Lessons learned from dual site formative evaluations of Countering violent extremism (CVE) programming co-led by Canadian police

References

• Abdel-Fattah, R. (2020). Countering Violent Extremism, governmentality and Australian Muslim youth as ‘becoming terrorist’. Journal of Sociology, 56(3), 372–387.
   Google Scholar
• Bhayani, G., & Thompson, S. K. (2016). SMART on social problems: Lessons learned from a Canadian risk-based collaborative intervention model. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 11(2), 168–184.
   Google Scholar
• Borum, R. (2017). The etiology of radicalization. In G. LaFree & J. D. Freilich (Eds.), The Handbook of the Criminology of terrorism (pp. 15–32). Germany: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118923986.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, K. P., Balmer, S., & Phenix, D. (2007). School—Police partnership effectiveness in urban schools: An analysis of New York City’s impact schools initiative. Education and Urban Society, 39(4), 455–478. doi:10.1177/0013124507302396
   Google Scholar
• Braga, A. A., & Winship, C. (2006). Partnership, accountability and innovation: Clarifying Boston’s experience with pulling levers. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (pp. 227–247). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan Center for Justice. (2019). Why countering violent extremism programs are bad policy. Retrieved from https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/why-countering-violent-extremism-programs-are-bad-policy
   Google Scholar
• Brunson, R. K., Braga, A. A., Hureau, D. M., & Pegram, K. (2015). We trust you, but not that much: Examining police-black clergy partnerships to reduce youth violence. Justice Quarterly, 32(6), 1006–1036. doi:10.1080/07418825.2013.868505
   Google Scholar
• Buchbinder, E., & Eisikovits, Z. (2008). Collaborative discourse: The case of police and social work relationships in intimate violence intervention in Israel. Journal of Social Service Research, 34(4), 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• CAMH. (2019). Rapid review: Using collaboration to take on complex community health issues and create social change. Prepared for the Evidence Exchange Network for Mental Health and Addictions. Retrieved from https://www.eenet.ca/resource/rapid-review-using-collaboration-take-complex-community-health-issues-and-create-social
   Google Scholar
• Cherney, A., & Belton, E. (2021). Evaluating case-managed approaches to counter radicalization and violent extremism: An example of the Proactive Integrated Support Model (PRISM) intervention. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 44(8), 625–645.
   Google Scholar
• Clement, D. (2020). Counterterrorism security planning in Canada: From imperialism to international terrorism. In J. Littlewood, L. Dawson, & S. K. Thompson (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism in Canada (pp. 127–144). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coaffee, J., & Wood, D. M. (2006). Security is coming home: Rethinking scale and constructing resilience in the global urban response to terrorist risk. International Relations, 20, 503–517.
   Google Scholar
• De Carolis, G., Southern, L., & Blake, F. (2007). Improving child welfare outcomes through systems of care: Building the infrastructure: A guide for communities. Fairfax, VA: National Technical Assistance and Evaluation Centre for Systems of Care, ICF International.
   Google Scholar
• Dobchuk-Land, B. (2017). Resisting ‘progressive’ carceral expansion: Lessons for abolitionists from anti-colonial resistance. Contemporary Justice Review, 20(4), 404–418.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenman, D., Weine, S., & Lashley, M. (2019). Can public health help prevent violent extremism? Should public health help prevent violent extremism? In S. von Hlatkey (Ed.), Countering violent extremism and terrorism: Assessing domestic and international strategies (pp. 47–66). Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ekos-Limited. (2011). Govanhill operational hub: Evaluation—Final report for Glasgow City Council. Retrieved June 17, 2021, from http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/councillor- sandcommittees/viewSelectedDocument.asp?c=P62AFQ Z3T1DXT10G
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, B. H., Miuller, A. B., Schouten, R., Agalab, N. Y., & Abdi, S. M. (2020). The challenge and promise of a multidisciplinary team response to the problem of violent radicalization. Terrorism & Political Violence, 1(18), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, R., Scourfield, J., & Murphy, S. (2015). Pragmatic, formative process evaluations of complex interventions and why we need more of them. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69, 925–926.
   Google Scholar
• Gielen, A. (2018). Exit programmes for female jihadists: A proposal for conducting realistic evaluation of the Dutch approach. International Sociology, 33(4), 454–472.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, E. (2018). Formative evaluation toolkit. Prepared for the Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/formative_evaluation_toolkit.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hafez, M., & Mullins, C. (2015). The radicalization puzzle: A theoretical synthesis of empirical approaches to homegrown extremism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38(11), 958–975. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2015.1051375
   Google Scholar
• Harkins, C., & Egan, J. (2012, April). Partnership approaches to address local health inequalities: Final evaluation report from the Govenhill equally well test site. Report prepared for the Glasgow Centre for Population Health.
   Google Scholar
• Harris-Hogan, S., Barrelle, K., & Zammit, A. (2016). What is countering violent extremism? Exploring CVE policy and practice in Australia. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 8(1), 6–24.
   Google Scholar
• Holmer, G., Bauman, P., & Aryaeinejad, K. (2018). Measuring up: Evaluating the impact of P/CVE programs. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. Accessed at: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-09/preventing-countering-violent-extremism-measuringup.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Human Services and Justice Coordinating Committee, Ontario. (2011). Police and mental health: A critical review of Joint Police/Menta Health Collaborations in Ontario. Report prepared by the Provincial Human Services and Justice Coordinating Committee.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, J., Wandersman, A., Goodman, R. M., Griffin, S., Wilson, D. K., & Schillaci, M. (2013). Updating the FORECAST formative evaluation approach and some implications for ameliorating theory failure, implementation failure, and evaluation failure. Evaluation and Program Planning, 39, 42–50.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, S., & Keatley, D. (2021). What do we know about radicalization? A commentary on key issues, findings and a framework for future research for the scientific and applied community. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 14, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4119/ijcv-3810
   Google Scholar
• Kubicek, B., & King, M. (2020). The Canada centre and countering violent extremism. In S. Carvin, T. Juneau, & C. Forcese (Eds.), Top secret Canada: Understanding the Canadian intelligence and national security community (pp. 181–198). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lauland, A., Moroney, J. D. P., Rivers, J. G., Bellasio, J., & Cameron, K. (2019). Countering violent extremism in Australia and abroad. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Lenard, P. T., & Nagra, B. (2020). National security: Exclusion and isolation among muslims in Canada. In J. Littlewood, L. Dawson, & S. K. Thompson (Eds.), Terrorism and counter-terrorism In Canada (pp. 265–282). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leroux, E. J., & McShane, K. (2017). Changing youth attitudes toward the police through community policing programming. Journal of Community Psychology, 45(6), 810–822. doi:10.1002/jcop.21894
   Google Scholar
• Liederbach, J., Fritsch, E. J., Carter, D. L., & Bannister, A. (2008). Exploring the limits of collaboration in community policing: A direct comparison of police and citizen views. Bradford: Emerald Group Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Littlewood, J., Thompson, S. K., & Dawson, L. (2020). Introduction. In J. Littlewood, L. Dawson, & S. K. Thompson (Eds.), Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Canada (pp. 3–21). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mangan, A., Thomas, R., Davies, A., & Gasper, R. (2018). The challenges of police-community collaboration: Identity manoeuvres and power struggles in a neighbourhood based meeting. Public Management Review, 20(9), 1353–1373.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, D. J.. (2013). Gendering 'soft' policing: multi-agency working, female cops, and the fluidities of police culture/s. Policing and Society, 23(2), 261–278.
   Google Scholar
• McFee, D. R., & Taylor, N. E. (2014). The Prince Albert Hub and the emergence of collaborative, risk driven community safety. http://www.cpc-ccp.gc.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/prince-albert-Hub-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McShane, K. (2015). Interdisciplinary program evaluation curriculum. [Lecture Modules]. Ryerson Open Learning, Ryerson University, Toronto. http://www.ryerson.ca/openlearning/projects/programevaluation/
   Google Scholar
• Nilson, C. (2016). Collaborative risk-driven intervention: A study of Samson Cree nation’s application of the hub model. Ottawa, ON: Public Safety Canada. http://www.usask.ca/cfbsjs/research/pdf/research_ reports/PSC_CollaborativeRiskDrivenIntervention SamsonCreeNation2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Noordegraaf, M., Douglas, S., Bos, A., & Klem, W. (2017). How to evaluate the governance of transboundary problems? Assessing a national counterterrorism strategy. Evaluation, 23(4), 389–406.
   Google Scholar
• Pardo, T. A., Gil-Garcia, J. R., & Burke, G. B. (2006). Building response capacity through cross-boundary information sharing: The critical role of trust. In P. Cunningham & M. Cunningham (Eds.), Exploiting the knowledge economy: Issues, applications, case studies (pp. 1–11). Amsterdam: IOS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prothrow-Stith, D. (2004). Strengthening the collaboration between public health and criminal justice to prevent violence. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 32(1), 82–88.
   Google Scholar
• Public Safety Canada. (2019). Intervention programs in Canada. Retrieved from https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/bt/cc/ntrvntn-en.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Russell, H. (2016). Situation table guidance manual. Retrieved from http://ckfirst.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Situation-Table-Manual-Dr.-Hugh-Russell
   Google Scholar
• Savoa, E., McBride, M., Stern, J., Su, M., Harriman, N., Aziz, A., & Legault, R. (2020). Assessing the Impact of the Boston CVE Pilot Program: A Developmental Evaluation Approach. Retrieved from https://www.novahtrp.com/uploads/1/2/5/9/125988329/assessing_the_impact_of_the_boston_cve_pilot_program.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Savoa, E., Tests, M., Stern, J., Lin, L., Konate, S., & Klein, N. (2016). Evaluation of the greater Boston countering violent extremism (CVE) pilot program. Prepared by: The Emergency Preparedness Research Evaluation and Practice Program Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development. Harvard T.H. School of Public Health. Retrieved from https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OPSR_TP_CVE-Formative-Evaluation-Greater-Boston-CVE-Pilot-Program-Report_161121-508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Savoia, E., McBride, M., Stern, J., Su, M., Harriman, N., Aziz, A., & Legault, R. (2020). Assessing the impact of the Boston CVE pilot program: A developmental evaluation approach. Homeland Security Affairs 16, Article 6. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343893009_Assessing_the_Impact_of_the_Boston_CVE_Pilot_Program_A_Developmental_Evaluation_Approach
   Google Scholar
• Scriven, M. (1997). Truth and objectivity in evaluation. In E. Chelimsky & W. R. Shadish (Eds.), Evaluation for the 21st century: A handbook (pp. 477–500). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Spalek, B. (2010). Community policing, trust, and Muslim communities in relation to “new terrorism”. Politics & Policy, 38(4), 789–815.
   Google Scholar
• Thacher, D. (2001). Conflicting values in community policing. Amherst: Law and Society Association.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, S. K., & Bucerius, S. (2020). When ‘soft security’ is smart: On the importance of building strong community-police relationships in the context of national security. In J. Littlewood, L. Dawson, & S. K. Thompson (Eds.), Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Canada (pp. 283–306). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, S. K., & Leroux, E. (2020). Final report - Design and performance: Developing Canadian partnerships for countering violent extremism. Research funded by and report prepared for Public Safety Canada’s Canada Centre for Community Engagement and Prevention of Violence (Community Resilience Fund) (pp. 1–204).
   Google Scholar
• Tishler, N., Ouellet, M., & Kilberg, J. (2020). A survey of terrorism in Canada: 1960-2015. In J. Littlewood, L. Dawson, & S. K. Thompson (Eds.), Terrorism and counterterrorism in Canada (pp. 25–48). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Centre for Disease Control. (2011). Types of evaluation. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov.std/program/pupestd/types%20of%20evaluation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Office of the Director, Office of Strategy and Innovation. (2011). Introduction to program evaluation for public health programs: A self-study guide. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Waxman, M. (2008). Police and national security: American local law enforcement and counter-terrorism after 9/11. Columbia Public Law and Legal Theory working paper, Columbia Law School, New York. Retrieved from http://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=columbia_pllt
   Google Scholar
• Weine, S., Eisenman, D., Glik, D., Kinsler, J., & Polutnik, C. (2018). Leveraging a targeted violence prevention program to prevent violent extremism: A formative evaluation in Los Angeles. https://www.dhs.gov/publication/st-leveraging-targeted-violence-prevention-program-prevent-violent-extremism-formative
   Google Scholar
• Weine, S., Smith, C. P., Braniff, W., Erdemandi, M., & Day, L. (2019). How can a public health framework be applied to preventing violent extremism. START, College Park, Maryland. June. https://start.umd.edu/pubs/UIC_MPAC_START_SafeSpaces_PublicHealthFramework_June2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Weine, S., Younis, A., & Polutnik, C. (2017). Community policing to counter violent extremism: A process evaluation in Los Angeles. Final Report Office of University Programs, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. College Park, MD: START. Retrieved from https://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_CSTAB_CommunityPolicingtoCounterViolentExtremism_July2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M. J. (2021). Preventing and countering violent extremism: Designing and evaluating evidence-based programs. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M. J., Horgan, J. G., & Evans, W. P. (2016). Evaluation of a multi-faceted, U.S. community-based, Muslim-led CVE program. (Publication No. 2013-ZA-BX-0003). https://www.start.umd.edu/publication/evaluation-multi-faceted-us-community-based-muslim-led-cve-program
   Google Scholar
• Yarbrough, D. B., Shulha, L. M., Hopson, R. K., & Caruthers, F. A. (2011). The program evaluation standards: A guide for evaluators and evaluation users (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar