References
- Choo Q-L, Kuo G, Wcincr AJ, et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a bloodborne non-A, non-B viral hepaiitis genome. Science. 1989; 244: 359–62.
- Yap SH, Willems M. Hepatitis C and its causative agent. Acta Clin Belg. 1991; 46: 203–8
- Bukh J, Miller RH, Purccll RH. Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus: quasispecies and genotypes. Semin Liver Dis. 1995; 15:41–63.
- Kaito M, Watanabe S, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, et al. Hepatitis C virus particle detected by irnmunoelectron microscopic study. J Gen Virol. 1994, 75: 1755–60.
- Shimizu YK, Feinstone SM, Kohara M, et al. Hepatitis C virus: detection of intracellular virus particles by electron microscopy. Hepatology. 1996; 23: 205–9.
- Harada S, Watanabe Y, Takeuchi K, et al. Expression of processed core protein of hepatitis C virus in mammalian cells. J Virol. 1991; 65: 3015–21.
- Hijikata M, Kato N, Ootsuyama Y et al. Gene mapping of the putative structural region of the hepatitis C virus genome by in vitro processing analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991, 88: 5547–51.
- Grakoui A, Wychowski C, Lin C, et al. Expression and identification of hepatitis C virus polyprotein cleavage products. J Virol. 1993, 67: 1385–95.
- Hsu H, Donets M, Greenberg H et al. Characterization of hepatitis C virus structural proteins with a recombinant baculovirus expression system. Hepatology. 1993; 17:763–71.
- Martell M, Esteban JI, Quer J et al. Hepatitis C virus circulates as a population of different but closely related genomes: quasispecies nature of HCV genome distribution. J Virol. 1992; 66: 3225–29.
- Choo Q-L, Richman KH, Han JH, et al. Genetic organization and diversity of the hepatitis C virus. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA. 1991, 88: 2451–55.
- Wciner Al, Geysen HM, Cristopherson C, et al. Evidence for immune selection of hepatitis C virus putative envelop glycoprotein variants: Potential role in chronic HCV infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89: 3468–72.
- Pozatto G, Moretti M, Franzin F et al. Severity of liver disease with different hepatitis C viral clones. Lancet. 1991; 338: 509.
- Simmonds P, McOmish F, Yap PL, et al. Sequence variability in the 5’ non-coding region of hepatitis C virus: Identification of a new virus type and restrictions on sequence diversity. J Gen Virol. 199, 74: 661–8.
- Simmonds P. Variability of Hepatitis C Virus. Hepatology. 1995. 21: 570–83.
- Okamoto H, Sugiyama Y, Okada S et al. Typing hepatitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction with type specific primers: application to clinical surveys and tracing infectious sources. J Gen Virol. 1992, 73:673–9.
- Nakao T, Enomoto N, Takada N et al. Typing of hepatitis C viruses genomes by restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Gen Virol. 1991, 72: 2105–112.
- Stuyver L, Rossau R, Wyseur A, et al. Typing of HCV isolates and characterization of new (sub)types using a line probe assay. J Gen Virol. 1993. 74: 1093–102.
- Kroes AC, de Man RA, Niesters HG, et al. Fatal HCV infection in a heart transplant recipient detectable by PCR. J Hepatol. 1994; 21: 1113–15.
- Poterucha JJ, Rakela J, Lumeng L et al. Diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C after liver transplantation by the detection of viral sequences with PCR. Hepatology. 1992; 15: 42–5.
- Locasciulli A, Alberti A. HC V serum markers and liver disease in children with leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 1995; 17: 245–9.
- Housset C, Hirschauer C, Degos F et al. False-positive anti-HCV in Biliary Cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 114: 252.
- McFarlane IG, Smith HM, Johnson PJ, et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in chror/ic active hepatitis: pathogenetic factor or false-positive result? Lancet. 1990; 335: 754–7.
- van der Poel CL, Cuypers H, Reesink H et al. Risk factors in hepatitis C virus-infected blood donors. Transfusion. 1991;31:777–9.
- Chiba J. Ohba H. Matsuura Y. et al. Serodiagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection with an HCV core protein molecularly expressed by a recombinant baculovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991; 88: 4641–45.
- van der Poel CL, Bresters D, Reesink HW, et al. Early anti-HCV response with second generation C200/C22 Elisa. Vox Sang. 1992; 62: 208–12.
- McHutchinson IG, Person JL, Govindarajan S et al. Improved detection of HCV antibodies in highrisk populations. Hepatology. 1999; 15:19–25.
- Makris K, Kouvelis V, Drakopoulos I, et al. Frequency and characteristics of posttransfusion hepatitis in Greece with emphasis on hepatitis C: comparing second-and thirdgeneration assays. Tranfus Med. 1995; 5: 213–24.
- Vrielink H. van der Poel CL, Reesink HW, Lelie PN. Transmission of hepatitis C virus by anti-HCV-negative blood transfusion. Case report. Vox Sang. 1995; 68: 55–6.
- Barrera JM, Francis B, Ercilla G et al. Improved detection of anti-HCV in posttransfusion hepatitis by a third-generation EL1SA. Vox Sang. 1995; 68: 15–18.
- Tanaka T, Lau JYN, Mizokami M, et al. Simple fluorescent enzyme immunoassay for detection and quantification of hepatitis C viraemia. J Hepatol. 1995; 23:742–5.
- Farci P, Alter H. Wong D, et al. A long-term study of HCV replication in non-A, nonB hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:98–104.
- Zonaro A, Puoti M, Fiordalisi G. et al. Detection of serum hepatis C virus RNA in acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Infect Dis. 1991; 163:923–4.
- Zignego AL, Macchia D, Monti M, et al. Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol. 1992, 15:382–6.
- Garson J A, Tuke PW, Makris M, et al. Demonstration of viraemia patterns in haemophiliacs treated with hepatitis C-virus-contaminated factor VIII concentrates. Lancet. 1990; 336: 1022–25.
- Naito M, Hayashi N, Hagiwara H et al. Serum Hepatitis C virus RNA quantity and histologic features of hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal ALT levels. HepatologyA994-, 19: 871–5.
- Yap SH, Willems M, Van Den Oord J et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus antigen by immunohisto-chemical staining: a histological marker of hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol. 1994; 20: 275–81.
- Alter MJ. Epidemiology of Hepatitis C in the West. Semin Liver Dis. 1995; 15:5–14.
- Schramm W, Roggendorf M, Rommel F et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in haemophiliacs. Blut. 1989; 59: 390–2.
- Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Tanaka E, et al. Intra-familial transmission of hepatitis C virus in Japan. J Med Virol. 1991; 33: 114–26.
- Ngatchu T, Stroffohni T, Rapicetta M, et al. Seroprevalencc of anti-HCV in an urban child population: a pilot survey in a developing area, Cameroon. J Trop Medliyg. 1992; 15: 57–61.
- Coursaget P, Bourdil C, Kastally R. et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in Africa. Anti-HCV antibodies in the general population and in patients suffering from cirrhosis or primary liver cancer. Res Virol. 1990; 141: 449–54.
- Donahue JG, Munoz A, Ness PM, et al. The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 369–73.
- Villa E, Ferretti I, De Palim M, et al. HCV RNA in serum of asymptomatic blood donors involved in post-transEusion hepatitis (PTH). J Hepatol. 1991;13:256–9.
- Alter HJ, Tegtmeier GE, Jett B W, et al. The use of a recombinant immunoblot assay in the interpretation of anti-hepatitis C virus reactivity among prospectively followed patients, implicated donors and random donors. Transfusion. 1991; 31: 771–6.
- Estcban JI, Esteban R. Viladomiu L, et al. Hepatitis C virus antibodies among risk groups in Spain. Lancet. 1989; ii: 294–6.
- Mansell CJ, Locarnini SA. Epidemiology ofhepatitis C in the East. Semin Liver Dis. 1995; 15: 1532.
- Esteban J, Gomez J, Marten M, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus by a cardiac surgeon. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 555–60.
- Rey JF, Halfon P, Feryn JM, et al. Risque de transmission du virus de I’htfpatite C par l’endoscopie digestive. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1995; 19: 3469.
- Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Tanaka E, et al. Hepatitis C in hospital employees with needlestick injuries. Ann Intern Med. 1991; 115: 367–9.
- Akahane Y, Aikawa T, Sugai Y et al. Transmission of HCV between spouses. Lancet. 1992; 339: 1059–60.
- Conry-Cantilena C, VanRaden M, Gibble J. et al. Routes of infection, viremia, and liver disease in blood donors found to have hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 1691–96.
- Bresters D, Mauser-Bunschoten EP, Reesink HW, et al. Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lancet. 1993; 342: 210–1.
- Persico T, Thiers V, Tuveri R et al. Detection of hepatitis G/GB-C viral RNA but not HCV RNA in the different semen fractions of infected patients. J Hepatol. 1996; 25 (Suppl.): Abstract P/C01/004, p. 77.
- Bryan JP, Sjogren MH, Malone JL, et al. Recombinant immunoblot assays for hepatitis C in Human Immunodefieciency Virus type I infected US Navy personnel. J Infect Dis. 1993; 167:715–9.
- Ohio H. Terazawa S. Sasaki N. et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 744–50.
- Dusheiko GM, Smith M, Scheuer PJ. Hepatitis C virus transmitted by human bite. Lancet. 1990; 336: 503–4.
- Liou TC, Chang TT, Young KC, et al. Detection of HCV RNA in saliva, urine, seminal fluid, and ascites. J Med Virol. 1992; 37: 197–202.
- Infantolino D, Biasin MR, Fabris P. et al. Could saliva cells play a role in the transmission of HCV? J Hepatol. 1996; 25(Suppl.): Abstract C01/025, p. 147.
- Wright TL, Hsu H, Doncgan E, et al. Hepatitis C virus not found in fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med. 1991, 115: 11–112.
- Farci P, Alter HJ, Shimoda A, et al. Hepatitis C virus-associated Ruminant hepatic failure. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 631–4.
- Farci P, London WT, Wong DC, et al. The natural history of infection with hepatitis C virus in chimpanzees; comparison of serologic responses measured with first and second generation assays and relationship to HCV viraemia. J Infect Dis. 1992; 165: 1006–11.
- Hilfenhaus J, Krupka U, Nowak T et al. Follow-up of HCV-infection in chimpanzees: determination of viraemia and specific humoral immune response. J Gen Virol. 1992; 73: 1015–19.
- Colombo M, Kuo G, Choo Q-L, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 1989; ii: 1006–08.
- Nishioka K, Watanabe J, Furuta S et al. A high prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan. Cancer. 1991;67:429–33
- Bruix J, Barrera JM, Calvet X et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in Spanish patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic cirrhosis. Lancet. 1989; ii: 1004–06.
- Di Bisceglie AM, Goodman ZD, Ishak KG, Hoofnagle JH, Melpolder JJ, Alter HJ. Long-term clinical and histopathological follow-up of chronic posttransfusion hepatitis. Hepatology. 1991; 14: 969–74.
- Long MJ, EI-Farrra NS, Reikes AR, Co RL. Clinical outcomes after transfusionassociated hepatitis C.N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 1463–65.
- Seef LB, Buskell-Bales Z, Wright EC, et al. Longterm mortality after transfusionassociated non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med. 1992, 327: 190611.
- Lau J YN, Mizokami M, Ohno T et al. Significance of serum hepatitis C RNA levels in chronic hepatitis C. Lancet. 1993; 341: 1501–04.
- Kanai K, Kako M, Okamoto H. HCV genotypes in chronic hepatitis C and response to interferon. Lancet. 1992, 339: 1543.
- Rizzetto M, Goldin R, Marcellin P et al. Correlation between virologic and histologic responses in chronic hepatitis C patients: analyses from a large international comparative study of alpha-interferon therapy. J Hepatol. 1996; 23 (Suppl.): Abstract GSI/001, p. 57.
- Marcellin P, Martinot M, Kilani A, et al. Relationship between the severity of the liver disease and epidemiological and virological features in patients with chronic HCV infection. Hepatology- 1995; 22: 273A.
- Koff RS, Dienstag JL. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C and the association with alcoholic liver disease. SeminLiverDis. 1995; 15:1019.
- Liaw Y-F. Role of hepatitis C virus in dual and triple hepatitis virus infection. Hepatology. 1995, 22: 1101–08.
- Fattovich G, Giustina G, Degos F et al.Survival and prognostic indicators in cryptogeniccompensated cirrhosis: a multicenter study. JHepatol. 1995, 23 (Suppl.): Abstract P/C3/137, p.122. 77-Meyer zum Buschcnfelde KH, Lohse AW. Autoimmune hepatitis. N Eng J Med. 1995, 333: 100–405.
- Czaja AJ, Carpenter HA, Santrach PJ, Moore SB, Taswell HF, Homburger HA. Evidence against hepatitis viruses as important causes of severe autoimmune hepatitis in the United States J Hepatol 1993; 18: 342–52.
- Lohse AW, Gerken G, Mohr H et al. Distinction betw-een autoimmune liver diseases and viral hepatitis: clinical and serological charctcristics in 859 patients. Z Gastroenterol. 1995; 33: 527–33.
- Pawlotsky JM, Roudot-Thoraval F, Simmonds P et al. Extrahepatic immunologic manifestations in chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis C virus serotypes. Ann Inter Med. 199; 122: 169–173.
- Ferri C, Greco F, Longombardo G ejt al. Association between hepatitis C virus and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991; 9: 621–4.
- Sanson.no D, Cornacchhiulo V, Iacobelli AR, et al. Localization of hepatitis C virus antigens in liver and skin tissues of chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Hepatology. 1995; 21: 305–12.
- Quint L, Deny P, Guillevin L, et al. Hepatitis C virus in patients with polyarteritis nodosa. Prevalence in 38 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991:9: 253–7.
- Johnson RJ, Gretch DR, Yarnabe H et al. Membra-noproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328:465–70.
- Gallay BJ, Alpers CE, Davis CL, et al. Glomerulonephritis in renal allografts associated with hepatitis C infection: a possible relationship with transplant glomerulopathy in two cases. Am J Kid Dis. 1995; 26: 662–7.
- Herrero C, Vicente A, Bruguera M, et al. Is hepatitis C virus infection a trigger of porphyria cutanea tarda? Lancet. 1993 ;341: 788–9.
- Fargion S, Piperno A, Capellini MD, et al. Hepatitis C virus and porphyria cutanea tarda: evidence for a strong association. Hepatology. 1992; 16: 1322–26.
- Cribier B, Petiau P, Keller F et al. Porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatitis C viral infection. Arch Dermatol. 1995; 131: 801–4.
- Omata M, Yokosuka O, Takano S et al. Resolution of acute hepatitis C after therapy with natural beta interferon. Lancet. 1991; 338: 914–815.
- Takano S, Satomura Y, Omata M et al. Effects of interferon beta on non-A, non-B acute hepatitis: A prospective, randomized, controlled-dose study. Gastroenterology. 1994; 107: 805–11.
- Viladomiu L, Genesca J, Esteban JI, et al. Interferon-a in acute posttransfusion hepatitis C: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology. 1992; 15:7679.
- Taylor JL, Grossberg SE. Recent progress in interferon research: molecular mechanisms of regulation, action and virus circumvention. Virus Res. 1990; 15: 1–25.
- Shindo M, Di Bisceglie AM, Hoofnagle JH. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with alpha-interferon. Hepatology. 1992; 15: 1013–16.
- Brouwer JT, Nevens F, Kleter GEM, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C: efficacy of interferon dose and analysis of factors predictive of response: interim report of 350 patients treated in a Benelux multicenter study. Hepatology. 1993; 18: 110A.
- Misiani R, Bellavita P, Ferl D., et al. Interferon alfa-2a therapy in cryoglobulinemia associated with hepatitis C virus. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 751–6.
- Clarysse C, Van den Eynde C, Nevens F et al. Genotype, serum level of HCV-RNA and response to interferon alpha treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Neth J Med. 1995; 47: 26571.
- Fried MW, Hoofnagle JH. Therapy of Hepatitis C. Semin Liver Dis. 1995; 15:82–91.
- Enomoto N, Kurosaki M, Tanaka Y et al. Fluctuation of hepatitis C virus quasispecies in persistent infection and interferon treatment revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. J Gen Virol. 1994; 75: 1361–69
- Kanazawa Y, Hayashi N, MitaE et al. Influence of viral quasispecies on effectiveness of interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients. Hepatology. 1994; 20: 1121–30.
- Conjeevaram IIS, Everhait JE, Hooffiagle JH, et al. Predictors of a sustained beneficial response to interferon alfa therapy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1995; 22: 1326–28.
- Di Bisceglie AM, Conjeevaram HS, Fried MW, et al. Ribavirin as therapy for chronichepatitis C, a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123: 897–903.
- Brillanti S, Garson J, Foli M, et al. A pilot study of combination therapy with ribavirin plus inlerfe-ron-a for interferon-a resistent chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 1994; 107: 812–7.
- Kakumu S, Yoshioka K, Wahiti T. et al. A pilot study of ribavirin and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 1993; 105: 507–12.
- Boucher E, Jouanolle H, Andre P et al. Interferon and ursodeoxycholic acid combined therapy in the treatment of chronic virus C hepatitis: results front a controlled randomised trial in 80 patients. Hepatology. 1995, 21: 322–1.
- Caraceni P, Fagiuoli S, Van Thiol Dll. Iron reduction therapy: simply camouflage or a real weapon? Am J Gastroenterol. 1995; 89: 970–3.
- Enomoto N, Tanaka A, Nakao T et al. There are two major types of hepatitis C virus in Japan. Biochem Biophys Res Common. 1990; 170: 1021–25.
- Okamoto H, Okada S, Sugiyania Y et al. Nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of HCV isolated from a human carrier: comparison with reported isolates for conserved and divergent regions. J Gen Virol. 1991; 72: 2697–704.
- Cha TA, Beall E, et al. At least five related, but distinct hepatitis C viral genotypes exist. Proc Natl AcadSci USA. 1992, 89: 7144–48.