Non-energetic application of carbon-rich torrefied biomass in the bioeconomy: a review

References

• Bugge M, Hansen T, Klitkou A. What is the bioeconomy? A review of the literature. Sustainability. 2016; 8(7):691. doi: 10.3390/su8070691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR, Causer TP, Ciolkosz D. Biomass for energy: a review on supply chain management models. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2020;120:109658. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR, Matias JCO, Loureiro LMEF, et al. Evaluation of the potential of agricultural waste recovery: energy densification as a factor for residual biomass logistics optimization. Appl Sci. 2020;11(1):20. doi: 10.3390/app11010020.
   Google Scholar
• USDA FACT SHEET: Overview of USDA’s BioPreferred Program; [accessed 2023 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2016/02/18/fact-sheet-overview-usdas-biopreferred-program#:∼:text=Biobased%20products%20are%20derived%20from,%2C%20marine%2C%20and%20forestry%20materials
   Google Scholar
• Dahiya S, Katakojwala R, Ramakrishna S, et al. Biobased products and life cycle assessment in the context of circular economy and sustainability. Mater Circ Econ. 2020;2(1):7. doi: 10.1007/s42824-020-00007-x.
   Google Scholar
• de Jong E, Higson A, Walsh P, et al. Bio-Based chemicals value added products from biorefineries. IEA Bioenergy Task42 Bioref. 2012;34:1–33.
   Google Scholar
• McCormick K, Kautto N. 2013. The bioeconomy in Europe: an overview. Sustainability. 5(6), 2589–2608. doi: 10.3390/su5062589.
   Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR. Biomass gasification as an industrial process with effective proof-of-concept: a comprehensive review on technologies, processes and future developments. Res Eng. 2022;14:100408. doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100408.
   Google Scholar
• Carus M, Dammer L. The circular bioeconomy - concepts, opportunities, and limitations. Ind Biotechnol. 2018;14(2):83–91. doi: 10.1089/ind.2018.29121.mca.
   Google Scholar
• Casau M, Cancela DCM, Matias JCO, et al. Coal to biomass conversion as a path to sustainability: a hypothetical scenario at Pego Power Plant (Abrantes, Portugal). Resources. 2021;10(8):84. doi: 10.3390/resources10080084.
   Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR, Casau M, Matias JCO, et al. Coal to biomass transition as the path to sustainable energy production: a hypothetical case scenario with the conversion of Pego Power Plant (Portugal). Appl Sci. 2023;13(7): 4349. doi: 10.3390/app13074349.
   Google Scholar
• Linser S, Greimel M, Pyka A, et al. Forest bioeconomy in Brazil: potential innovative products from the forest sector. Land. 2022;11(8):1297. doi: 10.3390/land11081297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palátová P, Purwestri RC, Marcineková L. Forest bioeconomy in three European countries: Finland, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. Int For Rev. 2022;24(4):594–606.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson T, Bioenergy IA-B. Rural development opportunities in the bioeconomy. Biomass Bioenergy. 2014;63: 341–344.
   Google Scholar
• Wreford A, Bayne K, Edwards P, et al. Enabling a transformation to a bioeconomy in New Zealand. EnvironInnov Soc Transit 2019;31:184–199.
   Google Scholar
• USDA Success Stories. [accessed 2023 Jun 6]. Available from: https://www.biopreferred.gov/BioPreferred/faces/pages/SuccessStories.xhtml
   Google Scholar
• Rogers JN, Stokes B, Dunn J, et al. An assessment of the potential products and economic and environmental impacts resulting from a billion ton bioeconomy. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref. 2017;11(1):110–128. doi: 10.1002/bbb.1728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos A, Monteiro E, Rouboa A. Biomass pre-treatment techniques for the production of biofuels using thermal conversion methods – a review. Energy Convers Manag. 2022;270:116271. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siwal SS, Zhang Q, Devi N, et al. Recovery processes of sustainable energy using different biomass and wastes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2021;150:111483. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes L, J, R. A case study about biomass torrefaction on an industrial scale: solutions to problems related to self-heating, difficulties in pelletizing, and excessive wear of production equipment. Appl Sci. 2020;10(7):2546. doi: 10.3390/app10072546.
   Google Scholar
• Nunes L, Matias J, Catalao J. Torrefaction of biomass for energy applications: from fundamentals to industrial scale. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Białowiec A, Micuda M, Szumny A, et al. Quantification of VOC emissions from carbonized refuse-derived fuel using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Molecules. 2018;23(12):3208. doi: 10.3390/molecules23123208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Białowiec A, Micuda M, Szumny A, et al. Waste to carbon: influence of structural modification on VOC emission kinetics from stored carbonized refuse-derived fuel. Sustainability. 2019;11(3):935. doi: 10.3390/su11030935.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR, Rodrigues AM, Matias JCO, et al. Production of biochar from vine pruning: waste recovery in the wine industry. Agriculture. 2021;11(6):489. doi: 10.3390/agriculture11060489.
   Google Scholar
• Idowu IA, Hashim K, Shaw A, et al. Enhancing the fuel properties of beverage wastes as non-edible feedstock for biofuel production. Biofuels. 2021;13:763–770, doi: 10.1080/17597269.2021.1923934.
   Google Scholar
• Florindo T, Ferraz AI, Rodrigues AC, et al. Residual biomass recovery in the wine sector: creation of value chains for vine pruning. Agriculture. 2022;12(5): 670. doi: 10.3390/agriculture12050670.
   Google Scholar
• Chen W-H, Huang M-Y, Chang J-S, et al. Torrefaction operation and optimization of microalga residue for energy densification and utilization. Appl Energy. 2015;154:622–630. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.05.068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Ho S-H, Chen W-H, et al. Torrefaction performance and energy usage of biomass wastes and their correlations with torrefaction severity index. Appl Energy. 2018;220:598–604. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi J, Richard TL, Memis B, et al. Interactions of torrefaction and alkaline pretreatment with respect to glucose yield of hydrolyzed wheat straw. Biomass. 2022;2(4):264–278. doi: 10.3390/biomass2040018.
   Google Scholar
• Prins MJ, Ptasinski KJ, Janssen FJ. Torrefaction of wood. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2006;77(1):28–34. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2006.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocquet T, Dupont C, Commandré JM, et al. Study on mass loss and gas release during torrefaction of woody biomass and its constituents for injection in entrained flow gasifier. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Green Process Engineering; 2011; Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/577306/1/Com%20par%20affiche_NOCQUET%20Albi.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Peng J, Bi XT, Lim J, et al. Development of torrefaction kinetics for British Columbia softwoods. Int J Chem React Eng. 2012;10(1). doi: 10.1515/1542-6580.2878.
   Google Scholar
• Shang L, Ahrenfeldt J, Holm JK, et al. Intrinsic kinetics and devolatilization of wheat straw during torrefaction. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2013;100:145–152. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.12.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrasco JC, Oporto GS, Zondlo J, et al. Observed kinetic parameters during the torrefaction of red oak (Quercus rubra) in a pilot rotary kiln reactor. Bioresources. 2014;9(3):5417–5437. doi: 10.15376/biores.9.3.5417-5437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach Q-V, Khalil RA, Tran K-Q, et al. Torrefaction kinetics of Norwegian biomass fuels. Chem Eng Trans. 2014;37:49–54.
   Google Scholar
• Brachi P, Miccio F, Miccio M, et al. Isoconversional kinetic analysis of olive pomace decomposition under torrefaction operating conditions. Fuel Process Technol. 2015;130:147–154. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.09.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew J-J, Doshi V, Yong S-T, et al. Kinetic study of torrefaction of oil palm shell, mesocarp and empty fruit bunch. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016;126(2):709–715. doi: 10.1007/s10973-016-5518-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harun NHHM, Samad NAFA, Saleh S. Development of kinetics model for torrefaction of empty fruit bunch from palm oil waste. Energy Proc. 2017;105:744–749. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.385.
   Google Scholar
• Chiou B-S, Cao T, Valenzuela-Medina D, et al. Torrefaction kinetics of almond and walnut shells. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;131(3):3065–3075. doi: 10.1007/s10973-017-6721-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Świechowski K, Stegenta-Dąbrowska S, Liszewski M, et al. Oxytree pruned biomass torrefaction: process kinetics. Materials. 2019;12(20):3334. doi: 10.3390/ma12203334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim RHH, Darvell LI, Jones JM, et al. Physicochemical characterisation of torrefied biomass. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2013;103:21–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuppaladadiyam A, Vuppaladadiyam SS, Sahoo A, et al. Bio-oil and biochar from the pyrolytic conversion of biomass: a current and future perspective on the trade-off between economic, environmental, and technical indicators. Sci Tot Environ.2023;857:159155.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad F, Zhang Z, Doherty WO, et al. The outlook of the production of advanced fuels and chemicals from integrated oil palm biomass biorefinery. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2019;109:386–411.
   Google Scholar
• Guo M, Song W, Buhain J. Bioenergy and biofuels: history, status, and perspective. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;42:712–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang A, Ong H, Fattah I, et al. Progress on the lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis for biofuel production toward environmental sustainability. Fuel Process Technol. 2021;223:106997.
   Google Scholar
• Ong H, Chen W, Farooq A, et al. Catalytic thermochemical conversion of biomass for biofuel production: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2019;113:109266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velusamy K, Devanand J, Kumar P, et al. A review on nano-catalysts and biochar-based catalysts for biofuel production. Fuel. 2021;306:121632. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudek M, Świechowski K, Manczarski P, et al. The effect of biochar addition on the biogas production kinetics from the anaerobic digestion of brewers’ spent grain. Energies. 2019, 12(8):1518, doi: 10.3390/en12081518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien S, Koziel J, Banik C, et al. Synergy of thermochemical treatment of dried distillers grains with solubles with bioethanol production for increased sustainability and profitability. Energies. 2020;13(17):4528. doi: 10.3390/en13174528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR, Matias JCO, Catalao JPS. Application of biomass for the production of energy in the Portuguese textile industry. In: Proceedings of 2013 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications, ICRERA 2013; 2013. p. 336–341. doi: 10.1109/ICRERA.2013.6749776.
   Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR, Meireles CIR, Gomes CJP, et al. Socioeconomic aspects of the forests in Portugal: recent evolution and perspectives of sustainability of the resource. Forests. 2019;10(5):361. doi: 10.3390/f10050361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR, Godina R, Matias JCO, et al. Evaluation of the utilization of woodchips as fuel for industrial boilers. J Clean Prod. 2019;223:270–277. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVallance DB, Pečnik JG, Schwarzkopf M. Evaluation of torrefied short rotation shrub willow as value-added fillers for wood plastic composites. 2019. p. 246.
   Google Scholar
• Chiou B, Valenzuela‐Medina D, Wechsler M, et al. Torrefied biomass‐polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2015;132(10):n/a–n/a. doi: 10.1002/app.41582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVallance DB, Oporto GS, Quigley P. Investigation of hardwood biochar as a replacement for wood flour in wood–polypropylene composites. J Elast Plast. 2016;48(6):510–522. doi: 10.1177/0095244315589655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volfson SI, Fayzullin IZ, Musin IN, et al. The physicomechanical and rheological characteristics of wood–polymer composites based on thermally and mechanically modified filler. Int Polym Sci Technol. 2017;44(2):49–54. doi: 10.1177/0307174X1704400208.
   Google Scholar
• Vold JL, Ulven CA, Chisholm BJ. Torrefied biomass filled polyamide biocomposites: mechanical and physical property analysis. J Mater Sci. 2015;50(2):725–732. doi: 10.1007/s10853-014-8632-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu W, Yu W, Han X, et al. Torrefaction pretreatment facilitated solvents-resistant and stable wood-plastic composites. Ind Crops Prod. 2022;177:114454. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaffrey Z, Torres L, Flynn S, et al. Recycled polypropylene-polyethylene torrefied almond shell biocomposites. Ind Crops Prod. 2018;125:425–432. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthet M-A, Commandré J-M, Rouau X, et al. Torrefaction treatment of lignocellulosic fibres for improving fibre/matrix adhesion in a biocomposite. Mater Des. 2016;92:223–232. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moustafa H, Guizani C, Dupont C, et al. Utilization of torrefied coffee grounds as reinforcing agent to produce high-quality biodegradable PBAT composites for food packaging applications. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng. 2017;5(2):1906–1916. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02633.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz-Barajas DL, Arévalo-Prada JA, Fenollar O, et al. Torrefaction of coffee husk flour for the development of injection-molded green composite pieces of polylactide with high sustainability. Appl Sci. 2020;10(18):6468. doi: 10.3390/app10186468.
   Google Scholar
• Torres LF, McCaffrey Z, Washington W, et al. Torrefied agro‐industrial residue as filler in natural rubber compounds. J Appl Polym Sci. 2021;138(28):50684. doi: 10.1002/app.50684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou S, Li H, Liu L, et al. Research on improving comprehensive properties of a new sawdust composite insulation material by torrefaction. Process Saf Environ Protect. 2021;152:361–374. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2021.06.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovanec D, DeVallance DB. Using torrefied wood to improve moisture resistance of oriented strandboard [Unpublished manuscript]. Wood Science & Technology Program, West Virginia University; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Ryłko-Polak I, Komala W, Białowiec A. The reuse of biomass and industrial waste in biocomposite construction materials for decreasing natural resource use and mitigating the environmental impact of the construction industry: a review. Materials. 2022;15(12):4078. doi: 10.3390/ma15124078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph S, Cowie AL, van Zwieten L, et al. How biochar works, and when it doesn’t: a review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar. GCB Bioenergy. 2021;13(11):1731–1764. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogura T, Masukujane M, Coetzee T, et al. Improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of aridisol from Botswana by the incorporation of torrefied biomass. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):28011. doi: 10.1038/srep28011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thengane SK, Kung KS, Gupta A, et al. Oxidative torrefaction for cleaner utilization of biomass for soil amendment. Clean Eng Technol. 2020;1:100033. doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2020.100033.
   Google Scholar
• Igalavithana AD, Lee S-E, Lee YH, et al. Heavy metal immobilization and microbial community abundance by vegetable waste and pine cone biochar of agricultural soils. Chemosphere. 2017;174:593–603. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng H, Hill PW, Bastami MS, et al. Biochar stimulates the decomposition of simple organic matter and suppresses the decomposition of complex organic matter in a sandy loam soil. GCB Bioenergy. 2017;9(6):1110–1121. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12402.
   Google Scholar
• Niemiec M, Komorowska M, Mudryk K, et al. Evaluation of the fertilizing potential of products based on torrefied biomass and valorized with mineral additives. In: Renewable energy sources: engineering, technology, innovation. Springer; 2020. p. 267–275.
   Google Scholar
• Choi C, Lee C, Yoo J, et al. Effect of filtered torrefied wood powder extract as a plant growth retardant. Bioresources. 2016;11(4):8419–8424. doi: 10.15376/biores.11.4.8419-8424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao S, Pan B, Li H, et al. Detecting free radicals in biochars and determining their ability to inhibit the germination and growth of corn, wheat and rice seedlings. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48(15):8581–8587. doi: 10.1021/es404250a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarvaramini A, Assima GP, Beaudoin G, et al. Biomass torrefaction and CO2 capture using mining wastes–a new approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions of Co-firing plants. Fuel. 2014;115:749–757. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.07.087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran K-Q, Trinh TN, Bach Q-V. Development of a biomass torrefaction process integrated with Oxy-Fuel combustion. Bioresour Technol. 2016;199:408–413. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damiani D. Safe geologic storage of captured carbon dioxide: two decades of DOE’s carbon storage R&D program in review. US DOE Office of Fossil Energy; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR, Matias JCO. Biomass torrefaction as a key driver for the sustainable development and decarbonization of energy production. Sustainability. 2020;12(3):922. doi: 10.3390/su12030922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach Q-V, Gye H-R, Song D, et al. High quality product gas from biomass steam gasification combined with torrefaction and carbon dioxide capture processes. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2019;44(28):14387–14394. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irawan A. Potential and opportunity of Co-firing power plant in Indonesia through torrefaction of empty fruit bunch (EFB)-a review. WCEJ Untirta. 2021;5(1):25–32. doi: 10.48181/wcej.v5i1.12139.
   Google Scholar
• Chen W-H, Lin B-J, Colin B, et al. Hygroscopic transformation of woody biomass torrefaction for carbon storage. Appl Energy. 2018;231:768–776. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar BM, Nair PKR. Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry systems: opportunities and challenges. 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Torvanger A. Governance of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): accounting, rewarding, and the Paris agreement. Climate Policy. 2019;19(3):329–341. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2018.1509044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babin A, Vaneeckhaute C, Iliuta MC. Potential and challenges of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage as a carbon-negative energy source: a review. Biomass Bioenergy. 2021;146:105968. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins MJ, Ptasinski KJ, Janssen FJJG. Torrefaction of wood: part 2. Analysis of products. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. 2006;77(1):35–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2006.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doddapaneni TRKC, Kikas T. Integrating torrefaction of pulp industry sludge with anaerobic digestion to produce bioenergy and biochemicals: techno-economic and environmental feasibility analysis. Chem Eng J Adv. 2023;14:100463. doi: 10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100463.
   Google Scholar
• Du C, Lu P, Tsubaki N. Efficient and new production methods of chemicals and liquid fuels by carbon monoxide hydrogenation. ACS Omega. 2020;5(1):49–56. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang HW, Yoon J, Min K, et al. Two-Stage bioconversion of carbon monoxide to biopolymers via formate as an intermediate. Chem Eng J. 2020;389:124394. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morais A R C, da Costa Lopes AM, Bogel-Łukasik R. Carbon dioxide in biomass processing: contributions to the green biorefinery concept. Chem Rev. 2015; 115(1):3–27. doi: 10.1021/cr500330z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aresta M, Dibenedetto A, Angelini A. Catalysis for the valorization of exhaust carbon: from CO2 to chemicals, materials, and fuels. Technological use of CO2. Chem Rev. 2014;114(3):1709–1742. doi: 10.1021/cr4002758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aresta M, Dibenedetto A. Industrial utilization of carbon dioxide (CO2). In: Developments and innovation in carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage technology. Elsevier; 2010. p. 377–410. doi: 10.1533/9781845699581.4.377.
   Google Scholar
• Wittwer SH, Robb WM. Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse atmospheres for food crop production. Econ Bot. 1964;18(1):34–56. doi: 10.1007/BF02904000.
   Google Scholar
• Iglina T, Iglin P, Pashchenko D. Industrial CO2 capture by algae: a review and recent advances. Sustainability. 2022;14(7): 3801. doi: 10.3390/su14073801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proskurina S, Heinimö J, Schipfer F, et al. Biomass for industrial applications: the role of torrefaction. Renew Energy. 2017;111:265–274. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousa E, Wang C, Riesbeck J, et al. Biomass applications in iron and steel industry: an overview of challenges and opportunities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;65:1247–1266. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babich A, Senk D. Biomass use in the steel industry: back to the future. Stahl Und Eisen. 2013;133:57–67.
   Google Scholar
• Chen W-H, Du S-W, Tsai C-H, et al. Torrefied biomasses in a drop tube furnace to evaluate their utility in blast furnaces. Bioresour Technol. 2012;111:433–438. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eseyin AE, Steele PH, Pittman CU. Jr, Current trends in the production and applications of torrefied wood/biomass-a review. Bioresources. 2015;10(4):8812–8858. doi: 10.15376/biores.10.4.8812-8858.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng A, Zhao Z, Huang Z, et al. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass pretreated by torrefaction with varying severity. Energy Fuels. 2014;28(9):5804–5811. doi: 10.1021/ef500892k.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Grosso M, Sridharan B, Tsekos C, et al. A modelling based study on the integration of 10 MWth indirect torrefied biomass gasification, methanol and power production. Biomass Bioenergy. 2020;136:105529. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausen LR, Elmegaard B, Ahrenfeldt J, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of small-scale dimethyl ether (DME) and methanol plants based on the efficient two-stage gasifier. Energy. 2011;36(10):5805–5814. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2011.08.047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi J, Ciolkosz D, Sykes DG. Torrefied paper as a packaging material and subsequently as a bioethanol substrate: synergy of torrefaction and alkaline treatment for increased utility. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2023;191:106882. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremers M, Koppejan J, Middelkamp J, et al. Status overview of torrefaction technologies: a review of the commercialisation status of biomass torrefaction. IEA Bioenergy. 2015;1–52.
   Google Scholar
• Malico I, Pereira RN, Gonçalves AC, et al. Current status and future perspectives for energy production from solid biomass in the European industry. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2019;112:960–977. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes LJR, Matias JCO, Catalão JPS. A review on torrefied biomass pellets as a sustainable alternative to coal in power generation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2014;40:153–160. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro JMC, Godina R, Matias JC, et al. Future perspectives of biomass torrefaction: review of the current state-of-the-art and research development. Sustainability. 2018;10(7):2323. doi: 10.3390/su10072323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinschmidt CP. Overview of international developments in torrefaction. In: Proceedings of the Torrefaction Workshop. 2011. Available from: https://task32.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/Kleindschmidt_Paper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Causer T. Biomass Magazine. 2019 Jul. Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj1xde___SAAxXVTKQEHbLlDRUQFnoECBgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbiomassmagazine.com%2Farticles%2F16329%2Fwhy-hasnundefinedt-torrefaction-taken-off&usg=AOvVaw2Gpq7Z0uVRmxxYHv-KJAew&opi=89978449
   Google Scholar
• Causer T. Biomass Magazine. 2020 Oct. Available from: https://biomassmagazine.com/articles/17391/taking-another-look-at-torrefaction
   Google Scholar
• Acharya B, Sule I, Dutta A. A review on advances of torrefaction technologies for biomass processing. Biomass Conv Bioref. 2012;2(4):349–369. doi: 10.1007/s13399-012-0058-y.
   Google Scholar
• Junsatien W, Soponpongpipat N, Phetsong S. Torrefaction reactors. J Sci Technol Mahasarakham Univ. 2013;32:84–91.
   Google Scholar
• Nowling U. Power Magazine. 2018 Mar. Available from: https://www.powermag.com/successful-torrefied-biomass-test-burn-at-a-coal-power-plant/
   Google Scholar
• Ravindranath NH, Somashekar HI, Nagaraja MS, et al. Assessment of sustainable non-plantation biomass resources potential for energy in India. Biomass Bioenergy. 2005;29(3):178–190. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junfeng L, Runqing H, Yanqin S, et al. Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in China. Biomass Bioenergy. 2005;29(3):167–177. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEMCO Biomass Fuel in Vietnam; [accessed 2022 Oct 9]. Available from: http://www.gemcopelletmills.com/biomass-energy-in-vietnam.html
   Google Scholar
• Himel Md TF, Khatun S, Rahman M, et al. A prospective assessment of biomass energy resources: potential, technologies and challenges in Bangladesh. JENRR. 2019;3(4):1–25. doi: 10.9734/jenrr/2019/v3i430108.
   Google Scholar
• Sajjakulnukit B, Yingyuad R, Maneekhao V, et al. Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in Thailand. Biomass Bioenergy. 2005;29(3):214–224. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elauria JC, Castro MLY, Elauria MM, et al. Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in the Philippines. Biomass Bioenergy. 2005;29(3):191–198. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.03.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonynomous Farmers Burn Wheat Stubble despite Ban. [accessed 2022 Sept 27]. Available from: http://en.people.cn/90882/8285589.html
   Google Scholar
• Dutta T. India’s farmers happy as ban on smoky stubble burning repealed; [accessed 2022 Sept 27]. Available from: https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/2021/11/28/indias-farmers-back-stubble-burning-law-change-but-urge-give-us-a-substitute/
   Google Scholar
• Stapczynski S, Inajima T. Japan seeks to aggressively cut fossil fuel, lift renewables; [accessed 2022 Sept 27]. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-21/japan-gets-aggressive-on-cutting-fossil-fuel-raising-renewables
   Google Scholar
• Zinglersen C. A new era of shared clean-energy leadership begins in China; [accessed 2022 Sept 27]. Available from: https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1343764/a-new-era-of-shared-clean-energy-leadership-begins-in-china/1955925/
   Google Scholar
• Birol F, Kant A. India’s clean energy transition is rapidly underway, benefiting the entire world; [accessed 2022 Sept 27]. Available from: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/india-s-clean-energy-transition-is-rapidly-underway-benefiting-the-entire-world
   Google Scholar
• Strauss W. The next wave of Japanese pellet fuel demand will be from the large utility power stations. FutureMetrics LLC; 2021. Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj5v-jPgfWAAxVPcKQEHdLuCxkQFnoECBIQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffuturemetrics.info%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F12%2FPotential%2520Demand%2520for%2520Pellet%2520Fuel%2520in%2520Japan%2520from%2520Major%2520Utility%2520Power%2520Stations%2520-%2520FutureMetrics%2520-%2520December%25202%25202021.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2j81flXvKCJ3ggp_DLHCkt&opi=89978449
   Google Scholar
• Gent S, Twedt M, Gerometta C, et al. Torrefaction bioenergy generation. In: Theoretical and applied aspects of biomass torrefaction: for biofuels and value-added products. Cambridge, MA: Butterwort-Heinemann (Elsevier); 2017. p. 123–150.
   Google Scholar