Publication Cover
Cognitive Neuroscience
Current Debates, Research & Reports
Volume 14, 2023 - Issue 2
1,496
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Discussion

MA-EM: A neurocognitive model for understanding mixed and ambiguous emotions and morality

ORCID Icon
Pages 51-60 | Received 30 May 2022, Published online: 25 Oct 2022

References

  • Alter, A. L. (2013). The benefits of cognitive disfluency. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(6), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413498894
  • Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006). Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci, 7(4), 268–277. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1884
  • Anderson, M. L. (2014). After Phrenology: Neural Reuse and the Interactive Brain. A Bradford Book.
  • Andrade, E. B., & Cohen, J. B. (2007). On the consumption of negative feelings. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(3), 283–300. https://doi.org/10.1086/519498
  • Appel, M., Slater, M. D., & Oliver, M. B. (2019). Repelled by virtue? The dark triad and eudaimonic narratives. Media Psychology, 22(5), 769–794. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2018.1523014
  • Bardi, L., Desmet, C., Nijhof, A., Wiersema, J. R., & Brass, M. (2017). Brain activation for spontaneous and explicit false belief tasks overlaps: New fMRI evidence on belief processing and violation of expectation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(3), 391–400.
  • Barrett, L. F., Lindquist, K. A., & Gendron, M. (2007). Language as context for the perception of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.003
  • Barsalou, L. W., Santos, A., Simmons, W. K., & Wilson, C. D. (2008). Language and simulation in conceptual processing. In M. De Vega, A. M. Glenberg, & A. C. Graesser (Eds.), Symbols (pp. 123–145). Embodiment, and Meaning. Oxford University Press.
  • Berkum, J. J. A. (2019). Language Comprehension and Emotion. The Oxford Handbook of Neurolinguistics (pp. 86–102). https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190672027.013.29
  • Berrios, R., Totterdell, P., & Kellett, S. (2015). Eliciting mixed emotions: A meta-analysis comparing models, types, and measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00428
  • Boyd, B. (2009). On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction. Harvard University Press.
  • Bruner, J. S. (1984). Language, Mind, and Reading. Heinemann.
  • Bruner, J. S. (1986). Actual minds, possible worlds. Harvard University Press.
  • Burke, M. (2010). Literary Reading, Cognition and Emotion: An Exploration of the Oceanic Mind. Taylor & Francis.
  • Cave, T. (2016). Thinking with Literature: Towards a Cognitive Criticism. Oxford University Press.
  • Cupchik, G. C., Oatley, K., & Vorderer, P. (1998). Emotional effects of reading excerpts from short stories by James Joyce. Poetics, 25(6), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-422X(98)
  • Das, E., Nobbe, T., & Oliver, M. B. (2017). Health communication| moved to act: examining the role of mixed affect and cognitive elaboration in “accidental” narrative persuasion. International Journal of Communication, 11(1), 17.
  • Das, E., & Te Hennepe, L. (2022). Touched by Tragedy. Journal of Media Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000329
  • Dewey, J. (1891). Moral Theory and Practice. International Journal of Ethics, 1(2), 186–203.
  • Eden, A., Daalmans, S., Ommen, M. V., & Weljers, A. (2017). Melfi’s choice: morally conflicted content leads to moral rumination in viewers. Journal of Media Ethics, 32(3), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2017.1329019
  • Eekhof, L. S., Eerland, A., & Willems, R. M. (2018). Readers’ insensitivity to tense revealed: no differences in mental simulation during reading of present and past tense stories. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.121
  • Eekhof, L. S., Kuijpers, M. M., Faber, M., Gao, X., Mak, M., Hoven, E., & Willems, R. M. (2021). Lost in a Story, Detached from the Words. Discourse Processes, 58(7), 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2020.1857619
  • Ennis, R. (2011). Critical Thinking. Inquiry: Critical Thinking across the Disciplines, 26(2), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.5840/inquiryctnews201126215
  • Ennis, R. H. (2015). Critical Thinking: A Streamlined Conception. In M. Davies & R. Barnett (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Thinking in Higher Education (pp. 31–47). Palgrave Macmillan US.
  • Fesmire, S. (2003). John Dewey and Moral Imagination: Pragmatism in Ethics. Indiana University Press.
  • Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2006). The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron, 50(4), 531–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001
  • Gallese, V., Keysers, C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2004). A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(9), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.002
  • Gerrig, R. J. (1999). Experiencing Narrative Worlds: On the Psychological Activities of Reading. Westview Press.
  • Goldie, P. (2012). The Mess Inside: Narrative, Emotion, and the Mind. Oxford University Press.
  • Goldman, A. (2006). Simulating minds. Oxford University Press.
  • Gottschall, J. E. (2013). The Storytelling Animal. Mariner Books. https://www.bol.com/nl/f/the-storytelling-animal/9200000000620071/
  • Graf, L. K. M., & Landwehr, J. R. (2015). A dual-process perspective on fluency-based aesthetics: The pleasure-interest model of aesthetic liking. Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 19(4), 395–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315574978
  • Hakemulder, F. (2000). The moral laboratory: Experiments examining the effects of reading literature on social perception and moral self-knowledge. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Hakemulder, F., Fialho, O., & Bal, M. (2016). Learning from literature: Empirical research on readers in schools and at the workplace. In M. Burke, O. Fialho, & S. Zyngier, (Eds.). Scientific Approaches to Literature in Learning Environments. 19–38. John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://benjamins.com/catalog/lal.24.02hak
  • Hakemulder, F. (2021). Finding meaning through literature: foregrounding as an emergent effect. Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies, 31(1), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.33675/ANGL/2020/1/8
  • Hartung, F., Hagoort, P., & Willems, R. M. (2017). Readers select a comprehension mode independent of pronoun: Evidence from fMRI during narrative comprehension. Brain and Language, 170(3), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2017.03.007
  • Hartung, F., Wang, Y., Mak, M., Willems, R. M., & Chatterjee, A. (2021). Aesthetic appraisals of literary style and emotional intensity in narrative engagement are neurally dissociable. Communications Biology, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02926-0
  • Hogan, P. C. (2011). What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511976773
  • Hume, D. (1739). A treatise of human nature. Clarendon Press.
  • Hunter, P. G., Schellenberg, E. G., & Schimmack, U. (2010). Feelings and perceptions of happiness and sadness induced by music: Similarities, differences, and mixed emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(1), 47–56.
  • Jacobs, A. M. (2015a). Neurocognitive Poetics: Methods and models for investigating the neuronal and cognitive- affective bases of literature reception. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00186
  • Jacobs, A. M. (2015b). Towards a Neurocognitive Poetics Model of Literary Reading. Cognitive Neuroscience of Natural Language Use (pp. 55–76). Cambridge University Press.
  • Jacobs, A. M., Võ, M. L.-H., Briesemeister, B. B., Conrad, M., Hofmann, M. J., Kuchinke, L., Lüdtke, J., & Braun, M. (2015). 10 years of BAWLing into affective and aesthetic processes in reading: What are the echoes? Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00714
  • Jacobs, A. M., & Willems, R. M. (2018). The fictive brain: neurocognitive correlates of engagement in literature. Review of General Psychology, 22(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000106
  • Keen, S. (2007). Empathy and the Novel. Oxford University Press.
  • Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2006). Towards a unifying neural theory of social cognition. Prog Brain Res, 156(2), 379–401.
  • Koek, M., Janssen, T., Hakemulder, F., & Rijlaarsdam, G. (2017). Literary reading and critical thinking. Scientific Study of Literature, 6(2), 243–277.
  • Koopman, E. M. E., & Hakemulder, F. (2015). Effects of literature on empathy and self-reflection: a theoretical-empirical framework. Journal of Literary Theory, 9(1), 79–111. https://doi.org/10.1515/jlt-2015-0005
  • Kovács, Á. M., Kühn, S., Gergely, G., Csibra, G., & Brass, M. (2014). Are all beliefs equal? Implicit belief attributions recruiting core brain regions of theory of mind. PLOS ONE, 9(9), e106558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106558
  • Krieken, K. W. M. (2018). How reading narratives can improve our fitness to survive. A mental simulation model. Narrative Inquiry, 28(1), 140–161. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.17049.kri
  • Labov, W., & Waletzky, J. (1997). Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experience. Journal of Narrative & Life History, 7(1–4), 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.7.02nar
  • Larsen, J. T., & McGraw, A. P. (2014). The case for mixed emotions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(6), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12108
  • Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 684–696. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.684
  • Lewis, R. J., Tamborini, R., & Weber, R. (2014). Testing a dual‐process model of media enjoyment and appreciation. Journal of Communication, 64(3), 397–416.
  • Linden, D. J. (2021). A neuroscientist prepares for death. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/12/terminal-cancer-neuroscientist-prepares-death/621114/
  • Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012). The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(3), 121–143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11000446
  • Mak, H. M. L., & Willems, R. M. (2021). Eyelit: Eye-movement and reader response data during literary reading [Txt]. Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS). https://doi.org/10.17026/DANS-ZQK-ZMQS
  • Mak, M., & Willems, R. M. (2019). Mental simulation during literary reading: Individual differences revealed with eye-tracking. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 34(4), 511–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2018.1552007
  • Maksimainen, J. P., Eerola, T., & Saarikallio, S. H. (2019). Ambivalent emotional experiences of everyday visual and musical objects. SAGE Open, 9(3), 2158244019876319. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019876319
  • Mar, R. A., & Oatley, K. (2008). The function of fiction is the abstraction and simulation of social experience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(3), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00073.x
  • Menninghaus, W., Wagner, V., Hanich, J., Wassiliwizky, E., Kuehnast, M., & Jacobsen, T. (2015). Towards a Psychological Construct of Being Moved. PLOS ONE, 10(6), e0128451.
  • Menninghaus, W., Wagner, V., Wassiliwizky, E., Jacobsen, T., & Knoop, C. A. (2017). The emotional and aesthetic powers of parallelistic diction. Poetics, 63, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2016.12.001
  • Mukhopadhyay, A., & Johar, G. (2007). Tempted or not? - the effect of recent purchase history on responses to affective advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(4), 445–453. https://doi.org/10.1086/510218
  • Muth, C., & Carbon, -C.-C. (2016). SeIns: Semantic instability in art. Art and Perception, 4(1–2), 145–184. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134913-00002049
  • Muth, C., Hesslinger, V. M., & Carbon, -C.-C. (2018). Variants of semantic instability (SeIns) in the arts: A classification study based on experiential reports. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 12(1), 11–23.
  • Nastase, S. A., Goldstein, A., & Hasson, U. (2020). Keep it real: Rethinking the primacy of experimental control in cognitive neuroscience. NeuroImage, 222, 117254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117254
  • Nastase, S. A., Liu, Y.-F., Hillman, H., Zadbood, A., Hasenfratz, L., Keshavarzian, N., Chen, J., Honey, C. J., Yeshurun, Y., Regev, M., Nguyen, M., Chang, C. H. C., Baldassano, C., Lositsky, O., Simony, E., Chow, M. A., Leong, Y. C., Brooks, P. P., Micciche, E., & Hasson, U. (2020). Narratives [Data set]. Openneuro. https://doi.org/10.18112/OPENNEURO.DS002345.V1.1.4
  • Nijhof, A. D., Bardi, L., Brass, M., & Wiersema, J. R. (2018). Brain activity for spontaneous and explicit mentalizing in adults with autism spectrum disorder: An fMRI study. NeuroImage: Clinical, 18, 475–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.02.016
  • Nussbaum, M. (1997). Poetic Justice: The Literary Imagination and Public Life. Beacon Press.
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2003). Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Oatley, K. (2016). Fiction: Simulation of Social Worlds. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(8), 618–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.06.002
  • Oliver, M. B., & Bartsch, A. (2011). Appreciation of Entertainment. Journal of Media Psychology, 23(1), 29–33. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000029
  • Oliver, M. B., Bartsch, A., & Hartmann, T. (2014). Negative emotions and the meaningful sides of media entertainment. In The positive side of negative emotions (pp. 224–246). The Guilford Press.
  • Oliver, M. B., & Raney, A. A. (2011). Entertainment as pleasurable and meaningful: identifying hedonic and eudaimonic motivations for entertainment consumption. Journal of Communication, 61(5), 984–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01585.x
  • Ommen, M. E., Van, Daalmans, S., & Weijers, G. W. M. (2015). Who is the doctor in this House? Analyzing the moral evaluations of medical students and physicians of House, M.D. AJOB Empirical Bioethics, 61–74.
  • Ott, J. M., Tan, N. Q. P., & Slater, M. D. (2021). Eudaimonic media in lived experience: retrospective responses to eudaimonic vs. non-eudaimonic films. Mass Communication and Society, 24(5), 725–747. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2021.1912774
  • Panksepp, J. (2004). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. Oxford University Press.
  • Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage, 16(2), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1087
  • Rawson, K. A., & Dunlosky, J. (2002). Are performance predictions for text based on ease of processing? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.28.1.69
  • Russell, J. A. (2017). Mixed Emotions Viewed from the Psychological Constructionist Perspective. Emotion Review, 9(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916639658
  • Salgaro, M., Wagner, V., & Menninghaus, W. (2021). A good, a bad, and an evil character: Who renders a novel most enjoyable?✰. Poetics, 87, 101550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2021.101550
  • Sanford, A. J., & Emmott, C. (2012). Mind, brain and narrative. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139084321
  • Schneider, D., Slaughter, V. P., & Dux, P. E. (2015). What do we know about implicit false-belief tracking? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0644-z
  • Siegal, M., & Varley, R. (2002). Neural systems involved in “theory of mind.” Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 3(6), 463–471.
  • Slater, M. D., Oliver, M. B., & Appel, M. (2019). Poignancy and mediated wisdom of experience: narrative impacts on willingness to accept delayed rewards. Communication Research, 46(3), 333–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215623838
  • Hart, B., Struiksma, M. E., van Boxtel, A., & van Berkum, J. J. A. (2018). Emotion in stories: facial EMG evidence for both mental simulation and moral evaluation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 613. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00613
  • Hart, B., Struiksma, M. E., van Boxtel, A., & van Berkum, J. J. A. (2019). Tracking affective language comprehension: simulating and evaluating character affect in morally loaded narratives. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00318
  • Tan, E. (2013). The empathic animal meets the inquisitive animal in the cinema: Notes on a psychocinematics of mind reading. In Psychocinematics: Exploring cognition at the movies (pp. 337–367). Oxford University Press.
  • Van Overwalle, F., & Baetens, K. (2009). Understanding others’ actions and goals by mirror and mentalizing systems: A meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 48(3), 564–584.
  • Van Overwalle, F., & Vandekerckhove, M. (2013). Implicit and explicit social mentalizing: Dual processes driven by a shared neural network. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00560
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard U Press.
  • Willems, R. M., & Casasanto, D. (2011). Flexibility in embodied language understanding. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00116
  • Willems, R. M., Clevis, K., & Hagoort, P. (2011). Add a picture for suspense: Neural correlates of the interaction between language and visual information in the perception of fear. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6(4), 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq050
  • Willems, R. M., Nastase, S. A., & Milivojevic, B. (2020). Narratives for Neuroscience. Trends in Neurosciences, 43(5), 271–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.003
  • Willems, R. M., & Peelen, M. V. (2021). How context changes the neural basis of perception and language. IScience, 24(5), 102392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102392
  • Willems, R. M., & Varley, R. (2010). Neural Insights into the Relation between Language and Communication. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, 203.
  • Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D. (2017). Constructing emotion through simulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 189–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.015
  • Zickfeld, J. H., Schubert, T., Seibt, B., & Fiske, A. P. (2018). Moving through the literature: what is the emotion often denoted being moved? Emotion Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918820126
  • Zwaan, R. A. (2004). The immersed experiencer: Toward an embodied theory of language comprehension. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 44, pp. 43–67). Academic Press.