Super- (and hyper-) posters on extremist forums

References

• Åkerlund, M. (2021). Dog whistling far-right code words: The case of ‘culture enricher’ on the Swedish web. Information, Communication & Society. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2021.1889639
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, S. (2022). Accepting violence? A laboratory experiment of the violent consequences of deliberation in politically aggrieved enclaves. Terrorism and Political Violence. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/09546553.2022.2076600.
   Google Scholar
• Aral, S. (2016). The future of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 121(6), 1931–1939.
   Google Scholar
• Asch, S. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership and men (pp. 177–190). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.
   Google Scholar
• Askanius T. (2021) On frogs, monkeys, and execution memes: Exploring the humor-hate nexus at the intersection of neo-nazi and alt-right movements in Sweden. Television & New Media 22(2): 147-165.
   Google Scholar
• Awan, A. (2007). Radicalization on the internet? The virtual propagation of Jihadist media and its effects. RUSI Journal, 152(3), 76–81.
   Google Scholar
• Baele, S., Brace, L., & Coan, T. (2020). Uncovering the far-right online ecosystem. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2020.1862895.
   Google Scholar
• Baele, S., Brace, L., & Coan, T. (2021a). Variations on a theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and other chans’ far-right “/pol” boards. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(1), 65–80.
   Google Scholar
• Baele, S., Brace, L., & Coan, T. (2021b). From “incel” to “saint”: analyzing the violent worldview behind the 2018 toronto attack. Terrorism & Political Violence, 33(8), 1667–1691.
   Google Scholar
• Baele, S., Lewis, D., Hoeffler, A., Sterck, O., & Slingeneyer, T. (2018). The ethics of security research: An ethics framework for contemporary security studies. International Studies Perspectives, 19(2), 105–127.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, R. (2005). Group size and conformity. Group processes and intergroup relations, 8, 331–354.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, R., Westlake, B., Hart, T., & Arauza, O. (2021). The ethics of web crawling and web scraping in cybercrime research: Navigating issues of consent, privacy, and other potential harms associated with automated data collection. In A. Lavorgna & T. Holt (Eds.), Researching cybercrimes. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Burris, V., Smith, E., & Strahm, A. (2000). White supremacist networks on the internet. Sociological Focus, 33(2), 215–235.
   Google Scholar
• Cha, M., Haddadi, H., Benevenuto, F., & Gummadi, K. (2010). Measuring User Influence on Twitter: The Million Follower Fallacy. Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R., & Goldstein, N. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591–621.
   Google Scholar
• Conway, M. (2021). Online extremism and terrorism research ethics: Researcher safety, informed consent, and the need for tailored guidelines. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(2), 367–380.
   Google Scholar
• Dorfman, R. (1979). A formula for the gini coefficient. Review of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), 146–149.
   Google Scholar
• Doty, D., & Glick, W. (1994). Typologies as a unique form of theory building: Toward improved understanding and modeling. Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 230–251.
   Google Scholar
• Ducol, B. (2012). Uncovering the French-speaking Jihadisphere: An exploratory analysis. Media, War & Conflict, 5(1), 51–70.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, A. (2013). (How) do participants in online discussion forums create ‘echo chambers’? Journal of Argumentation in Context, 2(1), 127–150.
   Google Scholar
• Gini, C. (1921). Measurement of inequality of incomes. The Economic Journal, 31(121), 124–126.
   Google Scholar
• Golbeck, J. (2015). Introduction to social media investigation. A hands-on approach. New York: Elsevier-Syngress.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, T., & Wright, S. (2014). Discursive equality and everyday talk online: The impact of “superparticipants”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 625–642.
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360–1380.
   Google Scholar
• Hartigan, J. (1975). Clustering algorithms. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, T., Freilich, J., & Chermak, S. (2020). Examining the online expression of ideology among far-right extremist forum users. Terrorism & Political Violence, Online Before Print.
   Google Scholar
• Jasser, G., McSwiney, J., Pertwee, E., & Zannettou, S. (2021). Welcome to the #GabFam’: Far-right virtual community on gab. New Media & Society, Online Before Print.
   Google Scholar
• Jenks, G. (1977). Optimal data classification for choroplethic maps. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas. Department of Geography (Occasional Paper No. 2).
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, H., & Li, P. (2013). Understanding human dynamics in microblog posting activities. Journal of Statistical Mechanics, 10(2), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Kies, R. (2010). Promises and limits of web-deliberation. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinberg, B., van der Vegt, I., & Gill, P. (2021). The temporal evolution of a far-right forum. Journal of Computational Social Science, 4, 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, H.-M., & Chen, T. T. (2014). Knowledge sharing in interest online communities: A comparison of posters and lurkers. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 295–306.
   Google Scholar
• Levey, P., & Bouchard, M. (2019). The emergence of violent narratives in the life-course trajectories of online forum participants. JQCJC, 6, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J., & Christin, N. (2016). Ethics in cryptomarket research. International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 84–91.
   Google Scholar
• McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2008). Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism & Political Violence, 20(3), 415–433.
   Google Scholar
• McSwiney, J., Vaughan, M., Heft, A., & Hoffmann, M. (2021). Sharing the hate? Memes and transnationality in the far right’s digital visual culture. Information, Communication & Society, 24(16), 2502–2521.
   Google Scholar
• Moscovici. (1980). Toward a theory of conversion behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 13(1), 209–239.
   Google Scholar
• Moscovici, S., & Faucheux, C. (1972). Social influence, conformity bias, and the study of active minorities. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 149–202.
   Google Scholar
• Moscovici, S., & Mugny, G. (1983). Minority influence. In P. Paulus (Ed.), Basic group processes. Springer series in social psychology (pp. 41–64). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, D., & Kaplan, M. (1976). Group-Induced polarization in simulated juries. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 2(1), 63–66.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, D., & Lamm, H. (1975). The polarizing effect of group discussion. American Scientist, 63(3), 297–303.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hara, K., & Stevens, D. (2015). Echo chambers and online radicalism: Assessing the internet’s complicity in violent extremism. Policy & Internet, 7(4), 401–422.
   Google Scholar
• Park, A., Beck, B., Fletcher, D., Lam, P., & Tsang, H. (2016). Temporal Analysis of Radical Dark Web Forum Users. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining.
   Google Scholar
• Rey, S., Stephens, P., & Laura, J. (2017). An evaluation of sampling and full enumeration strategies for Fisher Jenks classification in big data settings. Transactions in GIS, 21(4), 796–810.
   Google Scholar
• Richard, I. (2022). Web Scraping is Legal, US Appeals Court Reaffirms. Tech Times, available at https://www.techtimes.com/articles/276430/20220607/web-scraping-is-legal-us-appeals-court-reaffirms.htm [accessed 06/07/2022]
   Google Scholar
• Sano, Y., Yamada, K., Watanabe, H., Takayasu, H., & Takayasu, M. (2013). Empirical analysis of collective human behavior for extraordinary events in the blogosphere. Physical Review E, 87(012805), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Schkade, D., Sunstein, C., & Hastie, R. (2010). When deliberation produces extremism. Critical Review, 22(2-3), 227–252.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivens, R. (2020). Exploring radical right-wing posting behaviors online. Deviant Behavior,, 42(11), 1470–1484.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivens, R., Davies, G., & Frank, R. (2018). Measuring the evolution of radical right-wing posting behaviors online. Deviant Behavior, 41(2), 216–232.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivens, R., Osuna, A., Chermak, S., Whitney, M., & Frank, R. (2021). Examining online indicators of extremism in violent right-wing extremist forums. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2021.1913818.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivens, R., Wojciechowski, T., & Frank, R. (2020). Examining the developmental pathways of online posting behavior in violent right-wing extremist forums. Terrorism & Political Violence. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/09546553.2020.1833862.
   Google Scholar
• Scrivens, R., Wojciechowski, T., Freilich, J., Chermak, S., & Frank, R. (2021). Comparing the online posting behaviors of violent and Non-violent right-wing extremists. Terrorism & Political Violence. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/09546553.2021.1891893.
   Google Scholar
• Shrestha, A., Kaati, L., & Cohen, K. (2017). A Machine Learning Approach Towards Detecting Extreme Adopters in Digital Communities. 28th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA).
   Google Scholar
• Si, X.-M., & Liu, Y. (2010). Power-law Distribution of Human Behaviors in Internet Forums. 2010 International Symposium on Intelligence Information Processing and Trusted Computing: 286-289.
   Google Scholar
• Soares, F., Recuero, R., & Zago, G. (2018). Influencers in Polarized Political Networks on Twitter. Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Media & Society.
   Google Scholar
• Strandberg, K., Himmelroos, S., & Grönlund, K. (2019). Do discussions in like-minded groups necessarily lead to more extreme opinions? Deliberative Democracy and Group Polarization. International Political Science Review, 40(1), 41–57.
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. (1999). The Law of Group Polarization. John M. Olin Law & Economics Working Papers 91.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, E., McGarty, C., & Louis, W. (2014). Social interaction and psychological pathways to political engagement and extremism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 15–22.
   Google Scholar
• Urman, A., & Katz, S. (2022). What they Do in the shadows: Examining the far-right networks on telegram. Information, Communication & Society, 25(7), 904–923. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1803946
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, J. (1952). Ideal types and historical explanation. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 3(9), 22–43.
   Google Scholar
• Wojcieszak, M. (2010). Don’t talk to me’: Effects of ideologically homogeneous online groups and politically dissimilar offline ties on extremism. New Media & Society, 12(4), 637–655.
   Google Scholar
• Wojcieszak, M. (2011). Deliberation and attitude polarization. Journal of Communication, 61(4), 596–617.
   Google Scholar