Minority Youth, Physical Activity, and Fitness Levels: Targeted Interventions Needed

References

• Delva J, O'Malley P, Johnston L. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status differences in overweight and health-related behaviors among American students: national trends 1986–2003. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39:536–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Heart Association Statistics Committee, Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. AHA statistical update: heart disease and stroke statistics— update. Circulation. 2008;117:e25–e146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz K, Dawson J, Mahoney L. Tracking physical fitness and physical activity from childhood to adolescence: the Muscatine study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:1250–1257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley C, McMurray R, Harrell J, et al. Changes in common activities of 3rd through 10th graders: the CHIC Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:2071–2078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong W, Malina R, Bumke C, et al. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. J Pediatr. 2005;146:732–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega F, Ruiz J, Castillo M, Sjöström M. Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker of health. Inter J Obes. 2008;32:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz J, Castro-Pinero J, Artero E, et al. Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:909–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassen B, Cornelissen V, Kiers H, et al. Physical fitness matters more than physical activity in controlling cardiovascular disease risk factors. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2009;16:677–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahlman M, Hall H, Lock R. Ethnic and socioeconomic comparisons of fitness, activity levels, and barriers to exercise in high school females. J Sch Health. 2006;76:12–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavon D, Ortega F, Ruiz J, et al. Socioeconomic status influences physical fitness in European adolescents independently of body fat and physical activity: the HELENA Study. Nutr Hosp. 2012;25:311–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders L, Duncan G. Population-based reference standards for cardiovascular fitness among U.S. adults. NHANES 1999–2000 and 2001–2002. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38:701–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan G, Li S, Zhou X. Cardiovascular fitness among U.S. adults: NHANES 1999–2000 and 2001–2002. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:1324–1328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceaser T, Fitzhugh E, Thompson D, et al. Association of physical activity, fitness, and race: NHANES 1999–2004. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:286–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Hausenblas A, Nigg C, Downs DS, et al. Perceptions of exercise stages, barrier self-efficacy, and decisional balance for middle-level school students. J Early Adolesc. 2002;22:436–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon-Larsen P, Nelson MC, Page P, Popkin BM. Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity. Pediatrics. 2006;117:417–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin JJ, McCaughtry N. Using social cognitive theory to predict physical activity in inner city African American school children. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2008;27:205–219.
   Google Scholar
• Martin JJ, McCaughtry N. Predicting physical activity in inner-city Hispanic American children. Hisp Health Care Int. 2008;6:150–158.
   Google Scholar
• Trost S, Pate R, Dowda M, et al. Psychosocial correlates of physical activity in white and African-American girls. J Adolesc Health. 2002;31:226–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds K, Killen J, Bryson S, et al. Psychosocial predictors of physical activity in adolescents. Prev Med. 1990;19:541–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis JF, Simons-Morton BG, Stone EJ, et al. Determinants of physical activity and interventions in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24:S248–S257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders R, Pate R, Felton G, et al. Development of questionnaires to measure psychosocial influences on children's physical activity. Prev Med. 1997;26:241–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Cooper Institute for Aerobics. FITNESSGRAM: Test Administration Manual 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow J, Martin S, Jackson A. Reliability and validity of the FITNESSGRAM: quality of teacher-collected health-related fitness surveillance data. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2010;81:S24–S30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohr A, Brown D, Laurson K, et al. Relationship between socioeconomic status and physical fitness in junior high school students. J Sch Health. 2013;83:542–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno G, Johnston-Shelton D, Boles S. Prevalence and prediction of overweight and obesity among elementary school students. J Sch Health. 2013;83:157–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31:143–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovasi G, Hutson M, Guerra M, et al. Built environments and obesity in disadvantaged populations. Epidemiol Rev. 2013;31:7–20.
   Google Scholar
• Lee H, Harris K, Lee J. Multiple levels of social disadvantage and links to obesity in adolescence and young adulthood. J Sch Health. 2013;83:139–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. School guidelines to promote healthy eating and physical activity. MMWR Recomm Rep. 60(RR-5): 1–76.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity guidelines for Americans mid-course report: strategies to increase physical activity among youth. http://www.health.gov/PAguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf. Published October 2008. Accessed July 26 2013.
   Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. Table 1: enrollment status of the population 3 years old and over, by sex, age, race, Hispanic origin, foreign born, and foreign-born parentage: October 2010, all races. http://www.census.gov/hhes/school/data/cps/2010/tables.html. Revised August 20, 2012. Accessed July 26 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Pate R, Davis M, Robinson T, et al. Promoting physical activity in children and youth: a leadership role for schools. Circulation. 2006;114:1214–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston C, Moreno J, El-Mubasher A, et al. Impact of a school-based pediatric obesity prevention program facilitated by health professionals. J Sch Health. 2013;83:171–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahlman MM, Dake J, McCaughtry N, et al. A pilot study to examine the effects of a nutrition intervention on knowledge, behaviors and self-efficacy in middle school children. J Sch Health. 2008;78:216–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaughtry N, Fahlman MM, Martin J, et al. Influences of constructivist-oriented nutrition education on urban middle school students' nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy and behaviors. Am J Health Educ. 2011;42:276–285.
   Google Scholar
• Lytle LL, Stone EJ, Nichman MZ, et al. Changes in nutrient intakes of elementary school children following a school-based intervention: results from the CATCH study. Prev Med. 1996;25:465–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers AR, Struempler BJ, Guarino A, et al. Effect of a nutrition education program on the dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge of second grade and third grade students. J Sch Health. 2005;75:129–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver A, Timperio A, Crawford D. Playing it safe: the influence of neighbourhood safety on children's physical activity—a review. Health Place. 2009;14:217–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beets M, Beighle A, Erwin H, et al. After-school program impact on physical activity and fitness: a meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36:527–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Comprehensive school physical activity programs [Position Statement]. http://www.wheresmype.org/downloads/Comprehensive-School-Physical-Activity-Programs2-2008.pdf. Published 2009. Accessed July 26 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett B. Play now, play later lifetime fitness implications. J Phys Educ Recreat Dance. 2001;72:35–43.
   Google Scholar