A Biocultural Approach to Understanding the Presence of Children from Medieval Hospitals in England: What Can We Learn from Archaeological Investigations?

References

• Agarwal, S. C. 2016. “Bone Morphologies and Histories: Life Course Approaches in Bioarchaeology.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159: 130–149. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen Archaeology. 2012. Archaeological Watching Brief Report: 5 Auden Close, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, Report No. 2012020. Lincoln: Allen Archaeology Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, S. 2003. 25 Out Risbygate Street, Bury St Edmunds, BSE 218. Suffolk: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, S. 2005. “Human Skeletal Remains.” In Partney By-Pass, Lincolnshire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design, Report No. 788, edited by R. Atkins, 80–89. Cambridgeshire: Cambridgeshire County Council.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, S. 2012. “Human Skeletal Remains.” In 24 Out Risbygate Street, Bury St Edmunds, BSE 392, edited by R. Brooks, 13–22. Suffolk: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service.
   Google Scholar
• Armelagos, G. J., A. H. Goodman, K. N. Harper, and M. L. Blakey. 2009. “Enamel Hypoplasia and Early Mortality: Bioarchaeological Support for the Barker Hypothesis.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 18: 261–271. doi: 10.1002/evan.20239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins, R., and E. Popescu. 2010. “Excavations at the Hospital of St Mary Magdalen, Partney, Lincolnshire, 2003.” Medieval Archaeology 54: 204–270. doi: 10.1179/174581710X12790370815896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, B., M. Bernard, G. Carrier, C. Elliot, J. Langdon, N. Leishman, M. Mlynarz, O. Mykhed, and L. Sidders. 2008. “Coming of Age and the Family in Medieval England.” Journal of Family History 33: 41–60. doi: 10.1177/0363199007308449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, L., and L. Siburn. 1998. The Medieval Hospital of St Nicholas, Lewes, East Sussex: Excavations 1994, Project No. 1994/148. Hassocks: Archaeology South-East.
   Google Scholar
• Barber, L, and L Siburn. 2010. “The medieval hospital of St Nicholas, Lewes, East Sussex.” Sussex Archaeological Collections 148: 79–109.
   Google Scholar
• Barker, D. 1990. “The Fetal and Infant Origins of Adult Disease.” British Medical Journal 301: 1111. doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6761.1111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter, J. E. 2008. “The Archaeology of Childhood.” Annual Review of Anthropology 37: 159–175. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benfield, S., and H. Brooks. 2007. Crouched Friars: the Medieval Church Structure and its Associated Cemetery, 38–40 Crouch Street, Colchester. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, M. W. 1983. “Burials From the Cemetery of the Hospital of St Leonard, Newark, Nottinghamshire.” Transactions of the Thoroton Society 87: 23–35.
   Google Scholar
• Bloxham, A. 2013. ‘Finding Castleton’s Medieval Hospital’ 2011/12: Human Skeletal Report. Unpublished Report.
   Google Scholar
• Bluebond-Langner, M., and J. E. Korbin. 2007. “Challenges and Opportunities in the Anthropology of Childhoods: An Introduction to “Children, Childhoods, and Childhood Studies”.” American Anthropologist 109: 241–246. doi: 10.1525/aa.2007.109.2.241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster, T. 1951. “Excavations on the Site of the Hospitium of St Mary, Staxton, Yorkshire 1950.” Archaeological Newsletter 4: 62–63.
   Google Scholar
• Bridge, G. 1999. The Medieval Hospitals of St John the Baptist at Oxford and St Bartholomew of London from Foundation to 1300. Accessed November 21, 2017. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/671/bridge_2005.pdf?sequence=1.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, R. 2012. 24 Out Risbygate Street, Bury St Edmunds, BSE 392, SCCAS Report No. 2012/125. Suffolk: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service.
   Google Scholar
• Buckland, P. C., J. R. Magilton, and C. Hayfield. 1989. The Archaeology of Doncaster V2: The Medieval Town and Later. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
   Google Scholar
• Cardwell, P. 1996. “Excavations of the Hospital of St Giles by Brompton Bridge, North Yorkshire.” Archaeological Journal 152: 109–245. doi: 10.1080/00665983.1995.11021431
   Google Scholar
• Caruth, J., and S. Anderson. 1997. St Saviour’s Hospital, Bury St. Edmunds (BSE 013): A Report on the Archaeological Excavations 1989–1994. Unpublished Report 97/20. Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service.
   Google Scholar
• Cessford, C. 2015. “The St John’s Hospital Cemetery and Environs, Cambridge: Contextualizing the Medieval Urban Dead.” Archaeological Journal 172: 52–120. doi: 10.1080/00665983.2014.984960
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, A. T. 2006. Demography in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chundrun, Z., and C. Roberts. 1996. “Human Skeletal Remains, pp. 214–219 in Cardwell, P. 1996. Excavations of the Hospital of St Giles by Brompton Bridge, North Yorkshire.” Archaeological Journal 152: 109–245.
   Google Scholar
• Clough, S., and A. Witkin. 2006. Excavations at the Litten Medieval Cemetery, Newbury, West Berkshire. Oxford: Oxford Archaeological Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, B., A. Gray Jones, R. Redfern, and D. Walker. 2012. A Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Burials on the Site of St Mary Spital: Excavations at Spitalfields Market, London E1, 1991–2007. MOLA Monograph 60. London: Museum of London Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Coppack, G. 2005. “Documentary History and Parallels’.” In Partney By-Pass, Lincolnshire: Post-Excavation Assessment and Updated Project Design. Report No. 788, edited by R. Atkins, 58–64. Cambridgeshire: Cambridgeshire County Council.
   Google Scholar
• Craig-Atkins, E. 2014. “Eavesdropping on Short Lives: Eaves-Drip Burial and the Differential Treatment of Children one Year of age and Under in Early Christian Cemeteries.” In Medieval Childhood: Archaeological Approaches, edited by D. M. Hadley and K. A. Hemer, 95–113. Oxford: Oxbow.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, S., D. M. Hadley, and G. Shepherd. 2018. “The Archaeology of Childhood.” In The Oxford Handbook of The Archaeology of Childhood, edited by S. Crawford, D. M. Hadley, and G. Shepherd, 3–37. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, S., and C. Lewis. 2008. “Childhood Studies and the Society for the Study of Childhood in the Past.” Childhood in the Past 1: 5–16. doi: 10.1179/cip.2009.1.1.5
   Google Scholar
• Crossan, C. 2004. “Excavations at St Mary Magdalen’s Hospital, Brook Street, Colchester.” Essex Archaeology and History 34: 91–154.
   Google Scholar
• Cullum, P. H. 1989. “Hospitals and Charitable Provision in Medieval Yorkshire, 936–1547.” Unpublished PhD thesis, University of York.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hobbis, H. 2017. “Interpreting Cultural and Biological Markers of Stress and Status in Medieval Subadults From England.” In Children, Death and Burial: Archaeological Discourses, edited by E. Murphy and M. Le Roy, 211–226. Oxford: Oxbow.
   Google Scholar
• Dodwell, N. 2015. “The Cemetery Population.” In The St John’s Hospital Cemetery and Environs, edited by C. Cessford, 84–106. Cambridge: Contextualizing the Medieval Urban Dead.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, M. 2002. Excavation at City General Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, 2001. Post Excavation Assessment and Publication Plan. Unpublished Report 810. Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, D. 2006. 92–98 London Road, Gloucester, Gloucestershire: Archaeological Watching Brief. Unpublished Report 04082. Cotswold Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Farley, M., and K. Manchester. 1989. “The Cemetery of the Leper Hospital of St Margaret, High Wycomb, Buckinghamshire.” Medieval Archaeology 33: 82–89. doi: 10.1080/00766097.1989.11735520
   Google Scholar
• Gilchrist, R. 1995. Contemplation and Action: The Other Monasticism. London: Leicester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilchrist, R. 2012. Medieval Life: Archaeology and the Life Course. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilchrist, R., and B. Sloane. 2005. Requiem: The Medieval Monastic Cemeteries of Britain (1050–1600). London: Museum of London Archaeology Service.
   Google Scholar
• Gloucestershire County Council, Historic Environment Record Archive. n.d. St John’s Hospital, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. Accessed November 21, 2017. http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=314&resourceID=108.
   Google Scholar
• Goacher, H., C. Coutts, and S. Palmer. 2016. The Hospital of St John the Baptist, Lichfield, Staffordshire, Post-excavation Assessment. Archaeology Warwickshire Report No. 1675. Warwick: Archaeology Warwickshire.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, E. C. 1991. “Accidents among Medieval Children as Seen From the Miracles of Six English Saints and Martyrs’.” Medical History 35: 145–163. doi: 10.1017/S0025727300053461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, A. 2018. “The Paper Parish: The Parish Register and the Reformation of Parish Memory in Early Modern London.” Memory Studies 11: 51–68. doi: 10.1177/1750698017736838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowland, R. L. 2015. “Entangled Lives: Implications of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis for Bioarchaeology and the Life Course.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158: 530–540. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowland, R. 2018. “Infants and Mothers: Linked Lives and Embodied Life Courses.” In The Oxford Handbook of The Archaeology of Childhood, edited by S. Crawford, D. M. Hadley, and G. Shepherd, 104–119. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grauer, A. L., and C. A. Roberts. 1996. “Paleoepidemiology, Healing, and Possible Treatment of Trauma in the Medieval Cemetery Population of St. Helen-on-the-Walls, York, England.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100: 531–544. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199608)100:4<531::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-T
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, M., and H. Knight. 2013. “‘Le Newerk of Maydeston’ - Excavation of a Medieval Hospital Site at St Peter’s Wharf, Maidstone.” Archaeologia Cantiana 133: 115–129.
   Google Scholar
• Heywood, C. 2018. A History of Childhood. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holman, J. 2008. The New Romney and Greatstone First Time Sewerage Scheme Pipeline Watching Brief, New Romney, Kent. Unpublished Report 2285. Canterbury Archaeological Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Horden, P. 2008. Family History and Hospital History in the Middle Ages, (ed.) Sonnino, E. Living in the City (14th–20th Centuries). Rome: Casa Editrice Universita La Sapienza, 2004. pp. 255–282 in Horden, P. Hospitals and Healing from Antiquity to the Later Middle Ages. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Huggon, M. 2018. “Medieval Medicine, Public Health, and the Medieval Hospital.” In The Oxford Handbook of Later Medieval Archaeology in Britain, edited by C. Gerrard and A. Gutierrez, 836–855. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ingram, M. 2006. The Hospital Chapel of St Mary and St Thomas, Ilford. Unpublished MoLAS Report. Museum of London Archaeology Service.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A., R. Redfern, and D. Walker. 2012. “Nutritional and Metabolic Disease.” In A Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Burials on the Site of St Mary Spital: Excavations at Spitalfields Market, London E1, 1991–2007. MOLA Monograph 60, edited by B. Connell, A. Gray Jones, R. Redfern, and D. Walker, 118–127. London: Museum of London Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Kamp, K. A. 2001. “Where Have all the Children Gone? The Archaeology of Childhood.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 8: 1–34. doi: 10.1023/A:1009562531188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles, D., and R. N. Hadcock. 1953. Medieval Religious Houses: England and Wales. London: Longmans, Green.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, F., and J. Magilton. 2008. “Physical Anthropology.” In Lepers Outside the Gate: Excavations at the Cemetery of the Hospital of St James and St Mary Magdalene, Chichester, 1986–87 and 1993. CBA Research Report 158, edited by J. Magilton, F. Lee, and A. Boylston, 150–156. York: Council for British Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, G. D. 1964. “The Cemetery of St Mary Magdalene, Bidlington.” Sussex Archaeological Collections 102: 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. E. 2007. The Bioarchaeology of Children: Perspectives From Biological and Forensic Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. 2008. “The Children.” In Lepers Outside the Gate: Excavations at the Cemetery of the Hospital of St James and St Mary Magdalene, Chichester, 1986–87 and 1993. CBA Research Report 158, edited by J. Magilton, F. Lee, and A. Boylston, 174–187. York: Council for British Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. 2014. “Sticks and Stones: Exploring the Nature and Significance of Child Trauma in the Past.” In The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict, edited by C. Knusel and M. Smith, 39–63. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. 2016. “Work and the Adolescent in Medieval England AD 900–1550: The Osteological Evidence.” Medieval Archaeology 60: 138–171. doi: 10.1080/00766097.2016.1147787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M., and R. Gowland. 2007. “Brief and Precarious Lives: Infant Mortality in Contrasting Sites From Medieval and Post-Medieval England (AD 850–1859).” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 134: 117–129. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeffelmann, T., and M. Holst. 2016. “Osteological Analysis, St John’s Almshouses, Lichfield, Staffordshire.” In The Hospital of St John the Baptist, Lichfield, Staffordshire, Post-Excavation Assessment. Archaeology Warwickshire Report No. 1675, edited by H. Goacher, C. Coutts, and S. Palmer, 36–61. Warwick: Archaeology Warwickshire.
   Google Scholar
• Magilton, J. 2008. “The Cemetery.” In Lepers Outside the Gate: Excavations at the Cemetery of the Hospital of St James and St Mary Magdalene, Chichester, 1986–87 and 1993. CBA Research Report 158, edited by J. Magilton, F. Lee, and A. Boylston, 84–132. York: Council for British Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Magilton, J., F. Lee, and A. Boylston, eds. 2008. Lepers Outside the Gate: Excavations at the Cemetery of the Hospital of St James and St Mary Magdalene, Chichester, 1986–87 and 1993. CBA Research Report 158. York: Council for British Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Maher, S. 2014. 300 High Street, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. Excavation Summary. PCA Report No. 11614. London: Pre-Construct Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Mays, S. 2018. “The Study of Growth in Skeletal Populations.” In The Oxford Handbook of The Archaeology of Childhood, edited by S. Crawford, D. M. Hadley, and G. Shepherd, 71–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mays, S., M. Brickley, N. Dodwell, and J. Sidell. 2018. The Role of the Human Osteologist in an Archaeological Fieldwork Project. Swindon: Historic England.
   Google Scholar
• McComish, J. M., G. Millward, and A. Boyle. 2017. The Medieval Cemetery of St Leonard’s Leper Hospital at Midland Road, Peterborough. York: York Archaeological Trust.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, M. 1986. “Local Change and Community Control in England, 1465–1500.” Huntington Library Quarterly 49: 219–242. doi: 10.2307/3817122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre, L., and D. M. Hadley. 2010. Archaeological Excavations at Bawtry Masonic Hall, South Yorkshire, July 2010: The Cemetery of the Medieval Hospital of St Mary Magdalene. Sheffield: University of Sheffield.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, D. 1993. A Leper Cemetery at Spittal’s Link, Huntingdon. Unpublished Report A20. Cambridgeshire County Council Archaeological Field Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Oosterwijk, S. 2018. “Adult Appearances? The Representation of Children and Childhood in Medieval art.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Childhood, edited by S. Crawford, D. M. Hadley, and G. Shepherd, 590–607. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orme, N. 2001. Medieval Children. London: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orme, N., and M. Webster. 1995. The English Hospital, 1070–1570. London: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, S. 2007. Archaeological Salvage Recording at 19 Allesley Old Road, Chapelfields, Coventry. Unpublished Report 0710. Warwickshire County Council.
   Google Scholar
• Penny-Mason, B. J., and R. L. Gowland. 2014. “The Children of the Reformation: Childhood Palaeoepidemiology in Britain, ad 1000–1700.” Medieval Archaeology 58: 162–194. doi: 10.1179/0076609714Z.00000000035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, B. 2012. Archaeological Watching Brief Report for Bluecoat Square Access Ramp. Chester: L-P Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Price, R., and M. Ponsford, eds. 1998. St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Bristol. The Excavation of a Medieval Hospital: 1976–8. CBA Research Report 110. York: Council for British Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Priest, V., and S. Chapman. 2002. An Archaeological Excavation at the site of St John the Baptist Hospital, Mill Farm, Lutterworth, Leicestershire. Unpublished Report 2002/135. University of Leicester Archaeological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Rawcliffe, C. 1984. “The Hospitals of Later Medieval London.” Medical History 28: 1–21. doi: 10.1017/S0025727300035286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawcliffe, C. 1999. Medicine for the Soul: The Life, Death and Resurrection of an English Medieval Hospital. St Giles, Norwich, c. 1249–1550. Stroud: Sutton.
   Google Scholar
• Rawcliffe, C. 2013. Urban Bodies: Communal Health in Late Medieval English Towns and Cities. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
   Google Scholar
• Redfern, R. 2012. “A Subadult Perspective on Medieval London.” In A Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Burials on the Site of St Mary Spital: Excavations at Spitalfields Market, London E1, 1991–2007. MOLA Monograph 60, edited by B. Connell, A. Gray Jones, R. Redfern, and D. Walker, 168–180. London: Museum of London Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, J. D., C. Heighway, and S. Donaghey. 1989. Union Terrace: Excavations in the Horsefair. London: Council for British Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, C. A. 2000. “Trauma in Biocultural Perspective: Past, Present and Future Work in Britain.” In Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science, edited by M. Cox and S. Mays, 337–356. London: Greenwich Medical Media.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, C. A., and M. Cox. 2003. Health and Disease in Britain: From Prehistory to the Present Day. Stroud: Sutton Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Roffey, S. 2012. “Medieval Leper Hospitals in England: An Archaeological Perspective.” Medieval Archaeology 56: 203–233. doi: 10.1179/0076609712Z.0000000007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roffey, S., and K. Tucker. 2012. “A Contextual Study of the Medieval Hospital and Cemetery of St Mary Magdalen, Winchester, England.” International Journal of Paleopathology 2: 170–180. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2012.09.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallcombe, W. 1927. “Excavation Archive/SRM15190.” Reading Museum REDMG: 2016.49.A1.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G. H. 1979. “The Excavation of the Hospital of St Mary of Ospringe, Commonly Called Maison Dieu.” Archaeologia Cantiana 95: 81–188.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, P. W., K. Watkins, and A. Hewlett. 2012. “Infection Control Through the Ages.” American Journal of Infection Control 40: 35–42. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2011.02.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturgeon, W. n.d. Gloucestershire Historic Environment Record (HER) Summary Report for Area 314. Accessed July 12, 2017. http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=314&resourceID=108.
   Google Scholar
• Sweetinburgh, S. 2004. The Role of the Hospital in Medieval England: Gift-Giving and the Spiritual Economy. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, C., B. Sloane, and C. Phillpotts. 1997. Excavations at the Priory and Hospital of St Mary Spital, London. London: Museum of London Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe, R., M. Phillips, J. Watters, and J. Wells. 2003. A505 Baldock By-Pass Archaeological Field Evaluation. Unpublished report 2003/11, Albion Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Tinti, F. 2005. “Introduction.” In Pastoral Care in Late Anglo-Saxon England, edited by F. Tinti, 1–16. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. 1990. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Accessed August 9, 2017. www.downloads.unicef.org.uk.
   Google Scholar
• Verlinden, P., and M. E. Lewis. 2015. “Childhood Trauma: Methods for the Identification of Physeal Fractures in Nonadult Skeletal Remains.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 157: 411–420. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, D. 2012. “Medieval London.” In A Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Burials on the Site of St Mary Spital: Excavations at Spitalfields Market, London E1, 1991–2007. MOLA Monograph 60, edited by B. Connell, A. Gray Jones, R. Redfern, and D. Walker, 149–168. London: Museum of London Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, S. 2006. “The Origins of the English Hospital.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 16: 75–94. doi: 10.1017/S0080440106000466
   Google Scholar
• Wells, C. 1967. “A Leper Cemetery at South Acre, Norfolk.” Medieval Archaeology 11: 242–248. doi: 10.1080/00766097.1967.11735298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weston, L. M. C. 1995. “Women’s Medicine, Women’s Magic: The Old English Metrical Childbirth Charms.” Modern Philology 92: 279–293. doi: 10.1086/392249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkin, A. 2000. Excavation and Analysis of a Skeleton from Hady Hill, Chesterfield, Derbyshire. Unpublished ARCUS report 580.1, University of Sheffield.
   Google Scholar