2,532
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The deepening divide In Japanese employment: The increasing marginalization of contract workers as explained by path dependence, vested interests, and social psychology

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 13-41 | Received 23 Sep 2021, Accepted 03 Oct 2021, Published online: 15 Mar 2022

References

  • “Act on Improvement, etc. Of Employment Management for Part-Time Workers” of 76 of June 18 June 1993, Article 8.
  • “Act for Securing the Proper Operation of Worker Dispatching Undertakings and Improved Working Conditions for Dispatched Workers (Act No. 88 of 1985).” http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?re=02&dn=1&x=53&y=6&co=1&ia=03&yo=&gn=&sy=&ht=&no=&bu=&ta=&ky=act+for+securing+the+proper+operation+of+worker+dispatching+undertakings&page=21
  • Aguilera, R. V., and G. Jackson. 2003. “The Cross-national Diversity of Corporate Governance: Dimensions and Determinants.” Academy of Management Review 28 (3): 447–465. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2003.10196772.
  • Aoki, M. 1996. “Unintended Fit: Organizational Evolution and Government Design of Institutions in Japan.” In The Role of Government in East Asian Economic Development: Comparative Institutional Analysis, edited by M. Aoki, H.-K. Kim, and M. Okuno-Fujiwara. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Aoki, M. 2002. “Japan in the Process of Institutional Change, Global Communications Platform from Japan.” Accessed 1 1 2020. http://www.glocom.org
  • Aoki, M., G. Jackson, and H. Miyajima, Eds. 2007. Corporate Governance in Japan: Institutional Change and Organizational Diversity. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Aoki, M. 2000. Information, Corporate Governance and Institutional Diversity: Japan, the U.s.a, And the Transitional Economies in Comparative Perspective. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Aoki, M. 2001. Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Araki, T. 2002. “Re-examining the Role of Labor Unions in the Era of Diversified Workforce.” Japan Labor Bulletin 41 (5): 6–14.
  • Araki, T. 2006. “Changing Employment Practices, Corporate Governance, and the Role of Labor Law in Japan.” 28 Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal 28: 251–281.
  • Ariyanto, A., M. J. Hornsey, and C. Gallois. 2006. “Group-directed Criticism in Indonesia: Role of Message Source and Audience.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 9 (2): 96–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00186.x.
  • Ariyanto, A., M. J. Hornsey, and C. Gallois. 2010. “United We Stand: Intergroup Conflict Moderates the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect.” European Journal of Social Psychology 40: 169–177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.628.
  • Asahi Shinbun, 2006. “Shrinking Unions – Tough Challenges.” 29 December.
  • Asao, Y. 2011. “Overview of Non-regular Employment in Japan.” JILPT Report No. 10, Non-regular Employment – Issues and Challenges Common to the Major Developed Countries, 1–42, Japan Institute for Labor Policy and Training.
  • Bebchuk, L. A., and M. J. Roe. 1999. “A Theory of Path Dependence in Corporate Governance and Ownership.” Stanford Law Review 52 (1): 127–170. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1229459.
  • Biggart, N. W., and M. F. Guillen. 1999. “The Automobile Industry in Four Countries.” American Sociological Review 645 (5): 722–747. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2657373.
  • Carter, I., and K. Nasuda . 2014 January/February. “An Overview of Japanese Employment Law.” ELA Briefing 21(1): 13–14.
  • Crump, J. 2003. Nikkeiren and Japanese Capitalism. Richmond: Routledge Curzon.
  • Curhan, K. B., C. S. Levine, H. R. Markus, S. Kitayama, J. Park, M. Karasawa, and C. D. Ryff. 2014. “Subjective and Objective Hierarchies and Their Relations to Psychological Well-being: A U.S./Japan Comparison.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 5 (8): 855–864. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614538461.
  • Doeringer, P. B., and M. J. Piore. 1985. Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis. Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe Publishers.
  • Donzé, P.-Y., and A. Smith. 2018. “Varieties of Capitalism and the Corporate Use of History: The Japanese Experience.” Management & Organizational History 13 (3): 236–257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17449359.2018.1547648.
  • Fligstein, N., and R. Freeland. 1995. “Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives on Corporate Organization.” Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1): 21–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.000321.
  • Fligstein, N. 2001. The Architecture of Markets: An Economic Sociology of Twenty-first-century Capitalist Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Forrest, R., and M. Izuhara. 2013. “Transitional Generations: The Contrasting Experiences of the 30-somethings in China and Japan.” In Handbook on East Asian Policy, edited by M. Izuhara, 170–186, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Godard, J. 2020. “Work and Employment Practices in Comparative Perspective.” In Comparative Employment Relations in the Global Economy, edited by C. Frege, and J. Kelly. Milton Park, 117–138, England: Routledge.
  • Gordon, A. 1985. The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Granovetter, M. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (3): 481–510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/228311.
  • Guillen, M. 1994. Models of Management: Work, Authority and Organization in a Comparative Perspective. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hall, P. A., and D. Soskice. 2001a. “An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism.” In Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, edited by A. Hall, and D. Soskice, 1–70, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Hall, P. A., and D. Soskice, Eds. 2001b. Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford University Press.
  • Hall, P. A. 1997. “The Role of Interests, Institutions, and Ideas in the Comparative Political Economy of the Industrialized Nations.” In Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure, edited by M. I. Lichbach, and A. S. Zuckerman, 174–207, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hamaguchi, K. 2003. “Rōdōkijunhō, rōdōsha hakenhō, shokugyō anteihō oyobi koyō hokenhō kaku kaiseian no ronten [Discussions about proposals for revisions of labor regulation law, worker dispatch law, employment stability law, and employment insurance law].” Kikan Rōdōhō 202: 2–58.
  • Hamaguchi, K. 2004. Rōdōhōseisaku. Kyoto, Japan: Minerva Shobō.
  • Hamamura, T. 2012. “Are Cultures Becoming Individualistic? A Cross-temporal Comparison of Individualism–collectivism in the United States and Japan.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 16 (1): 3–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411587.
  • Hamilton, G. G., and N. W. Biggart. 1988. “Market, Culture, and Authority: A Comparative Analysis of Management and Organization in the Far East.” American Journal of Sociology 94 (Supplement): S52–S94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/228942.
  • Hayata, Y. 2016. “Yūkikoyō kyōshokuin no mukikoyō tenkan to yatoidome no hōritsumondai [The legal problems of the conversion of fixted-term faculty to open-ended employment and forced employment suspension].” Zendaikyōjihō 40 (5): 103–126.
  • Herbert Smith Freehills. 2015. “Japan: Worker Dispatch Act Amended.” 20 November 2015. https://hsfnotes.com/employment/2015/11/20/japan-worker-dispatch-act-amended/
  • Hirano, M. 2020. “Making Non-regular Workers to Core and Diversifying the Regular Workers.” Nihon Keiei Gakkaishi (Journal of Business Management) 44: 13–21.
  • Hollingsworth, J. R., P. C. Schmitter, and W. Streeck. 1994. Governing Capitalist Economies. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Hornsey, M. J., and A. Imani. 2004. “Criticizing Groups from the inside and the Outside: An Identity Perspective on the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (3): 365–383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261295.
  • Hornsey, M. J., E. A. Harris, and K. S. Fielding. 2018. “The Psychological Roots of Anti-vaccination Attitudes: A 24-nation Investigation.” Health Psychology 37 (4): 307–315. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000586.
  • Hornsey, M. J., P. De Bruijn, J. Creed, J. Allen, A. Ariyanto, and A. Svensson. 2005. “Keeping It In-house: How Audience Affects Responses to Group Criticism.” European Journal of Social Psychology 35 (3): 291–312. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.246.
  • Hornsey, M. J., T. Grice, J. Jetten, N. Paulsen, and V. Callan. 2007. “Group-directed Criticisms and Recommendations for Change: Why Newcomers Arouse More Resistance than Old-timers.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33 (7): 1036–1048. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301029.
  • Ikeo, A. 2003. “Structural Reforms and the Role of Economists in Japan: From the 1980s to the Present.” Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for the History of Economic Thought at Dōshisha University, Kyoto, Japan, 24–25 May.
  • Ikezoe, H. 2018. Termination of employment relationships in Japan (Part III): Mandatory retirement age system. Japan Labor Issues 2(9): 17–20.
  • Imai, J. 2011. The Transformation of Japanese Employment Relations. New York, NY: Palgrave McMillan.
  • Ishida, T. 1984. Conflict and Its Accommodation: Omote-ura and Uchi-soto Relations. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Japan Institute of Labor. 1994. Neo-corporatism No Kokusai Hikaku: Atarashii Seiji Keizai Model No Tansaku. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Institute of Labor.
  • Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Statistics Bureau. (2018). Statistics Japan, Table I-Population aged 15 years old and over by Labor force status, employed person by industry, and unemployed person by industry, and unemployed person by reason for seeking a job, 30 January 2018. https://www.nippon.com/en/features/h00175/, accessed 24 October 2018.
  • Jeffries, C., M. J. Hornsey, R. Sutton, K. Douglas, and P. Bain. 2012. “The David Vs. Goliath Principle: Cultural, Ideological and Stereotypical Underpinnings of the Normative Protection of Low-status Groups from Criticism.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38 (8): 1053–1065. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212444454.
  • JILPT (Japan Institute of Labor Policy Training). 2010. Survey on the Current Conditions of Employment of Workers with Diverse Employment Type: Employee Survey. Japan Institute of Labor.
  • JILPT (Japan Institute of Labor Policy Training) 2011/2012 The current status and the challenges of dispatched work in Japan. Labor situation in Japan and analysis: Detailed exposition (Tokyo, Japan: Japan Institute of Labor Policy Training.). https://www.jil.go.jp/english/lsj/detailed/2011-2012/chapter2.pdf
  • Kawaguchi, D., and Y. Ueno. 2013. “Declining Long-term Employment in Japan.” Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 28: 19–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2013.01.005.
  • Keizer, A. 2009. “Transformations In- and outside the Internal Labour Market: Institutional Change and Continuity in Japanese Employment Practices.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 20 (7): 1521–1535. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190902983462.
  • Kimura, T., Y. Kurachi, and T. Sugo. 2019. Decreasing Wage Returns to Human Capital: Analysis of Wage and Job Experience Using Micro Data of Workers Bank of Japan Working Paper. No.19-E-12: 1–31.
  • Kitagawa, A., S. Ohta, and H. Teruyama. 2018. The Changing Japanese Labor Market. Springer.
  • Konishi, E., M. Yahiro, N. Nakajima, and M. Ono. 2009. The Japanese value of harmony and nursing ethics. Nursing Ethics 16(5),: 625–636.
  • Kume, I. 2005. Rōdō Seiji: Sengo Seiji No Nakano Rōdō Kumiai. Tokyo: Chu ̄kō Shinsho.
  • Kyodo 2018. “Japanese Temp Worker Fights for Labor Rights as Company Avoids Hiring Full-time Staff.” The Japan Times, 7 February 2018.
  • Lazear, Edward P. 2009 “Firm-Specific Human Capital: A Skill-WeightsApproach,” Journal of Political Economy 117: 914–940
  • Liebowitz, S., and S. Margolis. 2000. Path Dependence. In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, Volume I. The History and Methodology of Law and Economics (PDF), edited by B. Bouckaert, and G. De Geest, 985. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Lise, J., N. Sudo, M. Suzuki, K. Yamada, and T. Yamada. 2014. “Wage, Income and Consumption Inequality in Japan, 1981–2008: From Boom to Lost Decades.” Review of Economic Dynamics 17 (4): 582–612. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2014.01.001.
  • MacVaugh, J., and J. Evans. 2012. “A Re-examination of Flexible Employment Practices in Japan.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23 (6): 1245–1258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.561237.
  • Marquis, C., and A. Tilcsik. 2013. “Imprinting: Toward a Multilevel Theory.” Academy of Management Annals: 193–243.
  • Martine, J., and J. Jaussaud. 2018. “Prolonging Working Life in Japan: Issues and Practices for Elderly Employment in an Aging Society.” Contemporary Japan 30 (2): 227–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/18692729.2018.1504530.
  • MHLW. Central Labour Relations Commission. 2021. Annual Survey on Wage and Other Payments Japanese. Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.
  • Miura, M. 2005. “Rengō no seisaku sanka [Rengō‘s participation in policymaking].” In Suitaika saiseika: Rōdō kumiai fukkatsu e no michi [The decline of revitalization: The path to the rebirth of labor unions], edited by K. Nakamura. Tokyo, Japan: Rengō Sōgō Seikatsu Kaihatsu Kenkyūjō.
  • Mizuno, Y. 2021. “Josei hakkenshain no shussan to ikuji [Childbirth and Childrearing by Female Temporary Workers].” Keizaigaku Zasshi (Journal of Economics) 121 (2): 83–96.
  • Nakamura, K., and M. Miura. 2001. “Rengō no seisaku sanka: Rōkihō hakenhō kaisei o chūshin ni [Rengō‘s participation in policymaking: Focus on the revision of the Labor Standards Act Dispatch Act.” In Rōdō kumiai no mirai o saguru: Henkaku to teitai no 90-nendai o koete [Searching for the future of labor unions: Beyond the transformation and stagnation of the 1990s, edited by R. S. S. K. Kenkyūjo. Tokyo, Japan: Rengō Sōgō Seikatsu Kaihatsu Kenkyūjo.
  • Nakano, M. 2003. “Kaisei rōdōsha hakenhō no igi to kadai [Significance and issues of the Revised Worker Dispatch Act].” Kikan Rōdōhō 203: 118–147.
  • Nikkeiren. 1995. Shinjidai no Nihonteki keiei [Japanese management for a new era]. Tokyo, Japan: Nikkeiren.
  • North, D. C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D. C. 1991. “Institutions.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1): 97–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.1.97.
  • Ohashi, I., and T. Tachibanaki, Eds. 1998. Internal Labor Markets, Incentives and Employment, 300–332. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Ohtake, F., and K. Tsuru. 2016. “A Statistical Analysis on Monetary Compensations for Dismissal (In Japanese).” Paper presented to the study group of settling individual disputes in the Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare.
  • Orru, M., N. W. Biggart, and G. Hamilton, Eds. 1997. The Economic Organization of East Asian Capitalism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • O’Reilly, J., M. Smith, S. Deakin, and B. Burchell. 2015. “Equal Pay as a Moving Target: International Perspectives on Forty-years of Addressing the Gender Pay Gap.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 39 (2): 299–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bev010.
  • Ouchi, S. 2015. Nihon ni okeru kaikokisei no kaisei [Revising dismissal regulations in Japan] Tokyo, Japan: Chuo Keizaisha In Japanese.
  • Rebick, M. E. 2005. The Japanese Employment System: Adapting to a New Economic Environment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Sako, M., and H. Sato, Eds. 1997. Japanese Labour and Management in Transition: Diversity, Flexibility and Participation. Milton Park, UK: Routledge.
  • Schreiber, M. 2013. “Mandatory Retirement Takes a Leap Forward.” The Japan Times, 24 March. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/03/24/national/media-national/mandatory-retirement-takes-a-leap-forward/-.W8vpdS-B3ow, accessed 18 October 2018.
  • Scott, R. W. 1995. Institutions and Organizations. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
  • Selznick, P. 1949. TVA and the Grass Roots. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
  • Shimanuki, T. 2017. Temporary Agency Work: Lives and Careers at the Boundary of Market and Organization. Tokyo, Japan: Yuhikaku.
  • Smelzer, N. R., and R. Swedberg, Eds. 2005. The Handbook of Economic Sociology. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Spencer-Oatey, H. 1997. “Unequal Relationships in High and Low Power Distance Societies: A Comparative Study of Tutor-student Role Relations in Britain and China.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 28 (3): 284–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022197283005.
  • Statistics Bureau of Japan. 2021. Employed person by type of employment. https://www.stat.go.jp/data/roudou/longtime/03roudou.html
  • Stinchcombe, A. L. 1965. “Social Structure and Organizations.” In Handbook of Organizations, edited by J. G. March, 142–193, Skokie, IL: Rand McNally.
  • Sugeno, K., and K. Yamakoshi. 2014. “Dismissals in Japan: How Strict Is Japanese Law on Employers?” Japan Labor Review 11 (2): 83–92.
  • Sugeno, K., and T. Araki. 2017. Dismissal Rules and Dispute Resolution Systems: A Comparative Study of 10 Countries. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training. Japanese.
  • Sutton, R. M., T. J. Elder, and K. M. Douglas. 2006. “Reactions to Internal and External Criticism of Outgroups: Social Convention in the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (5): 563–575. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205282992.
  • Takano, Y., and E. Osaka. 1999. “An Unsupported Common View: Comparing Japan and the U.S. On Individualism/collectivism.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2 (3): 311–341. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00043.
  • Takata, T. 2003. “Self-enhancement and Self-criticism in Japanese Culture: An Experimental Analysis.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 34 (5): 542–551. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103256477.
  • Tomioka, T. 2021. “Nihon no kigyō keiei ni okeru hiseki koyō no shōmondai [Various Issues of Non-regular Employment in Japanese Corporate Management].” Shogaku Kenkyu Ronshu (Studies in Commerce) 54: 177–198.
  • Tsuda Electric Meters Co. v. Okada. 2012. Supreme Court of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
  • Usui, C., and R. Colignon. 1996. “Corporate Restructuring: Converging World Pattern or Societally Specific Embeddedness?” Sociological Quarterly 37 (4): 551–578. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb01753.x.
  • Watanabe, H. R. 2012. “Why and How Did Japan Finally Change Its Ways? the Politics of Japanese Labour-market Deregulation since the 1990s.” Japan Forum 24 (1): 23–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2011.637636.
  • Weathers, C. 2004. “Temporary Workers, Women and Labor Policy-making in Japan.” Japan Forum 16 (3): 423–447. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0955580042000257918.
  • Whitley, R. 1992. Business Systems in East Asia. Sage.
  • Whitley, R. 2003. “The Institutional Structuring of Organizational Capabilities: The Role of Authority Sharing and Organizational Careers.” Organization Studies 24 (5): 667–695. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840603024005001.
  • Witt, M. A. 2014. “Japan: Coordinated Capitalism between Institutional Change and Structural Inertia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Asian Business Systems, edited by M. A. Witt, and G. Redding, 100–122, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Yashiro, N. 2011. “Myths about Japanese Employment Practices: An Increasing Insider–outsider Conflict of Interests.” Contemporary Japan 23 (2): 133–155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/cj.2011.008.
  • Yashiro, N. 2013. “Human Capital in Japan’s Demographic Transition: Implications for Other Asian Countries.” In Human Capital Formation and Economic Growth in Asia and the Pacific, edited by D. Wendy. London, England: Routledge.