270
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation and Problematic Pornography Use: The Mediating Role of Loneliness

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 481-493 | Received 02 Mar 2023, Accepted 08 Jun 2023, Published online: 19 Jun 2023

References

  • Aldao, A., Gee, D. G., De Los Reyes, A., & Seager, I. (2016). Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor in the development of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology: Current and future directions. Development and Psychopathology, 28(4pt1), 927–946. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000638
  • Ballester-Arnal, R., Castro-Calvo, J., Gil-Llario, M. D., & Giménez-García, C. (2014). Relationship status as an influence on cybersex activity: Cybersex, youth, and steady partner. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 40(5), 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2013.772549
  • Bancroft, J., & Vukadinovic, Z. (2004). Sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, or what? Toward a theoretical model. Journal of Sex Research, 41(3), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/0022449040955223
  • Barreto, M., van Breen, J., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P. (2022). Exploring the nature and variation of the stigma associated with loneliness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(9), 2658–2679. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075221087190
  • Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P. (2021). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 169, 110066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066
  • Berking, M., & Wupperman, P. (2012). Emotion regulation and mental health: Recent findings, current challenges, and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503669
  • Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., Wiltink, J., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T., Lackner, K. J., & Tibubos, A. N. (2017). Loneliness in the general population: Prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x
  • Borgogna, N. C., & Mcdermott, R. C. (2018). The role of gender, experiential avoidance, and scrupulosity in problematic pornography viewing: A moderated-mediation model*. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 25(4), 319–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2018.1503123
  • Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Bella, N., Potenza, M. N., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2021). Why do people watch pornography? The motivational basis of pornography use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000603
  • Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Griffiths, M. D., Potenza, M. N., Orosz, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2021). Are sexual functioning problems associated with frequent pornography use and/or problematic pornography use? Results from a large community survey including males and females. Addictive Behaviors, 112, 106603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106603
  • Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Potenza, M. N., Orosz, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2020). High-frequency pornography use may not always be problematic. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(4), 793–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.007
  • Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Zsila, Á., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Orosz, G. (2018). The development of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS). Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1291798
  • Brand, M., Young, K. S., Laier, C., Wolfling, K., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 252–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
  • Butler, M. H., Pereyra, S. A., Draper, T. W., Leonhardt, N. D., & Skinner, K. B. (2018). Pornography use and loneliness: A bidirectional recursive model and pilot investigation. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2017.1321601
  • Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(2), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12087
  • Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 10(2), 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615570616
  • Camilleri, C., Perry, J. T., & Sammut, S. (2021). Compulsive internet pornography use and mental health: A cross-sectional study in a sample of university students in the United States. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 613244. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244
  • Cardoso, J., Ramos, C., Brito, J., & Almeida, T. C. (2022). Predictors of pornography use: Difficulties in emotion regulation and loneliness. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 19(4), 620–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.01.005
  • Cashwell, C. S., Giordano, A. L., King, K., Lankford, C., & Henson, R. K. (2017). Emotion regulation and sex addiction among college students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9646-6
  • Dahlberg, L., McKee, K. J., Frank, A., & Naseer, M. (2022). A systematic review of longitudinal risk factors for loneliness in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 26(2), 225–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1876638
  • Daneback, K., Traeen, B., & Månsson, S. A. (2009). Use of pornography in a random sample of Norwegian heterosexual couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 746–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9314-4
  • Dykstra, P. A., & Fokkema, T. (2007). Social and emotional loneliness among divorced and married men and women: Comparing the deficit and cognitive perspectives. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530701330843
  • Efrati, Y., & Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2019). The use of online pornography as compensation for loneliness and lack of social ties among Israeli adolescents. Psychological Reports, 122(5), 1865–1882. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118797580
  • Estévez, A., Jáuregui, P., Sánchez-Marcos, I., López-González, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Attachment and emotion regulation in substance addictions and behavioral addictions. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 534–544. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.086
  • Givertz, M., Woszidlo, A., Segrin, C., & Knutson, K. (2013). Direct and indirect effects of attachment orientation on relationship quality and loneliness in married couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(8), 1096–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513482445
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
  • Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Hook, J. N., & Carlisle, R. D. (2015). Transgression as addiction: Religiosity and moral disapproval as predictors of perceived addiction to pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z
  • Grubbs, J. B., Hoagland, K. C., Lee, B. N., Grant, J. T., Davison, P., Reid, R. C., & Kraus, S. W. (2020). Sexual addiction 25 years on: A systematic and methodological review of empirical literature and an agenda for future research. Clinical Psychology Review, 82, 101925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101925
  • Grubbs, J. B., & Perry, S. L. (2019). Moral incongruence and pornography use: A critical review and integration. Journal of Sex Research, 56(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1427204
  • Grubbs, J. B., Wilt, J. A., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2018). Predicting pornography use over time: Does self-reported “addiction” matter? Addictive Behaviors, 82, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.02.028
  • Grubbs, J. B., Wright, P. J., Braden, A. L., Wilt, J. A., & Kraus, S. W. (2019). Internet pornography use and sexual motivation: A systematic review and integration. Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(2), 117–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2019.1584045
  • Gwinn, A. M., Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Maner, J. K. (2013). Pornography, relationship alternatives, and intimate extradyadic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(6), 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613480821
  • Harris, M. B. (2000). Correlates and characteristics of boredom proneness and boredom. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(3), 576–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02497.x
  • Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine : A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
  • Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), 695–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002
  • Hsieh, N., & Hawkley, L. C. (2018). Loneliness in the older adult marriage: Associations with dyadic aversion, indifference, and ambivalence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(10), 1319–1339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517712480
  • Huntington, C., Markman, H., & Rhoades, G. (2021). Watching pornography alone or together: Longitudinal associations with romantic relationship quality. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 47(2), 130–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2020.1835760
  • Kaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2016). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF): Validation and replication in adolescent and adult samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(3), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3
  • Kılıç, A., Tilburg, W. A., & Igou, E. R. (2020). Risk-taking increases under boredom. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 33(3), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2160
  • Kohut, T., Dobson, K. A., Balzarini, R. N., Rogge, R. D., Shaw, A. M., McNulty, J. K., Russell, V. M., Fisher, W. A., & Campbell, L. (2021). But what’s your partner up to? Associations between relationship quality and pornography use depend on contextual patterns of use within the couple. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 661347. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661347
  • Kohut, T., Fisher, W. A., & Campbell, L. (2017). Perceived effects of pornography on the couple relationship: Initial findings of open-ended, participant-informed, “bottom-up” research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(2), 585–602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0783-6
  • Kraus, S. W., & Sweeney, P. J. (2019). Hitting the target: Considerations for differential diagnosis when treating individuals for problematic use of pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(2), 431–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1301-9
  • Lambert, N. M., Negash, S., Stillman, T. F., Olmstead, S. B., & Fincham, F. D. (2012). A love that doesn’t last: Pornography consumption and weakened commitment to one’s romantic partner. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(4), 410–438. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2012.31.4.410
  • Levin, M. E., Lee, E. B., & Twohig, M. P. (2019). The role of experiential avoidance in problematic pornography viewing. The Psychological Record, 69(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-018-0302-3
  • Levin, M. E., Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012). When is online pornography viewing problematic among college males? Examining the moderating role of experiential avoidance. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 19(3), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720162.2012.657150
  • Lew-Starowicz, M., Lewczuk, K., Nowakowska, I., Kraus, S., & Gola, M. (2020). Compulsive sexual behavior and dysregulation of emotion. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 8(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.10.003
  • Li, D., & Zheng, L. (2017). Relationship quality predicts online sexual activities among Chinese heterosexual men and women in committed relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 244–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.075
  • Luhmann, M., & Hawkley, L. C. (2016). Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age. Developmental Psychology, 52(6), 943–959. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000117
  • Maes, M., Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Goossens, L. (2019). Gender differences in loneliness across the lifespan: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Personality, 33(6), 642–654. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2220
  • Mestre-Bach, G., Blycker, G. R., Actis, C. C., Brand, M., & Potenza, M. N. (2021). Religion, morality, ethics, and problematic pornography use. Current Addiction Reports, 8(4), 568–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00388-2
  • Mikulas, W. L., & Vodanovich, S. J. (1993). The essence of boredom. The Psychological Record, 43(1), 3–12.
  • Morgan, E. M. (2011). Associations between young adults’ use of sexually explicit materials and their sexual preferences, behaviors, and satisfaction. Journal of Sex Research, 48(6), 520–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2010.543960
  • Mund, M., & Johnson, M. D. (2021). Lonely me, lonely you: Loneliness and the longitudinal course of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(2), 575–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00241-9
  • Musetti, A., Gori, A., Alessandra, A., Topino, E., Terrone, G., Plazzi, G., Cacioppo, M., & Franceschini, C. (2022). The interplay between problematic online pornography use, psychological stress, emotion dysregulation and insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A mediation analysis. Nature and Science of Sleep, 14, 83–92. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S348242
  • Muusses, L. D., Kerkhof, P., & Finkenauer, C. (2015). Internet pornography and relationship quality: A longitudinal study of within and between partner effects of adjustment, sexual satisfaction and sexually explicit internet material among newlyweds. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.077
  • Okabe, Y., & Ito, D. (2022). Psychometric properties of the Problematic Pornography Use Scale in a Japanese sample. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(2), 1221–1235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02141-2
  • Orgeta, V. (2009). Specifcity of age diferences in emotion regulation. Aging & Mental Health, 13(6), 818–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860902989661
  • Pachankis, J. E., Rendina, H. J., Restar, A., Ventuneac, A., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. T. (2015). A minority stress-emotion regulation model of sexual compulsivity among highly sexually active gay and bisexual men. Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 34(8), 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000180
  • Paul, B., & Shim, J. W. (2008). Gender, sexual affect, and motivations for internet pornography use. International Journal of Sexual Health, 20(3), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317610802240154
  • Perry, S. L., & Schleifer, C. (2018). Till porn do us part? A longitudinal examination of pornography use and divorce. Journal of Sex Research, 55(3), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1317709
  • Preece, D. A., Goldenberg, A., Becerra, R., Boyes, M., Hasking, P., & Gross, J. J. (2021). Loneliness and emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 180, 110974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110974
  • Reed, G. M., First, M. B., Billieux, J., Cloitre, M., Briken, P., Achab, S., Brewin, C. R., King, D. L., Kraus, S. W., & Bryant, R. A. (2022). Emerging experience with selected new categories in the ICD-11: Complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder. World Psychiatry : Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 21(2), 189–213. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20960
  • Reid, R. C., Bramen, J. E., Anderson, A., & Cohen, M. S. (2014). Mindfulness, emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and stress proneness among hypersexual patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22027
  • Rogier, G., & Velotti, P. (2018). Conceptualizing gambling disorder with the process model of emotion regulation. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.52
  • Rokach, A., Sha’ked, A., & Ben-Artzi, E. (2022). Loneliness in Intimate Relationships Scale (LIRS): Development and validation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912970
  • Ross, M. W., Månsson, S. A., & Daneback, K. (2012). Prevalence, severity, and correlates of problematic sexual Internet use in Swedish men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(2), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9762-0
  • Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
  • Schreiber, L. R., Grant, J. E., & Odlaug, B. L. (2012). Emotion regulation and impulsivity in young adults. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(5), 651–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.005
  • Sniewski, L., Farvid, P., & Carter, P. (2018). The assessment and treatment of adult heterosexual men with self-perceived problematic pornography use: A review. Addictive Behaviors, 77, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.10.010
  • Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., Rosen, N. O., Willoughby, B. J., Leonhardt, N. D., & Bergeron, S. (2020). Pornography use and romantic relationships: A dyadic daily diary study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(10–11), 2802–2821. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520940048
  • Victor, C. R., & Yang, K. (2012). The prevalence of loneliness among adults: A case study of the United Kingdom. The Journal of Psychology, 146(1-2), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.613875
  • Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2016). Validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-18) in five samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(4), 582–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9547-9
  • von Soest, T., Luhmann, M., Hansen, T., & Gerstorf, D. (2020). Development of loneliness in midlife and old age: Its nature and correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(2), 388–406. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000219
  • Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Schanche, E. (2018). Emotion regulation in current and remitted depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 756. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00756
  • Walton, M. T., Cantor, J. M., & Lykins, A. D. (2017). An online assessment of personality, psychological, and sexuality trait variables associated with self-reported hypersexual behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(3), 721–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0606-1
  • Wéry, A., Schimmenti, A., Karila, L., & Billieux, J. (2019). Where the mind cannot dare: A case of addictive use of online pornography and its relationship with childhood trauma. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 45(2), 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2018.1488324
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). ICD-11 for mortality and morbidity statistics. WHO. Retrieved April 29, 2023, from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en
  • Yanguas, J., Pinazo-Henandis, S., & Tarazona-Santabalbina, F. J. (2018). The complexity of loneliness. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 89(2), 302–314. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i2.7404

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.