Psychophysiological responses to an executive task in refugees with chronic PTSD and comorbid depression

References

• Al’Absi, M., Bongard, S., Buchanan, T., Pincomb, G. A., Licinio, J., & Lovallo, W. R. (1997). Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine adjustment to public speaking and mental arithmetic stressors. Psychophysiology, 34, 266–275.10.1111/psyp.1997.34.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al’Absi, M., Hugdahl, K., & Lovallo, W. R. (2002). Adrenocortical stress responses and altered working memory performance. Psychophysiology, 39, 95–99.10.1111/psyp.2002.39.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed.. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, N. B., & McNeilly, M. (1991). Age, gender, and ethnicity as variables in psychophysiological assessment: Sociodemographics in context. Psychological Assessment, 3, 376–384.10.1037/1040-3590.3.3.376
   Google Scholar
• Asbjørnsen, A. E. (2011). Dichotic listening performance suggests right hemisphere involvement in PTSD. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 16(4), 401–422. doi:10.1080/1357650100370265521161816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asukai, N., Kato, H., Kawamura, N., Kim, Y., Yamamoto, K., Kishimoto, J., Miyake, Y., & Nishizono-Maher, A. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): Four studies of different traumatic events. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190, 175–182.10.1097/00005053-200203000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntson, G. G., J. T. Bigger, D. L. Eckberg, P. Grossman, P. G. Kaufmann, M. Malik, et al. (1997). Heart rate variability: Origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34, 623–648.10.1111/psyp.1997.34.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1998). Clinician-Administered PTSD scale for DSM-IV, Revised (CAPS). National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Behavioral Science Division: Boston, VA, Medical Center & Neurosciences Division: West Haven, VA.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchard, E. B., & Buckley, T. C. (1999). Psychophysiological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In P. A. Saigh & J. D. Bremner (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder. A comprehensive text (pp. 248–266). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R., Kleiner, J. S., Vasterling, J. J., & Field, A. P. (2007). Memory for emotionally neutral information in posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(3), 448–463.10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, T. C., & Kaloupek, D. G. (2001). A meta-analytic examination of basal cardiovascular activity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 585–594.10.1097/00006842-200107000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casada, J. H., Amdur, R., Larsen, R., & Liberzon, I. (1998). Psychophysiologic responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder: Generalized hyperresponsiveness versus trauma specificity. Biological Psychiatry, 44(10), 1037–1044.10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00182-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Channon, S., & Green, P. S. S. (1999). Executive function in depression: the role of performance strategies in aiding depressed and non-depressed participants. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 66, 162–171.10.1136/jnnp.66.2.162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, H., Benjamin, J., Geva, A. B., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., & Kotler, M. (2000). Autonomic dysregulation in panic disorder and in post-traumatic stress disorder: Application of power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability at rest and in response to recollection of trauma or panic attacks. Psychiatry Research, 96, 1–13.10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00195-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, H., Kotler, M., Matar, M. A., Kaplan, Z., Loewenthal, U., Miodownik, H., & Cassuto, Y. (1998). Analysis of heart rate variability in posttraumatic stress disorder patients in response to a trauma-related reminder. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1054–1059.10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00475-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. M., Adams, H. E., Uddo, M., Vasterling, J. J., & Sutker, P. B. (1996). Physiological arousal and attention in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 18(1), 1–20.10.1007/BF02229099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (1983). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual, 2nd ed.. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.
   Google Scholar
• Egan, S., Nathan, P., & Lumley, M. (2003). Diagnostic concordance of ICD-10 personality and comorbid disorders: A comparison of standard clinical assessment and structured interviews in a clinical setting. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(4), 484–491.10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01226.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, B. H., & Thayer, J. F. (1998). Anxiety and autonomic flexibility: A cardiovascular approach. Biological Psychology, 49, 303–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerardi, R. J., Blanchard, E. B., & Kolb, L. C. (1989). Ability of Vietnam Veterans to dissimulate a pscchophysiological assessment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 229–243.10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80071-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerardi, R. J., Keane, T. M., Cahoon, B. J., & Klauminzer, G. W. (1994). An in vivo assessment of physiological arousal in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 825–827.10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohier, B., Ferracci, L., Surguladze, S. A., Lawrence, E., El Hage, W., Kefi, M. Z., … Le Gall, D. (2009). Cognitive inhibition and working memory in unipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 116(1–2), 100–105.10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldfinger, D. A. (1998) Rorschach patterns in Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a study of cognition, psychophysiology, and psychological defense. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59/07-B: 3691.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. G., Resick, P. A., & Mechanic, M. B. (1997). Objective assessment of peritraumatic dissosiation: Psychophysiological indicators. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1081–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groot, P. F. C., de Geus, E. J. C., & de Vries, J. (1998). Ambulatory monitoring system, user manual v. 1.2 (AMS device 36xx). Amsterdam: Department of Psychophysiology, Vrije Universiteit, Authors.
   Google Scholar
• Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. T., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Hugdahl, K. (1995). Psychophysiology: The mind-body perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, S. C., Friedman, R., Parker, J. D., Tofler, G. H., Jimenez, A. H., Muller, J. E., … Stone, P. H. (1994). Use of skin conductance changes during mental stress testing as an index of autonomic arousal in cardiovascular research. American Heart Journal, 128, 1170–1177.10.1016/0002-8703(94)90748-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsen, G. E., & Asbjørnsen, A. E. (2008). Consistent impaired verbal memory in PTSD: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 111, 74–82.10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsen, G. E., Kanagaratnam, P., & Asbjørnsen, A. E. (2011). Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder show decreased cognitive control: Evidence from dichotic listening. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(2), 344–353.10.1017/S1355617710001736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanagaratnam, P., & Asbjørnsen, A. E. (2007). Executive deficits in chronic PTSD related to political violence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(4), 510–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanagaratnam, P., Raundalen, M., & Asbjørnsen, A. E. (2005). Ideological commitment and posttraumatic stress in former Tamil child soldiers. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46(6), 511–520.10.1111/sjop.2005.46.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, T. M., Kolb, L. C., Kaloupek, D. G., Orr, S. P., Blanchard, E. B., Thomas, R. G., … Lavori, P. W. (1998). Utility of psychophysiology measurement in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a department of Veteran's Affairs cooperative study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 914–923.10.1037/0022-006X.66.6.914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzie, J. D., Denney, D., Riley, C., Boehnlein, J., McFarland, B., & Leung, P. (1998). A cross-cultural study of reactivation of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 670–676.10.1097/00005053-199811000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosso, M., & Hansen, S. (2006). Executive function and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of Bosnian war veterans. European Psychiatry, 21, 167–173.10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1998). Emotion, motivation, and anxiety: Brain mechanisms and psychophysiology. Biological Psychiatry, 44(12), 1248–1263.10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00275-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liberzon, I., Abelson, J. L., Flagel, S. B., Raz, J., & Young, E. A. (1999). Neuroendocrine and psychophysiologic responses in PTSD: A symptom provocation study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 40–50.10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00128-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollica, R. F., McInnes, K., Sarajlic, N., Lavelle, J., Sarajlic, I., & Massagli, M. P. (1999). Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. JAMA, 282(5), 433–439.10.1001/jama.282.5.433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momartin, S., Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (2004). Comorbidity of PTSD and depression: Associations with trauma exposure, symptom severity and functional impairment in Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 231–238.10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00131-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 382–389.10.1192/bjp.134.4.382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouthaan, J., Sijbrandij, M., Reitsma, J. B., Gersons, B. P., & Olff, M. (2014). Comparing screening instruments to predict posttraumatic stress disorder. PLoS One, 9(5), e97183.10.1371/journal.pone.0097183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, M. J., Szegedi, A., Wetzel, H., & Benkert, O. (2000). Moderate and severe depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60, 137–140.10.1016/S0165-0327(99)00162-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netland, M. (1994). Childhood war exposure questionnaire (CWEQ): Caretaker version (War Exposure Questionnaire (1999), Ed. & Transl.). Bergen: Center for Crisis Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Olff, M., Polak, A. R., Witteveen, A. B., & Denys, D. (2014). Executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the influence of comorbid depression. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 112, 114–121.10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr, S. P., Meyerhoff, J. L., Edwards, J. V., & Pitman, R. K. (1998). Heart rate and blood pressure resting levels and responses to generic stressors in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 155–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr, S. P., & Roth, W. T. (2000). Psychophysiological assessment: Clinical applications for PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61(3), 225–240.10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00340-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polak, A. R., Witteveen, A. B., Reitsma, J. B., & Olff, M. (2012). The role of executive function in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(1), 11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pole, N. (2007). The psychophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 725–746.10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pole, N., Cumberbatch, E., Taylor, W. M., Metzler, T. J., Marmar, C. R., & Neylan, T. C. (2006). Comparison between high and low peritraumatic dissociators in cardiovascular and emotional activity while remembering trauma. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 6, 51–67.10.1300/J229v06n04_04
   Google Scholar
• Prins, A., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. M. (1995). Psychophysiological evidence for autonomic arousal and startle in traumatized adult populations. In M. J. Friedman, D. S. Charney, & A. Y. Deutch (Eds.), Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to PTSD (pp. 291–314). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Sahar, T., Shalev, A. Y., & Porges, S. W. (2001). Vagal modulation of responses to mental challenge in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 49(7), 637–643.10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01045-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzwald, J., Weisenberg, M., & Solomon, Z. (1991). Factor Invariance of SCL-90-R. The case of combat stress reaction. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(3), 385–390.10.1037/1040-3590.3.3.385
   Google Scholar
• Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S. A., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahar, T., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1998). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 630–637.10.1176/ajp.155.5.630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalev, A. Y., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1993). Psychophysiologic assessment of traumatic imagery in Israeli civilian patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 620–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Janavs, J., Knapp, E., Weiller, E., Hergueta, T., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). Mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI). Tampa, FL: University of South Florida Institute for Research in Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Stordal, K. I., Lundervold, A. J., Egeland, J., Mykletun, A., Asbjørnsen, A., Landro, N. I., … Lund, A. (2004). Impairment across executive functions in recurrent major depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58(1), 41–47.10.1080/08039480310000789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stordal, K. I., Mykletun, A., Asbjørnsen, A., Egeland, J., Landrø, N. I., Roness, A., & Lund, A. (2005). General psychopathology is more important for executive functioning than diagnosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(1), 22–28.10.1111/acp.2005.111.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutker, P. B., Vasterling, J. J., Brailey, K., & Allain, A. N. (1995). Memory, attention, and executive deficits in POW survivors: Contributing biological and psychological factors. Neuropsychology, 9, 118–125.10.1037/0894-4105.9.1.118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer, J., & Friedman, B. H. (1997). The heart of anxiety: A dynamical systems approach. In A. Vingerhoets, F. V. Bussel, & J. Boelhouwer (Eds.), The (non) expression of emotions in health and disease (pp. 39–49). Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., Borkovec, T. D., Johnsen, B. H., & Molina, S. (2000). Phasic heart period reactions to cued threat and nonthreat stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychophysiology, 37, 361–368.10.1111/psyp.2000.37.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• True, W. R., & Pitman, R. (1999). Genetics and posttraumatic stress disorder. In P. A. Saigh & J. D. Bremner (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder. A comprehensive text (pp. 144–159). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Uddo, M., Vasterling, J. J., Brailey, K., & Sutker, P. B. (1993). Memory and attention in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 15, 43–52.10.1007/BF00964322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasterling, J. J., & Brailey, K. (2005). Neuropsychological findings in adults with PTSD. In J. J. Vasterling & C. R. Brewin (Eds.), Neuropsychology of PTSD: Biological, cognitive, and clinical perspectives (pp. 178–207). New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1967). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale [Handbook for norsk utgave av Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale] (Nasjonalforeningens Gerontologiske Institutt, Ed. & Transl.): Oslo, Norwegian Psychological Association]. New York: The Psychological Cooperation.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The impact of event scale – Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A practitioner’s handbook (pp. 399–411). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weizman, R., Laor, N., Barber, Y., Selman, A., Schujovizky, A., & Wolmer, L. (1994). Impact of the Gulf War on anxiety, cortisol, and growth hormone levels of Israeli civilians. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 71–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, J., Chrestman, K. R., Ouimette, P. C., Kaloupek, D., Harley, R. M., & Bucsela, M. (2000). Trauma-related psychophysiological reactivity in women exposed to war-zone stress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1371–1379.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, J., Keane, T. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Mora, C. A., & Wine, P. (1993). Patterns of positive readjustment in Vietnam combat veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 179–193.10.1002/(ISSN)1573-6598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar