Contesting Cultural Imperialism: Hybridisation and Re-enactment of Indigenous Cultural Values in Nigerian Hip-Hop Music

References

• Adebambo, G. 2020. “Naira Marley: An Inspiration or Source of Deterioration to Nigerian Youths?” The Guardian [Nigeria]. Accessed April 20, 2020. https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/naira-marley-an-inspiration-or-source-of-deterioration-to-nigerian-youths/
   Google Scholar
• Adedeji, W. 2011. “Negotiating Globalization through Hybridization: Hip-Hop and the Creation of Cross-Over Culture in Nigerian Popular Music.” Accessed March 15, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276934618
   Google Scholar
• Adedimeji, M. A. 2006. “Globalization and the Survival of the Nigerian Cultural and Linguistic Heritage: The American Paradigm.” Accessed June 8, 2021. http://dspace.fudutsinma.edu.ng/jspui/handle/123456789/2764
   Google Scholar
• Ajayi, D. O. 2020. “‘Living Things’: Metaphor and Urban Youth Culture in Abolore Akande Adigun’s (9ice) Hip-Hop Music.” African Identities 2020: 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2020.1828040
   Google Scholar
• Appert, C. M. 2016. “On Hybridity in African Popular Music: The Case of Senegalese Hip-Hop.” Ethnomusicology 60 (2): 279–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5406/ethnomusicology.60.2.0279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaban, D. J. 2010. “Culture, Industry and Hip-Hop History: The Corporate World’s Role in the Development of Hip-Hop.” Master’s diss., Rutgers University.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, C. 2012. “Hip-Hopping across China: Intercultural Formulations of Local Identities.” Journal of Language, Identity and Education 11 (4): 247–260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2012.706172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boateng, K. 2009. “Ghanaian Hip-Life Rap Music as a Popular or Political Rap, and a Mixed Cultural Bag of Ghanaian High-life and North American Rap Music.” Intercultural Communication Studies 18 (2): 202–213.
   Google Scholar
• Charry, E. 2012. “A Capsule History of African Rap.” In Hip-Hop Africa: New African Music in a Globalising World, edited by E. Charry, 1–26. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christopher, N. M. 2013. “Violence and Popular Music in Nigeria.” NCUE Journal of Humanities 8 (1): 135–148.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, A. T. 2015. “Law of the Dance: Legal and Regulatory Framework for Promoting Appropriate Music Content in Nigeria.” Journal of Sustainable Development, Law and Policy 6 (1): 297–326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v6i1.13
   Google Scholar
• Clark, M. K. 2013. “The Struggle for Hip-hop Authenticity and Against Commercialization in Tanzania.” Journal of Pan African Studies 6 (3): 5–21.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, M. K. 2018. Hip-Hop in Africa: Prophets of the City and Dustyfoot Philosophers. Athens: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, D. 2008. “The Role of Rap/Hip-Hop Music in the Meaning and Maintenance of Identity in South African Youths.” Master’s diss., University of the Witwatersrand. http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/6628
   Google Scholar
• Curan, J., and Park, M-J. 2005. “Beyond Globalisation.” In De-Westernising Studies, edited by J. Curan and M-J. Park. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ekdale, B. 2018. “Global Frictions and the Production of Locality in Kenya’s Music Video Industry.” Media, Culture and Society 40 (2): 211–227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717707340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadipe, I. A. 2016. “Understanding Standpoints on Women through a Patriarchal Voice: A Study of Ayinla Omowura’s Music.” Muziki: Journal of Music Research in Africa 13 (2): 36–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/18125980.2016.1249170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fei, J. 2014. “The Manifestation of Sexual Repression, Gender in Popular Music: A Case Study on Katy Perry.” Canadian Social Science 10 (2): 44–49.
   Google Scholar
• Gienow-Hecht, J. C. E. 2002. “Cultural Imperialism.” Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy. Accessed October 10, 2019. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3402300039.html
   Google Scholar
• Harris, T. T. 2019. “Can It Be Bigger than Hip-Hop? From Global Hip-Hop Studies to Hip-Hop.” Journal of Hip-Hop Studies 6 (2): 17–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34718/27nk-bx98
   Google Scholar
• Ige, R. 2020. The #Marlians Gang: Can Nigerians Contain This Generation of Deviants? Nigerian Tribune, January 16. https://tribuneonlineng.com/the-marlians-gang-can-nigerians-contain-this-generation-of-deviants/
   Google Scholar
• Ihekire, C. 2020. “Naira Marley Tasks Youth on Morals.” The Guardian [Nigeria]. Accessed April 20, 2020. https://guardian.ng/life/music/naira-marley-tasks-youth-on-morals/
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, E. M. 2014. “My Culture, My Voice: The Impact of Youth Hip-Hop and Spoken Word on Adolescent Participants in Positive Youth Development Settings.” Master’s diss., St. Catherine University. Accessed March 13, 2020. http://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/341
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. D., Jackson, L. A., and Gatto, L. 1995. “Violent Attitudes and Deferred Academic Aspirations: Deleterious Effects of Exposure to Rap Music.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 16 (1–2): 27–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.1995.9646099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, M. 2010. “Hybridity.” In A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory, edited by M. Payne and J. R. Barbera, 339. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Accessed October 19, 2019. https://seminar580.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/dictionary-of-cultural-and-criticaltheory.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kistler, M. E., and Lee, M. J. 2009. “Does Exposure to Sexual Hip-Hop Music Videos Influence the Sexual Attitudes of College Students?” Mass Communication and Society 13 (1): 67–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430902865336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kottack, C. P. 2000. Cultural Anthropology. 8th ed. Michigan: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Kraidy, M. M. 2002. “Hybridity in Cultural Globalization.” Communication Theory 12 (3): 316–339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2002.tb00272.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuznetsov, N. 2009. “The Role of Pop Music and Other Modern Phenomena of Modern Culture in the Preservation of Komi Language.” Folklore 41: 119–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2009.41.kuznetsov
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S., Boes, S. R., and Chibbaro, J. S. 2015. “An Action Research Study on the Influence of Gangsta Rap on Academic and Behavioral Issues of 5th Grade African-American Males.” Georgia School Counselors Association Journal 22: 12–27.
   Google Scholar
• Liadi, O. F. 2012. “Multilingualism and Hip-Hop Consumption in Nigeria: Accounting for the Local Acceptance of a Global Phenomenon.” Afrika Spectrum: Deutsche Zeitschrift für gegenwartsbezogene Afrikaforschung 47 (1): 3–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971204700101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, B. 2010. “Globalization.” In A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory, edited by M. Payne and J. R. Barbera, 159. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Accessed August 18, 2019. https://seminar580.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/dictionary-of-cultural-and-criticaltheory.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mobolaji, A. O., and Ojebuyi, B. R. 2020. “Media Hype, Greener Pastures Syndrome, and Migration in Nigeria.” In Handbook of Research on the Global Impact of Media on Migration Issues, edited by N. Okorie, B. Ojebuyi and J. Macharia, 272–292. Hershey: IGI Global. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0210-5.ch016
   Google Scholar
• Morrell, E., and Duncan-Andrade, J. M. R. 2002. “Promoting Academic Literacy with Urban Youth through Engaging Hip-Hop Culture.” Accessed May 24, 2020. http://www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/Resources/Journals/EJ/0916-july02/EJ0916Promoting.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Motley, C. M., and Henderson, G. R. 2008. “The Global Hip-Hop Diaspora: Understanding the Culture.” Journal of Business Research 61 (3): 243–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.101/j.jbusres.2007.06.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okoli, A. C., and Atelhe, G. A. 2018. “Globalization and ‘Africanization’ of Contemporary Pop Music: Implications for History and Theory.” Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs 6 (1): 41–53.
   Google Scholar
• Oloruntoba-Oju, T. 2011. “Sexuality Indices in Yoruba Language and Popular Culture.” Communicating Sexuality in Africa 7 (2): 14–19.
   Google Scholar
• Onanuga, P. A., and Onanuga, A. O. 2020. “Violence, Sexuality and Youth Linguistic Behaviour: An Exploration of Contemporary Nigerian Youth Music.” Contemporary Music Review 39 (1): 137–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07494467.2020.1753478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oreoluwa, K. P. 2013. “Code Switching in Contemporary Nigerian Hip-Hop Songs.” Master’s diss., University of Ghana. Accessed May 31, 2020. http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/handle/123456789/5359
   Google Scholar
• Perullo, A. 2005. “Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip-Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.” Africa Today 51 (4): 75–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/at.2005.0045
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. W., and Scott, K. A. 2002. “Rap Music and Its Violent Progeny: America’s Culture of Violence in Context.” Journal of Negro Education 71 (3): 175–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/3211235
   Google Scholar
• Riesch, R. J. 2005. “Hip-Hop Culture: History and Trajectory.” Research Papers 32. Accessed March 13, 2020. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/gs_rp/32
   Google Scholar
• Schiller, H. I. 1976. Communication and Cultural Domination. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Shipley, J. W. 2013. Living the Hiplife: Celebrity and Entrepreneurship in Ghanaian Popular Music. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822395904
   Google Scholar
• Singh, A. 2009. “Mimicry and Hybridity in Plain English.” Accessed August 9, 2019. http://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2009/05/mimicry-and-hybridity-in-plain-english.html
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, J. 2001. Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction. London: A & C Black.
   Google Scholar
• Tyson, L. 2006. “Critical Theory Today: A User Friendly Guide.” 2nd ed. Accessed March 13, 2020. http://efford.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/8/3/13833564/critical-theory-today_3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vareba, A. L. 2014. “Language and Message Construction in Nigerian Multilingual Hip-Hop Music.” International Journal of Media Science Works 1 (2): 9–14.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, G., and Yeh, E. Y. 2005. “Globalisation and Hybridisation in Cultural Products: The Cases of Mulan and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 8 (2): 175–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877905052416
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer, R. D., and Dominick, J. R. 2011. Mass Media Research: An Introduction. 9th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage.
   Google Scholar
• Zichermann, S. C. 2013. “The Effects of Hip-Hop and Rap on Young Women in Academia.” PhD diss., University of Toronto. Accessed March 13, 2020. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/36081
   Google Scholar