internet]. (2022). Retrieved April 23, 2022, from https://climateactionaccelerator.org/
  • Theobald, S., Brandes, N., Gyapong, M., El-Saharty, S., Proctor, E., Diaz, T., Wanji, S., Elloker, S., Raven, J., Elsey, H., Bharal, S., Pelletier, D., & Peters, D. H. (2018). Implementation research: New imperatives and opportunities in global health. The Lancet, 392(10160), 2214–2228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32205-0.
  • Tong, M. (2017). Study on the weather effects on dengue and dengue surveillance system in Fiji.
  • Tukuitonga, C., & Vivili, P. (2021). Climate effects on health in Small Islands Developing States. The Lancet Planetary Health, 5(2), e69–e70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00004-8
  • Underhill, S. J., Zhou, Y., Sherzad, S., Singh-Peterson, L., & Tagoai, S. M. (2017). Horticultural postharvest loss in municipal fruit and vegetable markets in Samoa. Food Security, 9(6), 1373–1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0734-7
  • UNDP. (2005). Samoa national adaptation plan [Internet]. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://unfcc c.int/resource/docs/napa/sam01.pdf
  • UNDP. (2008). Solomon Islands NAPA UNDP [Internet]. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/solomon-islands-national-adaptation-programme-action-napa
  • UNFCCC. (2022). UNFCCC submitted National Adaptation Plans for Adaptation (NAPAs) Register [Internet]. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://unfccc.int/topics/resilience/workstreams/national-adaptation-programmes-of-action/napas-received
  • Watts, N., Adger, W. N., Agnolucci, P., Blackstock, J., Byass, P., Cai, W., Chaytor, S., Colbourn, T., Collins, M., Cooper, A., Cox, P. M., Depledge, J., Drummond, P., Ekins, P., Galaz, V., Grace, D., Graham, H., Grubb, M., Haines, A., … Costello, A. (2015). Health and climate change: Policy responses to protect public health. The Lancet, 386(10006), 1861–1914. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60854-6.
  • Weir, T., Dovey, L., & Orcherton, D. (2017). Social and cultural issues raised by climate change in pacific island countries: An overview. Regional Environmental Change, 17(4), 1017–1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1012-5
  • Weir, T., & Virani, Z. (2011). Three linked risks for development in the Pacific Islands: climate change, disasters and conflict. Climate and Development, 3(3), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2011.603193
  • WHO. (2015a). Climate change and health in the Western Pacific Region. Synthesis of evidence, profiles of selected countries and policy direction [Internet], p. 134. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789290617372
  • WHO. (2015/2021). Health and climate change country profiles [Internet]. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.who.int/activities/monitoring-health-impacts-of-climate-change-and-national-progress
  • WHO. (2017). Western Pacific Regional framework for action on health and environment on a changing planet [Internet], p. 30. WPRO. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://iris.wpro.who.int/handle/10665.1/13653
  • WHO. (2018). Climate change and health in small island developing states: a WHO special initiative. World Health Organization. [Internet]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/279987
  • WHO. (2020). Guidance for climate resilient and environmentally sustainable health care facilities [Internet]. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.who.in t/publications/i/item/climate-resilient-and-environmentally-sustainable-health-care-facilities
  • WHO MoH Fiji. (2013). Human health vulnerability to climate change in Fiji [Internet]. http://www.health.gov.fj/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Human-Health-Vulnerability-to-Climate-Change-in-Fiji.pdf
  • WHO W. (2016). Sanitation, drinking water and health in Pacific Island Countries: 2015 update and future outlook [Internet]. United Nations Children’s Fund The Pacific Community. Water and Sanitation Programme United Nations Human Settlements Programme. https://iris.wpro.who.int/handle/10665.1/13130
  • WHO W. (2018). Pacific Islands action plan on climate change and health [Internet]. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/275484
  • World Health Organisation. (2015a). Human health and climate change in Pacific Island Countries [Internet]. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, p. 172. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789290617303
  • World Health Organisation. (2015b). Operational framework for building climate resilient health systems [Internet], p. 54. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/operational-framework-for-building-climate-resilient-health-systems
  • World Health Organization. (2015c). Regional office for the Western Pacific. Human health and climate change in Pacific Island countries [Internet]. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. http://iris.wpro.who.int/handle/10665.1/12399
  • Zhang, S., Obure, D. C., Fraser-Hurt, N., & Prestidge, M. (2020). Care for hypertension and other chronic conditions in Samoa: Understanding the bottlenecks and closing the implementation gaps. The World Bank.