Publication Cover
Acta Clinica Belgica
International Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine
Latest Articles
593
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Herpes zoster in Belgium: a new solution to an old problem

Received 17 Jan 2024, Accepted 28 Apr 2024, Published online: 23 May 2024

References

  • Patil A, Goldust M, Wollina U. Herpes zoster: a review of clinical manifestations and management. Viruses. 2022;14(2):192. doi: 10.3390/v14020192
  • Pieters Z, Ogunjimi B, Beutels P, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of herpes zoster vaccination in 50- to 85-year-old immunocompetent Belgian cohorts: a comparison between no vaccination, the adjuvanted subunit vaccine, and live-attenuated vaccine. Pharmacoeconomics. 2022;40(4):461–476. doi: 10.1007/s40273-021-01099-2
  • Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, et al. Limits on a muon flux from neutralino annihilations in the sun with the IceCube 22-string detector. Phys Rev Lett. 2009;102(20):201302. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.201302
  • Johnson RW, Bouhassira D, Kassianos G, et al. The impact of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia on quality-of-life. BMC Med. 2010;8(1):37. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-37
  • Mallick-Searle T, Snodgrass B, Brant JM. Postherpetic Neuralgia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Pain Management Pharmacology. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2016;9:447–454. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S106340
  • Kawai K, Gebremeskel BG, Acosta CJ. Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective. BMJ Open. 2014;4(6):e004833. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004833
  • Yawn BP, Gilden D. The global epidemiology of herpes zoster. Neurology. 2013;81(10):928–930. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a3516e
  • Arvin AM. Humoral and cellular immunity to varicella-zoster virus: an overview. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(Suppl 2):S58–60. doi: 10.1086/522123
  • Gruver AL, Hudson LL, Sempowski GD. Immunosenescence of ageing. J Pathol. 2007;211(2):144–156. doi: 10.1002/path.2104
  • Tu W, Rao S. Mechanisms underlying T cell immunosenescence: aging and cytomegalovirus infection. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:2111. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02111
  • Fulop T, Larbi A, Dupuis G, et al. Immunosenescence and inflamm-aging as two sides of the same coin: friends or foes? Front Immunol. 2017;8:1960. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01960
  • Marra F, Parhar K, Huang B, et al. Risk factors for herpes zoster infection: a meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(1):ofaa005. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa005
  • Din S, Selinger CP, Black CJ, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: risk of herpes zoster with biological therapies and small molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023;57(6):666–675. doi: 10.1111/apt.17379
  • Dauby N, Motet C, Libois A, et al. The value of herpes zoster prevention in people aging with HIV: a narrative review. HIV Med. 2023;24(12):1190–1197. doi: 10.1111/hiv.13548
  • Zhou H, Wang Z, Jin H, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of independent risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(12):12181–12189. doi: 10.21037/apm-21-3028
  • Forbes HJ, Thomas SL, Smeeth L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia. Pain. 2016;157(1):30–54. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000307
  • Johnson RW, Alvarez-Pasquin M-J, Bijl M, et al. Herpes zoster epidemiology, management, and disease and economic burden in Europe: a multidisciplinary perspective. Ther Adv Vaccines. 2015;3(4):109–120. doi: 10.1177/2051013615599151
  • Cohen EJ, Jeng BH. Herpes zoster: a brief definitive review. Cornea. 2021;40(8):943–949. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002754
  • Johnson BH, Palmer L, Gatwood J, et al. Annual incidence rates of herpes zoster among an immunocompetent population in the United States. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):502. doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-1262-8
  • Pierik JG, Gumbs PD, Fortanier SA, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and societal burden of varicella zoster virus in the Netherlands. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):110. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-110
  • Bardach AE, Palermo C, Alconada T, et al. Herpes zoster epidemiology in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(8):e0255877. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255877
  • Roberfroid D, Zeevaert R, Maertens de Noordhout C, et al. Evaluation of shingrix vaccine against herpes zoster. Health Tech Ass (HTA) Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowe Cen (KCE). 2022. KCE Reports 360. D/2022/. https://kce.fgov.be/sites/default/files/2022-10/KCE_360_Evaluation_Of_Vaccine_Against_Herpes_Report.pdf
  • Kim YJ, Lee CN, Lee MS, et al. Recurrence rate of herpes zoster and its risk factors: a population-based cohort study. J Korean Med Sci. 2019;34(2):e1. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e1
  • Bilcke J, Ogunjimi B, Marais C, et al. The health and economic burden of chickenpox and herpes zoster in Belgium. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140(11):2096–2109. doi: 10.1017/S0950268811002640
  • Sabbe M, Grammens T, Braeye T, et al. Maladies infectieuses pédiatriques à prévention vaccinale. 2014. [cited 2023 Nov8]. Available from: https://www.sciensano.be/en/biblio/maladies-infectieuses-pediatriques-a-prevention-vaccinale-synthese-annuelle-2014
  • Jacquinet S, Bensemmane S, Smeesters P, et al. Surveillance épidémiologique de la Varicelle et du Zona – varicella-zoster virus (VZV) – aperçu 2010-2022 et résultats détaillés 2019–2022. Sciensano. 2023:1–17.
  • Bricout H, Perinetti E, Marchettini P, et al. Burden of herpes zoster-associated chronic pain in Italian patients aged 50 years and over (2009–2010): a GP-based prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):637. doi: 10.1186/s12879-014-0637-6
  • Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, et al. A population-based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82(11):1341–1349. doi: 10.4065/82.11.1341
  • Gater A, Uhart M, McCool R, et al. The humanistic, economic and societal burden of herpes zoster in Europe: a critical review. BMC Public Health 2015;15(1):193. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1514-y
  • Wauters O, Lebas E, Nikkels AF. Chronic mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus infections. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(6):e217–27. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.07.011
  • Andrei G, Snoeck R. Advances and perspectives in the management of varicella-zoster virus infections. Molecules 2021;26(4):1132. doi: 10.3390/molecules26041132
  • Chen N, Li Q, Yang J, et al. Antiviral treatment for preventing postherpetic neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(2): CD006866. 10.1002/14651858.CD006866.pub3
  • Belgian Antibiotic Policy Coordination Commission. Guide belge de traitement anti-infectieux en pratique ambulatoire 2022. [cited 2023 Nov 8]. https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/content/bapcoc_guide_traitement_antiinfectieux_2022.pdf
  • McDonald EM, de Kock J, Ram FS. Antivirals for management of herpes zoster including ophthalmicus: a systematic review of high-quality randomized controlled trials. Antivir Ther. 2012;17(2):255–264. doi: 10.3851/IMP2011
  • Gross GE, Eisert L, Doerr HW, et al. S2k guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2020;18(1):55–78. doi: 10.1111/ddg.14013
  • Poirrier JE, DeMartino JK, Nagar S, et al. Burden of opioid use for pain management among adult herpes zoster patients in the US and the potential impact of vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022;18(5):2040328. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2040328
  • Hempenstall K, Nurmikko TJ, Johnson RW, et al. Analgesic therapy in postherpetic neuralgia: a quantitative systematic review. PLOS Med. 2005;2(7):e164. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020164
  • Summary of Product Characteristics. Varivax®. Varicella Virus Vaccine Live. 2022. [cited 2023 Sept 23]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5582/smpc
  • European Medicines Agency. Zostavax: Summary of product characterstics. 2009. [cited 2023 Sept 23]. Available from. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/zostavax-epar-product-information_en.pdf
  • Schmader KE, Levin MJ, Gnann JW Jr, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of herpes zoster vaccine in persons aged 50-59 years. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(7):922–928. doi: 10.1093/cid/cir970
  • Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(22):2271–2284. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa051016
  • Morrison VA, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, et al. Long-term persistence of zoster vaccine efficacy. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(6):900–909. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu918
  • ZOSTAVAX® (Zoster Vaccine Live). Product information. 2006. [cited 2024 Feb 21]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/119879/download
  • Litt J, Booy R, Bourke D, et al. Early impact of the Australian national shingles vaccination program with the herpes zoster live attenuated vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2020;16(12):3081–3089. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1754702
  • Andrews N, Stowe J, Kuyumdzhieva G, et al. Impact of the herpes zoster vaccination programme on hospitalised and general practice consulted herpes zoster in the 5 years after its introduction in England: a population-based study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(7):e037458. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037458
  • Martins D, McCormack D, Tadrous M, et al. Impact of a publicly funded herpes zoster immunization program on the burden of disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis. [2021 Jan 27];72(2):279–284. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa014
  • Mbinta JF, Nguyen BP, Awuni PMA, et al. Post-licensure zoster vaccine effectiveness against herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022;3(4):e263–e275. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00039-3
  • Lecrenier N, Beukelaers P, Colindres R, et al. Development of a recombinant adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine and its implications for shingles prevention. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018;17(7):619–634. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1495565
  • Orru S, Bierbaum S, Enk A, et al. Skin manifestations after immunisation with an adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine, Germany, 2020. Euro Surveill. 2023;28(50). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.50.2300261
  • Cunningham AL, Lal H, Kovac M, et al. Efficacy of the herpes zoster subunit vaccine in adults 70 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(11):1019–1032. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603800
  • Lal H, Cunningham AL, Godeaux O, et al. Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. N Eng J Med. 2015;372(22):2087–2096. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1501184
  • Strezova A, Diez-Domingo J, Al Shawafi K, et al. Long-term protection against herpes zoster by the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine: interim efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety results up to 10 years after initial vaccination. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(10):ofac485. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac485
  • Fiore J, Co-van der Mee MM, Maldonado A, et al. Safety and reactogenicity of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine: experience from clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother. 2021;9:25151355211057479. doi: 10.1177/25151355211057479
  • Racine E, Gilca V, Amini R, et al. A systematic literature review of the recombinant subunit herpes zoster vaccine use in immunocompromised 18-49 year old patients. Vaccine. 2020;38(40):6205–6214. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.049
  • Lopez-Fauqued M, Co-van der Mee M, Bastidas A, et al. Safety profile of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in immunocompromised populations: an overview of six trials. Drug Saf. 2021;44(7):811–823. doi: 10.1007/s40264-021-01076-w
  • Mullane KM, Morrison VA, Camacho LH, et al. Safety and efficacy of inactivated varicella zoster virus vaccine in immunocompromised patients with malignancies: a two-arm, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(9):1001–1012. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30310-X
  • Dagnew AF, Rausch D, Herve C, et al. Efficacy and serious adverse events profile of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in adults with pre-existing potential immune-mediated diseases: a pooled post hoc analysis on two parallel randomized trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(3):1226–1233. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa424
  • Sun Y, Kim E, Kong CL, et al. Effectiveness of the recombinant zoster vaccine in adults aged 50 and older in the United States: a claims-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(6):949–956. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab121
  • Sun Y, Jackson K, Dalmon CA, et al. Effectiveness of the recombinant zoster vaccine among Kaiser Permanente Hawaii enrollees aged 50 and older: a retrospective cohort study. Vaccine. 2021;39(29):3974–3982. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.056
  • Izurieta HS, Wu X, Forshee R, et al. Recombinant zoster vaccine (shingrix): real-world effectiveness in the first 2 years post-licensure. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(6):941–948. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab125
  • Lu A, Sun Y, Porco TC, et al. Effectiveness of the recombinant zoster vaccine for herpes zoster ophthalmicus in the United States. Ophthalmol. 2021;128(12):1699–1707. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.017
  • Parameswaran GI, Wattengel BA, Chua HC, et al. Increased stroke risk following herpes zoster infection and protection with zoster vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;76(3):e1335–e1340. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac549
  • Kochhar GS, Desai A, Caldera DF, et al. Effectiveness of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Vaccine. 2021;39(30):4199–4202. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.043
  • Bruxvoort KJ, Qian L, Wu J, et al. Herpes zoster following recombinant zoster vaccine with or without concomitant vaccination. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(3):ofac011. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac011
  • Laupeze B, Del Giudice G, Doherty MT, et al. Vaccination as a preventative measure contributing to immune fitness. NPJ Vaccin. 2021;6(1):93. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00354-z
  • Bruxvoort KJ, Ackerson B, Sy LS, et al. Recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine and reduced risk of COVID-19 diagnosis and hospitalization in older adults. J Infect Dis. 2022;225(11): 1915–1922. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab633
  • Belgian Superior Health Council. Vaccination against herpes zoster. Report 9684. (Brussels: SCH). 2022. [cited 2023 Sept 23]. Available from: https://www.health.belgium.be/sites/default/files/uploads/fields/fpshealth_theme_file/20220906_shc-9684_herpes_zoster_vweb.pdf
  • Centre Belge d’Information Pharmacothérapeutique (CBIP). Folia Pharmacotherapeutica novembre 2023. 2023;50(11): 1–9. [cited 2023 Nov 24]. Available from: https://www.bcfi.be/nl/articles/query?number=F50N11I#zon
  • Tricco AC, Zarin W, Cardoso R, et al. Efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of herpes zoster vaccines in adults aged 50 and older: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2018;363:k4029. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k4029
  • Gobert C, Semaille P, Van der Schueren T, et al. Prevalence and determinants of vaccine hesitancy and vaccines recommendation discrepancies among general practitioners in French-speaking parts of Belgium. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(7):771. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9070771
  • Pattyn J, Hendrickx G, Valckx S, et al. Studie over vaccinatie vertrouwen voor het vaccinatiebeleid in Vlaanderen - Een observationele, crosssectionele online vragenlijst om vaccinatie vertrouwen in Vlaanderen te meten OVERHEIDSOPDRACHT: BESTEK NR AP/IZ-VAC/2023/62023. [cited 2024 Apr 11]. https://laatjevaccineren.paddlecms.net/sites/default/files/2024-02/Rapport%20VCF%20overheidsopdracht%20NR%20APIZ-VAC20236.pdf
  • Wang Q, Yang L, Li L, et al. Willingness to vaccinate against herpes zoster and its associated factors across who regions: global systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023;9:e43893. doi: 10.2196/43893
  • Drolet M, Zhou Z, Sauvageau C, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of vaccination against herpes zoster in Canada: a modelling study. CMAJ. 2019;191(34):E932–E939. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.190274
  • Lehmann BA, Eilers R, Mollema L, et al. The intention of Dutch general practitioners to offer vaccination against pneumococcal disease, herpes zoster and pertussis to people aged 60 years and older. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s12877-017-0511-7
  • Hurley LP, Harpaz R, Daley MF, et al. National survey of primary care physicians regarding herpes zoster and the herpes zoster vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(Suppl 2):S216–23. doi: 10.1086/522153
  • Hurley LP, Allison MA, Dooling KL, et al. Primary care physicians’ experience with zoster vaccine live (ZVL) and awareness and attitudes regarding the new recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV). Vaccine. 2018;36(48):7408–7414. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.018
  • Parikh R, Widenmaier R, Weller R, et al. An update on national recommendations for the use of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine. Abstract. 15th European Public Health Conference 2022; Berlin, Germany; 2022.
  • Belgian Superior Health Council. Publication of the Superior Health Council. Report 9158. Brussels: SHC. 2019. [cited 2023 Sept 23]. Available from: https://www.health.belgium.be/sites/default/files/uploads/fields/fpshealth_theme_file/20200212_shc_9158_ic_and_vaccination_vweb.pdf
  • Andreoni M, Sticchi L, Nozza S, et al. Recommendations of the Italian society for infectious and tropical diseases (SIMIT) for adult vaccinations. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(11):4265–4282. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1971473
  • Ministerio de Sanidad. Recomendaciones de vacunacio n frente a herpes zoster, 25 marzo 2021. [cited 2023 Aug 1]. Available from: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/areas/promocionPrevencion/vacunaciones/programasDeVacunacion/docs/HerpesZoster_RecomendacionesVacunacion.pdf
  • Curran D, Patterson B, Varghese L, et al. Cost-effectiveness of an adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in older adults in the United States. Vaccine. 2018;36(33):5037–5045. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.005
  • de Boer PT, van Lier A, de Melker H, et al. Cost-effectiveness of vaccination of immunocompetent older adults against herpes zoster in the Netherlands: a comparison between the adjuvanted subunit and live-attenuated vaccines. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):228. doi: 10.1186/s12916-018-1213-5
  • Van Oorschot D, Anastassopoulou A, Poulsen Nautrup B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the recombinant zoster vaccine in the German population aged ≥60 years old. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(1):34–44. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1509645
  • You JHS, Ming WK, Tsang OT, et al. Optimal gender-specific age for cost-effective vaccination with adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in Chinese adults. PLOS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0210005. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210005
  • McGirr A, Van Oorschot D, Widenmaier R, et al. Public health impact and cost-effectiveness of non-live adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in Canadian adults. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2019 ;17(5):723–732. doi: 10.1007/s40258-019-00491-6
  • Curran D, Van Oorschot D, Matthews S, et al. Long-term efficacy data for the recombinant zoster vaccine: impact on public health and cost effectiveness in Germany. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(12):5296–5303. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2002085
  • Ultsch B, Weidemann F, Koch J, et al. Modellierung von epidemiologischen und gesundheitsökonomischen: Effekten von impfungen zur prävention von herpes zoster. 2017 [cited 2023 Sept 21]. Available from: https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/Impfen/ImpfungenAZ/Zoster/Modellierung_Zoster_Impfung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
  • Ortega-Sanchez I. Economics of vaccinating immunocompromised 19–49-years-old adults against herpes zoster in the US.September 29, 2021; ACIP zoster vaccines session. [cited 2023 Aug 21]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-09-29/02-ZosterVaccines-OrtegaSanchez-508.pdf
  • Curran D, Patterson BJ, Carrico J, et al. Public health impact of recombinant zoster vaccine for prevention of herpes zoster in US adults immunocompromised due to cancer. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2023;19(1):2167907. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2167907
  • Simoens S, Abdallah K, Barbier L, et al. How to balance valuable innovation with affordable access to medicines in Belgium? Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:960701. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.960701
  • Recommendation for a council recommendation on the 2023 national reform programme of Belgium and delivering a council opinion on the 2023 stability programme of Belgium. Brussels, 24 5.2023 COM(2023) 601 final. [cited 2023 Aug 21]. Available from: https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-05/COM_2023_601_1_EN.pdf
  • Bastidas A, de la Serna J, El Idrissi M, et al. Effect of recombinant zoster vaccine on incidence of herpes zoster after autologous stem cell transplantation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322(2):123–133. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.9053
  • Doherty TM, Del Giudice G, Maggi S. Adult vaccination as part of a healthy lifestyle: moving from medical intervention to health promotion. Ann Med. 2019;51(2):128–140. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2019.1588470
  • Talbird SE, La EM, Carrico J, et al. Impact of population aging on the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases among older adults in the United States. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(2):332–343. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1780847
  • Doherty TM, Pasquale AD, Finnegan G, et al. Sustaining the momentum for adult vaccination post-COVID-19 to leverage the global uptake of life-course immunisation: a scoping review and call to action. Int J Infect Dis. 2024;142:106963. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.02.006