The Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the questions of identity, territory and political destiny of the indigenous Nuba of the Sudan

References

• Abbas , P.G. 1973 . Growth of black political consciousness in Northern Sudan . Africa Today , 20 ( 3 ) : 29 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Abd al-Rahim , M. 1970 . Arabism, Africanism, and self-identification in the Sudan . Journal of Modern African Studies , 8 ( 2 ) : 233 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abyei Boundaries Commission . 2005 . Abyei Boundaries Commission Report, Khartoum . http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/Abey_boundary_com_report-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Africa Watch . 1991 . Sudan. Destroying ethnic identity: The secret war against the Nuba . London : Africa Watch .
   Google Scholar
• Africa Watch . 1992a . Sudan: Eradicating the Nuba . London : Africa Watch .
   Google Scholar
• Africa Watch . 1992b . Sudan: Refugees in their own country . London : Africa Watch .
   Google Scholar
• African Rights . 1995 . Facing genocide: The Nuba of Sudan . London : African Rights .
   Google Scholar
• African Rights . 1997 . A desolate ‘peace’: Human rights in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan 1997 . London : African Rights .
   Google Scholar
• Al-Basha , M . 2009 . Why all the Sudanese regions are not exercising the right to self-determination . http://www.sudanile.com/arabic/index.php
   Google Scholar
• All Nuba First Conference . 2003 . Kauda Conference Communiqués. Kauda, Nuba Mountains, SPLM/A-controlled areas, Sudan . http://www.nubasurvival.com/Nuba%20Vision/Vol%202%20Issue%202/7%20Kauda%20Conference%20Communiqu%E9.htm
   Google Scholar
• All Nuba Second Conference . 2005 . Final Communiqué – the Second All Nuba Conference of 5–8 April, Kauda . http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article9487
   Google Scholar
• Amnesty International . 1993 . Sudan. The ravages of war: Political killings and humanitarian disaster . London : Amnesty International Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Archibugi , D. 2003 . A critical analysis of the self-determination of peoples: A cosmopolitan perspective . Constellation , 10 ( 4 ) : 489 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnard , A. 2006 . Discussion: The concept of indigeneity . Social Anthropology , 14 ( 1 ) : 21 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Battahani , A. H. 1980 . The state and the agrarian question: A case-study of South Kordofan 1971–1977 , Khartoum : University of Khartoum .
   Google Scholar
• Battahani A. H. . 1998 . On the transformation of ethnic-national policies in the Sudan: The case of the Nuba people . Sudan Notes and Records 2 : 99 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Beshir , M.O. 1979 . Diversity, regionalism, and national unity , Uppsala : Scandinavian Institute of African Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Beshir M.O. . 1984 . Ethnicity, regionalism and national cohesion in the Sudan The Sudan: Ethnicity and national cohesion , M.O. Beshir , M.A. Mohamed Salih M.A. Abdul-Jalil , 5 37 . Bayreuth : Bayreuth African Studies Series 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury , M. 1998 . Sudan: International responses to war in the Nuba Mountains . Review of African Political Economy , 25 ( 77 ) : 463 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Cassese , A. 1995 . Self-determination of peoples: A legal reappraisal , Cambridge/New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cunnison , I. 1966 . Baggara Arabs: Power and lineage in a Sudanese nomad tribe , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deng , F.M. 1973 . Dynamics of identification: A basis for national integration in the Sudan , Khartoum : Khartoum University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deng F.M. . 1995 . War of visions: Conflict of identities in the Sudan . Washington : The Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• De Waal , A . 2006 . Averting genocide in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan . Social Science Research Council (December). http://howgenocidesend.ssrc.org/de_Waal2/
   Google Scholar
• De Waal , A. and Ajawin , Y. 2002 . “ Nationalism, federalism and self-determination in a multipolar Sudan ” . In When peace comes: Civil society and development in Sudan , Edited by: de Waal , A. and Ajawin , Y. 221 – 240 . Lawrenceville/Asmara, Eritrea : The Red Sea Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elnur , I. 2009 . Contested Sudan: The political economy of war and reconstruction , London & New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Fein , H. 1997 . Genocide by attrition 1939–1993: The Warsaw Ghetto, Cambodia and Sudan; links between human rights, health and mass death . Health and Human Rights , 2 ( 2 ) : 10 – 45 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Government of the Republic Sudan and the Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement/Army . 2005 . The Comprehensive Peace Agreement , 9 January 2005, Naivasha, Kenya .
   Google Scholar
• Guenther , M. 2006 . Discussion: The concept of indigeneity . Social Anthropology , 14 ( 1 ) : 17 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• International Crisis Group . 2008 . Sudan's Southern Kordofan problem: The next Darfur . ICG Africa Report No 145, 21 October .
   Google Scholar
• International Labor Organisation (ILO) . 1989 . Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries , adopted on 27 June 1989 by the General Conference of the ILO, Geneva .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , D.H. 2006 . The root causes of Sudan's civil wars (updated to Peace Agreement) , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Kadouf , H.A. 2001 . Marginalization and resistance: The plight of the Nuba People . New Political Science , 23 ( 1 ) : 45 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Kameir , W . 2006 . New Sudan: Towards building the Sudanese nation-state . The General Congress of the Sudanese Writers’ Union, Khartoum, 19 September. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article18400
   Google Scholar
• Kameir , W . 2005 . John Garang: His vision of the New Sudan and the transformation of the Sudan state . Khartoum : Master Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Kenrick , J. 2006 . Discussion: The concept of indigeneity . Social Anthropology , 14 ( 1 ) : 19 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Khalid , M. , 1987 . John Garang speaks . London : KPI .
   Google Scholar
• Khalid , M. . 2003 . War and peace in the Sudan: A tale of two countries . London : Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Knight , B.D. 1982 . Identity and territory: Geographical perspectives on nationalism and regionalism . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 74 ( 4 ) : 514 – 531 .
   Google Scholar
• Komey , G.K . 2005 . Regional disparity in national development of the Sudan and its impact on nation-building: With reference to the peripheral region of the Nuba Mountains . PhD. thesis, University of Khartoum .
   Google Scholar
• Komey , G.K . 2008a . The autochthonous claim of land rights by the sedentary Nuba and its persistent contest by the Nomadic Baqqâra of South Kordofan/Nuba Mountains, Sudan Nomadic–Sedentary Relations and Failing State Institutions in Dârfur and Kordofan, Sudan, Orientwissenschaftliche Hefte 26 , R. Rottenburg , 101 127 . Halle : University of Halle-Wittenberg .
   Google Scholar
• Komey , G.K . 2008b . The denied land rights of the indigenous peoples and their endangered livelihood and survival: The case of the Nuba of the Sudan . Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 5 : 991 1008 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komey , G.K , 2009a . Striving in the exclusionary state: Territory, identity and ethno-politics of the Nuba, Sudan . Journal of International Politics and Development 7 : 1 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Komey , G.K . 2009b . Autochthonous identity: Its territorial attachment and political expression in claiming communal land in the Nuba Mountains region, Sudan . Raum – Landschaft – Territorium: Zur Konstruktion physischer Räume als nomadische und sesshafte Lebensräume, Nomaden und Sesshafte 11 , R. Kath A. Rieger , 205 228 . Wiesbaden : Reichert .
   Google Scholar
• Komey , G.K . 2010a . Ethnic identity politics and boundary making in claiming communal land in the Nuba Mountains after the CPA . After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan: Sign of change? E. Grawert . London : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Komey , G.K . 2010b . Land factor in war and conflicts in Africa: The case of the Nuba struggle in Sudan . Wars and peace in Africa , T. Falola R.C. Njoku , 351 381 . Durham, NC : Carolina Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuol , D. A . 1999 . Notes on the peace process in the Sudan . http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:6OgUFyAC2N4J:www.usip.org
   Google Scholar
• Kuper , D. 2003 . The return of the native . Current Anthropology , 44 ( 3 ) : 389 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuper D. . 2006 . Discussion: The concept of indigeneity . Social Anthropology 14 1 : 21 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Lesch , A. 1998 . The Sudan: Contested identities , Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Makris , G.P. 2001 . “ The construction of categories: From the era of colonialism to the days of military Islam ” . In al tanû’ al thaqfi wa binâ al dawûlah al watanîyya fi al Sûdân [Cultural diversity and building national state in the Sudan] , Edited by: Haydar , Ibrahîm Ali . 36 – 52 . Cairo : Markaz al Drâsât al Sûdânîyya (Sudanese Studies Center) .
   Google Scholar
• Manger , L.O. 1984 . “ Traders and farmers in the Nuba Mountains: Jellâba family firms in the Liri Area ” . In Trade and traders in the Sudan , Edited by: Manger , L.O. 213 – 242 . Bergen : University of Bergen .
   Google Scholar
• Manger L.O. . 2001 . The Nuba Mountains: Battlegrounds of identities, cultural traditions and territories . Sudanese society in the context of war: Papers from a seminar at the University of Copenhagen , M. Johannsen N. Kastfelt , 49 90 . Copenhagen : University of Copenhagen .
   Google Scholar
• Manger L.O. . 2004 . Reflections on war and state and the Sudan . The state, sovereignty, war, and civil violence in emerging global realities, critical interventions 5 , B. Kapferer , 75 88 . New York : Berghahn Books .
   Google Scholar
• Manger L.O. . 2007 . Ethnicity and post-conflict reconstruction in the Nuba Mountains of the Sudan: Processes of group-making, meaning production and metaphorization . ETHNOCULTURE 1 : 72 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Mbeki , T . 2009 . Speech of the Chairperson of the African Union High-Level Panel of Experts on Darfur Addis Ababa, African Union Headquarters, 8 October . http://blogs.ssrc.org/sudan/2009/10/08/pres-mbekis-speech-on-handing-over-the-au-panel-report/
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed , M.A. and Fisher , M. 2002 . “ The Nuba of Sudan ” . In Endangered peoples of Africa and the Middle East , Edited by: Hitchcock , R.K. and Osborn Westport , A.J. 115 – 128 . London : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed , S.M. and Rahim , A. 1995 . Resistance and response: Ethnocide and genocide in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan . Geo–journal , 36 ( 1 ) : 71 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed S.M. Rahim A. 1998a . Other identities: Politics of Sudanese discursive narratives . Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 5 1 : 5 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed S.M. Rahim A. 1998b . Political narratives and identity formation in post-1989 Sudan . Ethnicity and the state in Eastern Africa , M.A. Mohamed Salih J. Markakis , 72 85 . Uppsala : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet .
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed S.M. Rahim A. 1999 . Land alienation and genocide in the Nuba Mountains . Cultural Survival Quarterly 22 4 : 36 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , A.B. 1991 . Regions as social construct: The gap between theory and practice . Progress in Human Geography , 15 ( 1 ) : 22 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuba Survival . 2005 . Press statement: Naivasha accord fails to address Nuba grievances . Sudan Tribune , Tuesday 4 January 2005 . http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article7354
   Google Scholar
• Nuba Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Organisation (NRRDO) . 2002 . Nuba reaction to the Machakos Protocol: Open letter to General Lazarus Sambeyweo from Nuba civil society organizations regarding the Machakos Protocol, Nairobi, 14 August . http://home.planet.nl/~ende0098/Articles/20020814a.htm
   Google Scholar
• Op't Ende , N . 2006 . Interview with Ismael Khamis Jelab, Governor of South Kordofan by Nanne op't Ende , Kadugli March 13; and Khartoum April 15. http://home.planet.nl/~ende0098/Articles/20060428.htm
   Google Scholar
• Patey , L.A . 2007 . State rules: Oil companies and armed conflict in Sudan . Sudan Tribune , 18 July. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article22901
   Google Scholar
• Permanent Court of Arbitration . 2009 . Final Award of Tribunal on Abyei Arbitration . The Hague : The Peace Palace .
   Google Scholar
• Pronk , J . 2007 . No way back. Preface: Proud to be Nuba. N. op't Ende . http://www.janpronk.nl/index331.html
   Google Scholar
• Rahhal , S.M . 2005 . Naivasha Accord failed to address Nuba grievances . London : Nuba Survival Foundation . http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article7354
   Google Scholar
• Rahhal , S.M . 2001a . The right to be Nuba: The story of a Sudanese people's struggle for survival . Lawrenceville : The Red Sea Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rahhal , S.M . 2001b . The marginalised peoples of Northern Sudan and the question of self-determination . The Phoenix State: Civil society and the future of Sudan , A.H. Abdel Salaam A. de Waal , 247 267 . Lawrenceville, NJ/Asmara, , Eritrea : The Red Sea Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rahhal , S.M . A. Teia . 2002 . Nuba views on Machakos . Nuba Vision 2(1) (October) . http://www.nubasurvival.com/Nuba%20Vision/Vol%202%20Issue%201/11%20Nuba%20views.htm .
   Google Scholar
• Roden , D. 1974 . Regional inequality and rebellion in the Sudan . Geographical Review , 64 ( 4 ) : 498 – 516 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saavedra , M. 1998 . “ Ethnicity, resources and the central state: Politics in the Nuba Mountains, 1950 to the 1990s ” . In Kordofan invaded: Peripheral incorporation and social transformation in Islamic Africa , Edited by: Stiansen , E. and Kevane , M. 223 – 253 . Leiden : Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Saeed , M.H. 1980 . “ Economic effects of agricultural mechanization in rural Sudan: The case of Habila, Southern Kordofan ” . In Problems of savannah development: The Sudan case , Edited by: Haaland , G. 167 – 184 . Bergen : University of Bergen .
   Google Scholar
• Sambeyweo , L . 2002 . Position of the Sudanese civil society on the just and lasting peace in the Sudan . Nairobi, 5 July . http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/105S22.htm
   Google Scholar
• Small Arms Survey . 2008 . The drift back to war: Insecurity and militarization in the Nuba Mountains . Sudan Issue Briefs 12 : 1 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Suliman , M. 2001 . Oil and the civil war in the Sudan , London : Institute for African Alternative Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Thuen , T. 2006 . Discussion: The concept of indigeneity . Social Anthropology , 14 ( 1 ) : 24 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1992 . Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly , Resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1994 . Draft United Nation Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , Resolution 1994/45 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1995 . The Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Fact Sheet No. 9 (Rev. 1). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs9.htm
   Google Scholar
• William , C.H. and Smith , A.D. 1993 . The National construction of social space . Progress in Human Geography , 7 : 502 – 518 .
   Google Scholar