Tobacco, the Common Enemy and a Gateway Drug

References

• Mazzone , P J and Arroliga , A C . 2004 . How many ways can we say that cigarette smoking is bad for you? . Chest , 126 : 1717 – 1718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , S L , Cardinez , C J Richardson , L C . 2008 . Surveillance for Cancers Associated with Tobacco Use - United States, 1999–2004 . MMWR Morb Mortal WklyRep , 57 : 1 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2004 . The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General Atlanta : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• 2006 . The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General Atlanta : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• 2008 . WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER package Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Warren , C W , Jones , N R Peruga , A . 2008 . Global youth tobacco surveillance, 2000–2007 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , 57 : 1 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armour , B S , Woollery , T , Malarcher , A , Pechacek , T F and Husten , C. 2005 . Annual smokingattributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses - United States, 1997–2001 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , 54 : 625 – 626 . 627–628
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2006 . Sustaining State Programs for Tobacco Control: Data Highlights Atlanta : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• 2005 . Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant San Francisco : California Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Kandel , D and Faust , R. 1975 . Sequence and Stages in Patterns of Adolescent Drug-Use . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 32 : 923 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel , D B . 1975 . Stages in adolescent involvment in drug-use . Science , 190 : 912 – 914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel , D B , Yamaguchi , K and Chen , K . 1992 . Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood - further evidence for the gateway theory . J Stud Alcohol , 53 : 447 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel , D B . 2002 . “ Examining the gateway hypothesis: Stages and pathways of drug involvement ” . In Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis Edited by: Kandel , D B . 3 – 15 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelley , B M , Denny , G and Young , M. 1999 . Modified stages of acquisition of gateway drug use: A primary prevention application of the stages of change model . J Drug Educ , 29 : 189 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFranza , J R . 2007 . Hooked from the first cigarette . J Fam Pract , 56 : 1017 – 1022 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFranza , J R , Savageau , J A Fletcher , K . 2007 . Susceptibility to nicotine dependence: The development and assessment of nicotine dependence in youth 2 study . Pediatrics , 120 : E74 – e983 .
   Google Scholar
• DiFranza , J R . 2008 . Hooked from the first cigarette . Sci Am , 298 : 82 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomar , S L . 2003 . Is use of smokeless tobacco a risk factor for cigarette smoking? The U.S. experience . Nicotine Tob Res , 5 : 561 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , J D , Catalano , R F and Miller , J Y . 1992 . Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood - implications for substance abuse prevention . Psychol Bull , 112 : 64 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torabi , M R , Bailey , W J and Majd-Jabbari , M. 1993 . Cigarette-smoking as a predictor of alcohol and other drug-use by children and adolescents - evidence of the gateway drug effect . J School Health , 63 : 302 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gassman , R , Jun , M K Samuel , S . 2007 . Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use in Indiana by Indiana Children and Adolescents: 2007 Prevalance Statistics Main Findings Bloomington , , Indiana : Institute for Drug Abuse Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Gassman , R , Jun , M K Samuel , S . 2008 . Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use in Indiana by Indiana Children and Adolescents: Prevalance Statistics Main Findings Bloomington : Institute for Drug Abuse Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , L D , O’Malley , P M , Bachman , J G and Schulenberg , J E . 2006 . Monitoring the Future: Survey Results on Drugs Use, 1975–2005: Vol. I: Secondary School Students Bethesda : National Institute on Drug Abuse .
   Google Scholar
• National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings 2006. 2007 . Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
   Google Scholar
• Eaton , D K , Kann , L Kinchen , S . 2006 . Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2005 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , 55 : 1 – 108 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garson , G D . 2008 . Log-linear, logit, and probit models: North Carolina State University; Raleigh, NC
   Google Scholar
• Family Guide: Keeping Youth Mentally Health and Drug-Free. 2008 . Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
   Google Scholar
• Sargent , J D , Tanski , S E and Gibson , J. 2007 . Exposure to movie smoking among US adolescents aged 10 to 14 years: A population estimate . Pediatrics , 119 : E1167 – E1176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobacco Use . 2009 . The Community Guide: What Works to Promote Health Edited by: Zaza , S . Atlanta : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . National Center for Health Marketing
   Google Scholar
• Stubera , J , Galea , S and Link , B G . 2008 . Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status . Soc Sci Med , 67 : 420 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohrmann , D K , Alter , R J , Greene , R and Younoszai , T M . 2005 . Long-term impact of a districtwide school/community-based substance abuse prevention initiative on gateway drug use . J Drug Educ , 35 : 233 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP). 2008 . Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
   Google Scholar
• Wakefield , M A , Chaloupka , F J , Kaufman , N J , Orleans , C T , Barker , D C and Ruel , E E . 2000 . Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study . Br Med J , 321 : 333 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartosch , W J and Pope , G C . 1999 . Local restaurant smoking policy enactment in Massachusetts . J Public Health Manag Pract , 5 : 63 – 73 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang , P , De , A K and McCusker , M E . 2004 . Impact of a smoking ban on restaurant and bar revenues - El Paso, Texas, 2002 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , 53 : 150 – 152 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alamar , B C and Glantz , S A . 2004 . Smoke-free ordinances increase restaurant profit and value . Contemporary Economic Policy , 22 : 520 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo , D C , Torabi , M R and Weaver , A E . 2008 . Factors influencing openness to future smoking among nonsmoking adolescents . J School Health , 78 : 328 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , W L , Biener , L and Brennan , R T . 2008 . Do local tobacco regulations influence perceived smoking norms? Evidence from adult and youth surveys in Massachusetts . Health Educ Res , 23 : 709 – 722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elders , M J , Perry , C L , Eriksen , M P and Giovino , G A . 1994 . The Report of the Surgeon General - Preventing Tobacco use among Young People . Am } Public Health , 84 : 543 – 547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helping Teens Stop Smoking. 2008 . Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide Edited by: Jen , P . Boston : Harvard Medical School .
   Google Scholar
• 2007 . Cancer Trends Progress Report—2007 Up-date Bethesda : National Cancer Institute .
   Google Scholar
• DeWit , D J , Offord , D R and Wong , S. 1997 . Patterns of onset and cessation of drug use over the early part of the life course . Health Educ & Behav , 24 : 746 – 758 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar