- C Hamani, MP McAndrews, M Cohn, M Oh, D Zumsteg, CM Shapiro, RA Wennberg and AM Lozano, 'Memory Enhancement Induced by Hypothalamic/Fornix Deep Brain Stimulation' (2008) 63 Annals of Neurology 119.
- Ibid.
- RE Geiselman, RP Fisher, I Firstenberg, LA Hutton, SJ Sullivan, IV Avetissian and AL Prosk, ‘Enhancement of Eyewitness Memory: An Empirical Evaluation of the Cognitive Interview' (1984) 12 Journal of Police, Science and Administration 74; RE Geiselman, RP Fisher, DP MacKinnon and HL Holland, ‘Eyewitness Memory Enhancement in the Police Interview: Cognitive Retrieval Mnemonics Versus Hypnosis' (1985) 70 Journal of Applied Psychology 401; MR Kebbell and GF Wagstaff, ‘Hypnotic Interviewing: The Best Way to Interview Eyewitnesses?' (1998) 16 Behavioral Sciences and the Law 115; G Köhnken, R Milne, A Memon and R Bull, ‘A Meta-Analysis on the Effects of the Cognitive Interview’ (1999) 5 Psychology, Crime, and Law 3; RS Malpass and PG Devine, ‘Guided Memory in Eyewitness Identification’ (1981) 66 Journal of Applied Psychology 343; RS Malpass and RCL Lindsay, ‘Measuring Line-Up Fairness’ (1999) 13 Applied Cognitive Psychology 1; GL Wells, M Small, S Penrod, RS Malpass, SM Fulero and CAE Brimacombe, ‘Eyewitness Identification Procedures: Recommendations for Lineups and Photospreads' (1998) 22 Law and Human Behavior 603; GL Wells, A Memon and SD Penrod, ‘Eyewitness Evidence: Improving its Probative Value' (2006) 7 Psychological Science in the Public Interest 45.
- For more information, see eg Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement (US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1999.
- Geiselman et al (1984) (n 3); Geiselman et al (1985) (n 3); Kebbell and Wagstaff (n 3); Köhnken et al (n 3); Malpass and Devine (n 3); A Memon and PA Higham, ‘A Review of the Cognitive Interview’ (1999) 5 Psychology, Crime and Law 177; JC Yuille and NH McEwan, ‘Use of Hypnosis as an Aid to Eyewitness Memory’ (1985) 70 Journal of Applied Psychology 389.
- Wells et al (2006) (n 3) 69.
- PS Boggio, F Fregni, C Valasek, S Ellwood, R Chi, J Gallate, A Pascual-Leone and A Snyder, 'Temporal Lobe Cortical Electrical Stimulation during the Encoding and Retrieval Phase Reduces False Memories' (2009) 4 PLoS One e4959; J Gallate, R Chi, S Ellwood and A Snyder, ‘Reducing False Memories by Magnetic Pulse Stimulation’ (2009) 449 Neuroscience Letters 151; Hamani et al (n 1).
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- Ibid.
- EM Altmann and WD Gray, 'Forgetting to Remember: The Functional Relationship of Decay and Interference' (2002) 13 Psychological Science 27; Wagenaar (n 8).
- DL Schacter, JL Harbluk and DR McLachlan, 'Retrieval Without Recollection: An Experimental Analysis of Source Amnesia' (1984) 23 Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 593; Schacter et al (n 11).
- Schacter et al (n 11).
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- EF Loftus and JC Palmer, 'Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction between Language and Memory' (1974) 13 Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 585.
- Ibid.
- Crombag et al (n 16); Hyman et al (n 16); Loftus et al (n 16); Loftus and Pickrell (n 16).
- WA Wagenaar and H Crombag, The Popular Policeman and Other Cases (Amsterdam University Press, 2005).
- Ibid.
- Braun et al (n 16); Garry et al (n 16); Heaps and Nash (n 16); Hyman et al (n 16); Loftus and Pickrell (n 16); Porter et al (n 16); GL Wells and EF Loftus, ‘Eyewitness Memory for People and Events’ in A Goldstein (ed), Comprehensive Handbook of Psychology (Wiley, 2003).
- Garry et al (n 16); Heaps and Nash (n 16); Hyman et al (n 16); Loftus and Pickrell (n 16); G Mazzoni and A Memon, ‘Imagination can Create False Autobiographical Memories’ (2003) 14 Psychological Science 186; Porter et al (n 16).
- LJ Levine and EF Loftus, ‘Eyewitness Testimony’ (2004) 1 Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology 889; Wagenaar (n 8); GL Wells and EA Olson, ‘Eyewitness Testimony’ (2003) 54 Annual Review of Psychology 277; Wells et al (1998) (n 3); Wells et al (2006) (n 3).
- www.innocenceproject.com.
- Wells et al (2006) (n 3) 49.
- RP Fisher, RE Geiselman and DS Raymond, ‘Critical Analysis of Police Interviewing Techniques’ (1987) 15 Journal of Police, Science and Administration 177; Geiselman et al (1984) (n 3); Wells et al (2006) (n 3).
- Geiselman et al (1984) (n 3); Geiselman et al (1985) (n 3); Kebbell and Wagstaff (n 3); Köhnken et al (n 3); Malpass and Devine (n 3); NP Spanos, CA Burgess, MF Burgess, C Samuels and WO Blois, ‘Creating False Memories of Infancy with Hypnotic and Non-Hypnotic Procedures' (1999) 13 Applied Cognitive Psychology 201; JC Yuille and NH McEwan, ‘Use of Hypnosis as an Aid to Eyewitness Memory’ (1985) 70 Journal of Applied Psychology 389.
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- Geiselman et al (1984) (n 3); G Köhnken, C Thurer and D Zorberbier, ‘The Cognitive Interview: Are Interviewers' Memories Enhanced Too?' (1994) 8 Applied Cognitive Psychology 13; Köhnken et al (n 3); A Memon, L Wark, A Holley, R Bull and G Köhnken, ‘Eyewitness Performance in Cognitive and Structured Interviews’ (1997) 5 Memory 639; Memon and Higham (n 5).
- Geiselman et al (1984) (n 3); Geiselman et al (1985) (n 3).
- RP Fisher, RE Geiselman, DS Raymond, LM Jurkevich and ML Warhaftig, ‘Enhancing Enhanced Eyewitness Memory: Refining the Cognitive Interview' (1987) 15 Journal of Police, Science and Administration 285; Memon and Higham (n 5).
- Köhnken et al (n 3).
- Memon et al (n 30); Memon and Higham (n 5).
- MK Johnson, S Hashtroudi and DS Lindsay, ‘Source Monitoring’ (1993) 114 Psychological Bulletin 3; MR Kebbell, R Milne and GF Wagstaff, ‘The Cognitive Interview: A Survey of its Effectiveness' (1999) 5 Psychology, Crime and Law 101; Memon et al (n 30); Memon and Higham (n 5);
- Kebbell et al (n 35); A Memon, A Holley, R Milne, G Köhnken and R Bull, ‘Towards Understanding the Effects of Interviewer Training in Evaluating the Cognitive Interview' (1994) 8 Applied Cognitive Psychology 641.
- Memon et al (n 30); Memon and Higham (n 5).
- Köhnken et al (n 3); Memon et al (n 30); Memon and Higham (n 5).
- Garry et al (n 16); Johnson et al (n 35); Memon and Higham (n 5).
- BL Cutler, SD Penrod and HR Dexter, ‘Juror Sensitivity to Eyewitness Identification Evidence’ (1990) 14 Law and Human Behavior 185.
- Köhnken et al (n 3); Memon et al (n 30).
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- A Franzini, C Marras, P Ferroli, O Bugiani and G Broggi, 'Stimulation of the Posterior Hypothalamus for Medically Intractable Impulsive and Violent Behavior' (2005) 83 Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery 63; HT Greely, ‘Neuroscience and Criminal Justice: Not Responsibility but Treatment' (2008) 56 Kansas Law Review 1103; J Kuhn, D Lenartz, W Huff, S Lee, A Koulousakis, J Klosterkoetter and V Sturm, ‘Remission of Alcohol Dependency following Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens: Valuable Therapeutic Implications?' (2007) 78 Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1152.
- Hamani et al (n 1).
- V Voon, P Krack, AE Lang, AM Lozano, K Dujardin, M Schupbach, J D'Ambrosia, S Thobois, F Tamma, J Herzog, JD Speelman, J Samanta, C Kubu, H Rossignol, YY Poon, JA Saint-Cyr, C Ardouin and E Moro, ‘A Multicenter Study on Suicide Outcomes following Subthalamic Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease' (2008) 131 Brain 2720; Weaver et al (n 43).
- PR Burkhard, FJG Vingerhoets, A Berney, J Bogousslavsky, JG Villemure and J Ghika, ‘Suicide after Successful Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders’ (2004) 63 Neurology 2170; Voon et al (n 46).
- Houeto et al (n 43); TS Mandat, T Hurwitz and CR Honey, ‘Hypomania as an Adverse Effect of Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation: Report of Two Cases' (2006) 148 Acta Neurochirurgica 895.
- Boggio et al (n 7); F Fregni, PS Boggio, M Nitsche, F Bermpohl, A Antal, E Feredoes, MA Marcolin, SP Rigonatti, MTA Silva, W Paulus and A Pascual-Leone, ‘Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Prefrontal Cortex Enhances Working Memory' (2005) 166 Experimental Brain Research 23; Gallate et al (n 7).
- M Hallett, ‘Transcranial Magnetic Brain Stimulation and the Human Brain’ (2000) 406 Nature 147; A Pascual-Leone, JM Tormos, J Keenan, F Tarazona, C Cañete and MD Catalá, ‘Study and Modulation of Human Cortical Excitability with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation' (1998) 15 Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 333; D Schutter, ‘Transcraniale Magnetische Stimulatie en Cerebrale Fysiologische Processen bij Psychiatrische Stoornissen' (2009) 51 Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 97.
- PB Fitzgerald, S Fountain and ZJ Daskalakis, ‘A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of rTMS on Motor Cortical Excitability and Inhibition' (2006) 117 Clinical Neurophysiology 2584; Hallett (n 50); Pascual-Leone et al (n 50); Schutter (n 50).
- MS George, ‘Stimulating the Brain’ (2003) Scientific American 66; BD Greenberg, MS George, JD Martin, J Benjamin, TE Schlaepfer, M Altemus, EM Wassermann, RM Post and DL Murphy, ‘Effect of Prefrontal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Preliminary Study' (1997) 154 American Journal of Psychiatry 867; RE Hoffman, NN Boutros, S Hu, RM Berman, JH Krystal and DS Charney, ‘Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia’ (2000) 355 Lancet 1073; A Pascual-Leone, B Rubio, F Pallardó and MD Catalá, ‘Rapid-Rate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Drug-Resistant Depression' (1996) 348 Lancet 233; Schutter (n 50).
- J Illes, M Gallo and MP Kirschen, 'An Ethics Perspective on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Human Neuromodulation' (2006) 17 Behavioral Neurology 149; M Jahanshahi, MC Ridding, P Limousin, P Profice, W Fogel, D Dressler, R Fuller, RG Brown, P Brown and JC Rothwell, ‘Rapid Rate Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation – A Safety Study’ (1997) 105 Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromiography and Motor Control 422; A Pascual-Leone, CM Houser, K Reese, J Valls-Sole, E Wassermann and M Hallett, ‘Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Normal Volunteers’ (1993) 89 Electro- encephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Electromiography and Motor Control 120; EM Wassermann, ‘Risk and Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation’ (1999) 108 Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section 1.
- Illes et al (n 53).
- A Snyder, E Mulcahy, JL Taylor, DJ Mitchell, P Sachdev and SC Gandevia, ‘Savant-like Skills Exposed in Normal People by Suppresing the Left Fronto-Temporal Lobe' (2003) 2 Journal of Integrative Neuroscience 149.
- A Snyder, 'Explaining and Inducing Savant Skills: Privileged Access to Lower Level, Less Processed Information' (2009) 364 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences 1399.
- B Boroojerdi, M Phipps, L Kopylev, CM Wharton, LG Cohen and J Grafman, ‘Enhancing Analogic Reasoning with rTMS Over the Left Prefrontal Cortex' (2001) 56 Neurology 526; Fregni et al (n 49); DJ Moser, RE Jorge, F Manes, S Paradiso, ML Benjamin and RG Robinson, ‘Improved Executive Functioning following Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation’ (2002) 58 Neurology 1288; Pascual-Leone et al (n 53); D Schutter and J van Honk, ‘Increased Positive Emotional Memory after Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Over the Orbifrontal Cortex' (2006) 31 Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 101.
- Boggio et al (n 7); Gallate et al (n 7).
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Snyder (n 56).
- Gallate et al (n 7).
- George (n 52).
- For more information on the discussion of the epistemological and ethical issues raised by the use of neurotechnologies such as TMS for improving eyewitness memory and how this discussion relates to the cognitive enhancement debate, please contact the authors.
- Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 516 US 869 (1993). Compare the relevant regulatons of the EU Member States on http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/evidence/evidence_eng_en.htm.
Law, Innovation and Technology
Volume 1, 2009 - Issue 2