References
- Al-Hudhud, I. S. (2016, May). Using religious texts for justifying acts of violence - review and response. Arab Media & Society, 22. Retrieved from https://www.arabmediasociety.com/post_issue/issue-22-spring-2016/
- Al-Rawi, A., & Jiwani, Y. (2017). Mediated conflict: Shiite heroes combating ISIS in Iraq and Syria. Communication, Culture & Critique, 10(4), 675–695. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12177
- Al-Yaqoubi, S. M. (2016). Refuting ISIS: A rebuttal of its religious and ideological foundations. Herndon, VA: Sacred Knowledge.
- Awan, A. N. (2012). Jihadi ideology in the new-media environment. In J. Deol & Z. Kazmi (Eds.), Contextualising jihadi thought (pp. 99–119). London: C. Hurst & Co.
- Batziou, A. (2011). Framing “otherness” in press photographs: The case of immigrants in Greece and Spain. Journal of Media Practice, 12(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1386/jmpr.12.1.41_1
- Bean, H., & Edgar, A. N. (2017). A genosonic analysis of ISIL and US counter-extremism video messages. Media, War & Conflict, 10(3), 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635217694124
- Bilandzic, H., Roessler, P., Bleek, A. B., Bleek, J. M., & Kirchner, G. F. (2005, May). Repeated and cross-modal exposure effects in pop music appreciation. Comparing audiovisual and audio presentations. Paper presented at the International Communication Association Convention, New York City, NY.
- Bolt, N. (2012). Violent image: Insurgent propaganda and the new revolutionaries. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Burke, K. (1941/1973). The rhetoric of Hitler’s “battle”. In The philosophy of literary form (3rd ed., pp. 191–220). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Campbell, K. K., & Jamieson, K. H. (1990). Deeds done in words: Presidential rhetoric and the genres of governance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Campbell, K. K., & Jamieson, K. H. (2006). The interplay of influence: News, advertising, politics, and the internet (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- Chion, M. (with Murch, W.). (1994). Audio-vision: Sound on screen ( C. Gorbman, Ed. & Trans.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
- Chouliaraki, L., & Kissas, A. (2018). The communication of horrorism: A typology of ISIS online death videos. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35(1), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2017.1393096
- Collignon, O., Girard, S., Gosselin, F., Roy, S., Saint-Amour, D., Lassonde, M., & Lepore, F. (2008). Audio-visual integration of emotion expression. Brain Research, 1242, 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.023
- Cook, R. J. (2015). Sound lets you see: A phenomenology of hearing screen media. COACTIVITY: Philosophy. Communication, 23(2), 124–138. http://doi.org/10.3846/cpc.2015.234
- Crilley, R. (2017). Seeing Syria: The visual politics of the national coalition of Syrian revolution and opposition forces on facebook. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 10(2/3), 133–158. http://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01002004
- Domke, D., Perlmutter, D., & Spratt, M. (2002). The primes of our times? An examination of the “power” of visual images. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 3(2), 131–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490200300211
- Drew, D. G., & Grimes, T. (1987). Audio-visual redundancy and TV news recall. Communication Research, 14(4), 452–461. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365087014004005
- El Damanhoury, K., Winkler, C., Kaczkowski, W., & Dicker, A. (2018). Examining the military-media nexus in ISIS’s provincial visual campaign. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2018.1432869
- Ensor, D. (2005, October 12). Al Qaeda letter called “chilling”. CNN.com. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/10/11/alqaeda.letter/
- Fahmy, S. (2016, February 7). What ISIS wants you to see. ahramonline. Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsPrint/186884.aspx
- Fernandez, A. M. (2015, October). Here to stay and growing: Combating ISIS propaganda network. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/IS-Propaganda_Web_English_v2.pdf
- Fox, J. R. (2004). A signal detection analysis of audio/video redundancy effects in television news video. Communication Research, 31(5), 524–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650204267931
- Frassinetti, F., Bolognini, N., & Làdavas, E. (2002). Enhancement of visual perception by crossmodal visuo-auditory interaction. Experimental Brain Research, 147(3), 332–343. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-002-1262-y
- Gorbman, C. (1987). Unheard melodies: Narrative film music. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Graber, D. A. (1996). Say it with pictures. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716296546001008
- Gråtrud, H. (2016). Islamic State nasheeds as messaging tools. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 39(12), 1050–1070. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1159429
- Griffin, M. (2004). Picturing America’s “war on terrorism” in Afghanistan and Iraq: Photographic motifs as news frames. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 5(4), 381–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884904044201
- Grimes, T. (1990). Audio-video correspondence and its role in attention and memory. Educational Technology Research and Development, 38(3), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02298178
- Hagtvedt, H., & Brasel, S. A. (2016). Cross-modal communication: Sound frequency influences consumer responses to color lightness. Journal of Marketing Research, 53(4), 551–562. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.14.0414
- Halverson, J. R., Goodall Jr, H. L., & Corman, S. R. (2011/2013). Master narratives of Islamist extremism. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Hunter, P. G., Schellenberg, E. G., & Schimmack, U. (2010). Feelings and perceptions of happiness and sadness induced by music: Similarities, differences, and mixed emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(1), 47–56. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0016873
- Imaan Star: Free Islamic EBooks, Software, and Multimedia. (2006). Bukhari, Muslim, Malik, and Dawud hadith collection [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.imaanstar.com/hadith.php
- Johnstone, B. (1991). Repetition in Arab discourse: Paradigms, syntagms, and the ecology of language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Koch, B. J. (1983). Presentation as proof: The language of Arabic rhetoric. Anthropological Linguistics, 25(1), 47–60. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30027656
- Koch, T., & Zerback, T. (2013). Helpful or harmful? How frequent repetition affects perceived statement credibility. Journal of Communication, 63(6), 993–1010. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12063
- Kovács, A. (2015). The “new jihadists” and the visual turn from al-Qa’ida to ISIL/ISIS/Da’ish. Bitzpol Affairs, 2(3), 47–69. Retrieved from http://epa.oszk.hu/02400/02475/00004/pdf/EPA02475_BiztpolAffairs_2014_03_047-070.pdf
- Kraidy, M. M. (2017). The projectilic image: Islamic State’s digital visual warfare and global networked affect. Media, Culture & Society, 39(8), 1194–1209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717725575
- Kraidy, M. M. (2018). Fun against fear in the Caliphate: Islamic State’s spectacle and counterspectacle. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35(1), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2017.1394583
- Kuznar, L. A. (2017). The stability of the Islamic State (IS) narrative: Implications for the future. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 10(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467586.2017.1347694
- Kuznar, L. (2015). Daesh’s image of the state in their own words. In A. Astorino-Courtois, S. Canna, S. Rhem, & G. Popp (Eds.), White paper on SMA support to SOCCENT: ISIL influence and resolve (pp. 27–30). Retrieved from https://info.publicintelligence.net/SOCCENT-ISIL-InfluenceResolve.pdf
- Lahoud, N. (2017). A cappella songs (anashid) in jihadi culture. In T. Hegghammer (Ed.), Jihadi culture: The art and social practices of militant Islamists (pp. 42–62). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Lang, A. (1995). Defining audio/video redundancy from a limited-capacity information processing perspective. Communication Research, 22(1), 86–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365095022001004
- La Palm, M. (2014, October 28). Concerning features of an apocalyptic cult in the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Foreign Policy Journal. Retrieved from http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2014/10/28/concerning-features-of-an-apocalyptic-cult-in-the-islamic-state-of-iraq-and-the-levant-isil/
- Lerner, N. (2010). The strange case of Rouben Mamoulian’s sound stew: The uncanny soundtrack in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931). In N. Lerner (Ed.), Music in the horror film: Listening to fear (pp. 55–79). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Loui, P., Wessel, D. L., & Hudson Kam, C. L. (2010). Humans rapidly learn grammatical structure in a new musical scale. Music Perception, 27(5), 377–388. http://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2010.27.5.377
- Mahood, S., & Rane, H. (2017). Islamist narratives in ISIS recruitment propaganda. The Journal of International Communication, 23(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2016.1263231
- McCants, W. (2015). The ISIS apocalypse: The history, strategy, and doomsday vision of the Islamic State. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
- Miller, G., & Mekhennet, S. (2015, November 20). Inside the surreal world of the Islamic State’s propaganda machine. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/inside-the-islamic-states-propaganda-machine/2015/11/20/051e997a-8ce6-11e5-acff-673ae92ddd2b_story.html?utm_term=.d51bdc42b54c
- Milton, D. (2016, October). Communication breakdown: Unraveling the Islamic State’s media efforts. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, United States Military Academy. Website. Retrieved from https://ctc.usma.edu/communication-breakdown-unraveling-the-islamic-states-media-efforts/
- Miskimmon, A., O’Loughlin, B., & Roselle, L. (2013). Strategic narratives: Communication power and the new world order. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Naji, A. B. (2006). The management of savagery: The most critical stage through which the Umma will pass (W. McCants, John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University, Trans.). Retrieved from https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/abu-bakr-naji-the-management-of-savagery-the-most-critical-stage-through-which-the-umma-will-pass.pdf
- Nam, Y. (2015, November 20). Cinéma vérité vs. direct camera: An introduction. New York Film Academy Student Resources. Retrieved from https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/cinema-verite-vs-direct-cinema-an-introduction/
- O’Halloran, K. L., Tan, S., Wignell, P., Bateman, J. A., Pham, D.-S., Grossman, M., & Moere, A. V. (2016). Interpreting text and image relations in violent extremist discourse: A mixed methods approach for big data analytics. Terrorism and Political Violence. http://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1233871
- O’Loughlin, B. (2011). Images as weapons of war: Representation, mediation and interpretation. Review of International Studies, 37(1), 71–91. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510000811
- Pfau, M., Haigh, M., Fifrick, A., Holl, D., Tedesco, A., Cope, J., … Martin, M. (2006). The effects of print news photographs of the casualties of war. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83(1), 150–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900608300110
- Pieslak, J. (2009). Sound targets: American soldiers and music in the Iraq War. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Pieslak, J. (2015). Radicalism & music: An introduction to the music cultures of al-Qa’ida, racist skinheads, Christian-affiliated radicals, and eco-animal rights militants. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
- Pieslak, J. (2017). A musicological perspective on jihadi anashid. In T. Hegghammer (Ed.), Jihadi culture: The art and social practices of militant islamists (pp. 63–81). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Posner, M. I., Nissen, M. J., & Klein, R. M. (1976). Visual dominance: An information-processing account of its origins and significance. Psychological Review, 83(2), 157–171. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.83.2.157
- Prangsma, M. E., Van Boxtel, C. A. M., & Kanselaar, G. (2008). Developing a ‘big picture’: Effects of collaborative construction of multimodal representations in history. Instructional Science, 36(2), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-007-9026-5
- RNS Staff. (2015, August 13). Islamic State songs – A major tool for reinforcing its narrative. Right Side News. Retrieved from https://www.rightsidenews.com/2015/08/13/islamic-state-songs-a-major-tool-for-reinforcing-its-narrative/
- Rustomji, N. (2009). The garden and the fire: Heaven and hell in Islamic culture. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
- Said, B. (2012). Hymns (nasheeds): A contribution to the study of the Jihadist Culture. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 35(12), 863–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2012.720242
- Salazar, P.-J. (2017). Words are weapons: Inside ISIS’s rhetoric of terror ( D. Khazeni, Trans.). New Haven, CT: Yale University press.
- Schmid, A. P. (2015). Challenging the narrative of the “Islamic State” [ICCT Research Paper June 2015]. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism-The Hague Website. Retrieved from https://icct.nl/
- Siboni, G., Cohen, D., & Koren, T. (2015). The Islamic State’s strategy in cyberspace. Military and Strategic Affairs, 7(1), 127–144. The Institute for National Security Studies website. Retrieved from http://www.inss.org.il/publication/the-islamic-states-strategy-in-cyberspace/
- Staffell, S., & Awan, A. (Eds.). (2016). Jihadism transformed: Al-Qaeda and Islamic State’s global battle of ideas. London: Oxford University Press.
- Suchan, J. (2014). Toward an understanding of Arabic persuasion: A western perspective. International Journal of Business Communication, 51(3), 279–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488414525401
- Sullivan, J. (2006). Hitchcock’s music. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Tang, D., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2015). Look me in the eye: Manipulated eye gaze affects dominance mindsets. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 39(2), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-015-0206-8
- Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., & White, I. K. (2002). Cues that matter: How political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055402004240
- Vergani, M., & Bliuc, A.-M. (2015). The evolution of the ISIS’ language: A quantitative analysis of the language of the first year of Dabiq magazine. Sicurezza, Terrorismo, e Società, 2, 7–20. Retrieved from http://www.sicurezzaterrorismosocieta.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Vergani-Bliuc_SicTerSoc_book-2.pdf
- Wahid, M. (2015, December 14). War of the image: Reading in the media messages of Daesh. Arab Center for Research and Studies. Retrieved from http://www.acrseg.org/39703
- Weiss, M., & Hassan, H. (2015). ISIS: Inside the army of terror. New York, NY: Regan Arts.
- Wignell, P., Tan, S., & O’Halloran, K. L. (2017a). Under the shade of AK47s: A multimodal approach to violent extremist recruitment strategies for foreign fighters. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 10(3), 429–452. http://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2017.1319319
- Wignell, P., Tan, S., & O’Halloran, K. L. (2017b). Violent extremism and iconisation: Commanding good and forbidding evil? Critical Discourse Studies, 14(1), 1–22. http://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2016.1250652
- Wilbur, D. (2017). Propaganda’s place in strategic communication: The case of ISIL’s Dabiq magazine. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 11(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2017.1317636
- Winkler, C. (2011). Bodies as argument in on-line jihadist videos. In R. C. Rowland (Ed.), Reasoned argument and social change (pp. 732–739). Washington, DC: National Communication Association.
- Winkler, C. (2014). Challenging communities: A perspective about, from, and by argumentation. In C. H. Palczewski (Ed.), Disturbing argument (pp. 4-17). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Winkler, C. K., El Damanhoury, K., Dicker, A., & Lemieux, A. F. (2016). The medium is terrorism: Transformation of the about to die trope in Dabiq. Terrorism and Political Violence. http://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1211526
- Winkler, C. K., El Damanhoury, K., Dicker, A., & Lemieux, A. F. (2018a). Images of death and dying in ISIS media: A comparison of English and Arabic print publications. Media, War & Conflict. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635217746200
- Winkler, C. K., El Damanhoury, K., Dicker, A., & Lemieux, A. F. (2018b). Validating extremism: Strategic use of authority appeals in al-Naba’ infographics. Journal of Argumentation in Context, 7(1), 33–71. doi: 10.1075/jaic.17014.win
- Winter, C. (2015, June). Islamic State propaganda: Key elements of the group’s messaging. Terrorism Monitor, 13(2), 7–11. Retrieved from https://jamestown.org/program/islamic-state-propaganda-key-elements-of-the-groups-messaging/
- Winter, C. (2016, March 27). Totalitarianism 101: The Islamic State’s online propaganda strategy. Lawfare. Retrieved from https://www.lawfareblog.com/totalitarianism-101-islamic-states-offline-propaganda-strategy
- Yekta, R. R. (2010). Digital media within digital modes: The study of the effects of multimodal input of subtitled video on the learner's ability to manage split attention and enhance comprehension. International Journal of Language Studies, 4(2), 79–90. Retrieved from http://academic.csuohio.edu/kneuendorf/frames/subtitling/Yekta.2010.pdf
- Zelin, A. Y. (2015). The state of al-Qaeda. The Washington Institute. Retrieved from http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-state-of-al-qaeda
- Zelizer, B. (2004). When war is reduced to a photograph. In S. Allan & B. Zelizer (Eds.), Reporting war: Journalism in wartime (pp. 115–135j). London: Routledge.
- Zelizer, B. (2018). Seeing the present, remembering the past: Terror’s representation as an exercise in collective memory. Television & New Media, 19(2), 136–145. doi: 10.1177/1527476417695592