References
- Arceneaux, K., Johnson, M., & Murphy, C. (2012). Polarized political communication, oppositional media hostility, and selective exposrue. The Journal of Politics, 74(1), 174–186. doi:10.1017/S002238161100123X
- Ashley, S., Maksl, A., & Craft, S. (2013). Developing a news media literacy scale. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 68(1), 7–21. doi:10.1177/1077695812469802
- Banerjee, S. C., & Kubey, R. (2012). Boom or Boomerang: A critical review of evidence documenting media literacy efficacy. The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies. Blackwell Publishing. doi: 10.1002/9781444361506.wbiems994
- Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s mechanical turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980
- Burroughs, S., Brocato, K., Hopper, P. F., & Sanders, A. (2009). Media literacy: A central component of democratic citizenship. The Educational Forum, 73(2), 154–167. doi:10.1080/00131720902739627
- Carnahan, D., Garrett, R. K., & Lynch, E. K. (2016). Candidate vulnerability and exposure to counterattitudinal information: Evidence from two U.S. presidential elections. Human Communication Research, 42(4), 577–598. doi:10.1111/hcre.12088
- Diamond, J. (2016, June 1). Trump launches all-out attack on the press. CNN. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2016/05/31/politics/donald-trump-veterans-announcement/index.html
- Edgerly, S., Vraga, E. K., McLaughlin, B., Alvarez, G., Yang, J., & Kim, Y. M. (2014). Navigational structures and information selection goals: A closer look at online selectivity. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 58, 542–561. doi:10.1080/08838151.2014.966360
- Eveland, W. P., & Shah, D. V. (2003). The impact of individual and interpersonal factors on perceived news media bias. Political Psychology, 24(1), 101–117. doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00318
- Feldman, L. (2011). Partisan differences in opinionated news perceptions: A test of the hostile media effect. Political Behavior, 33, 407–432. doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9139-4
- Feldman, L., Myers, T. A., Hmielowski, J. D., & Leiserowitz, A. (2014). The mutual reinforcement of media selectivity and effects: Testing the reinforcing spirals framework in the context of global warming. Journal of Communication, n/a-n/a. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12108
- Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
- Fleming, J. (2014). Media literacy, news literacy, or news appreciation? A case study of the news literacy program at Stony Brook University. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 69, 146–165. doi:10.1177/1077695813517885
- Frey, D. (1986). Recent research on selective exposure to information. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 41–80. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60212-9
- Garrett, R. K. (2009a). Echo chambers online? Politically motivated selective exposure among internet news users. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(2), 265–285. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x
- Garrett, R. K. (2009b). Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: Reframing the selective exposure debate. Journal of Communication, 59(4), 676–699. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01452.x
- Garrett, R. K., Carnahan, D., & Lynch, E. K. (2011). A turn toward avoidance? Selective exposure to online political information, 2004–2008. Political Behavior, 35(1), 113–134. doi:10.1007/s11109-011-9185-6
- Gottfried, J., Barthel, M., & Mitchell, A. (2017, January 18). Trump, clinton voters divided in their main source for election news | Pew research center. Pew Research Center: Journalism and Media. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2017/01/18/trump-clinton-voters-divided-in-their-main-source-for-election-news/
- Gunther, A. C. (1992). Biased press or biased public? Attitudes toward media coverage of social groups. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56(2), 147. doi:10.1086/269308
- Herrman, J. (2016, August 24). Inside Facebook’s (Totally Insane, Unintentionally Gigantic, Hyperpartisan) Political-media machine - The New York Times. The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/28/magazine/inside-facebooks-totally-insane-unintentionally-gigantic-hyperpartisan-political-media-machine.html
- Hill, S. J., Lo, J., Vavreck, L., & Zaller, J. (2013). How quickly we forget: The duration of persuasion effects from mass communication. Political Communication, 30(4), 521–547. doi:10.1080/10584609.2013.828143
- Hwang, H., Schmierbach, M., Paek, H.-J., Gil de Zuniga, H., & Shah, D. (2006). Media dissociation, internet use, and antiwar political participation: A case study of political dissent and action against the war in Iraq. Mass Communication and Society, 9(4), 461–483. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0904_5
- Kahne, J., & Bowyer, B. (2016). Educating for democracy in a partisan age: Confronting the challenges of motivated reasoning and misinformation. American Educational Research Journal. doi:10.3102/0002831216679817
- Kahne, J., Lee, N.-J., & Feezell, J. T. (2012). Digital media literacy education and online civic and political participation. International Journal of Communication, 6, 24.
- Kim, Y. M. (2009). Issue publics in the new information environment: Selectivity, domain specificity, and extremity. Communication Research, 36, 254–284. doi:10.1177/0093650208330253
- Klurfeld, J., & Schneider, H. (2014). News literacy: Teaching the internet generation to make reliable information choices. Brookings Institution Research Paper.
- Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2007). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should knowand the public should expect. New York, NY: Crown Publishers.
- Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2011). Blur: How to know what’s true in the age of information overload. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480–498. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480
- Livingstone, S. (2004). Media literacy and the challenge of new information and communication technologies. The Communication Review, 7(1), 3–14. doi:10.1080/10714420490280152
- Maksl, A., Ashley, S., & Craft, S. (2015). Measuring news media literacy. The Journal of Media Literacy Education, 6(3), 29–45. Retrieved from https://works.bepress.com/seth_ashley/20/
- Mihailidis, P. (2014). Media literacy and the emerging citizen: Youth, engagement and participation in digital culture. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
- Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Barthiel, M., & Shearer, E. (2016, July 7). The modern news consumer. Pew Research Center: Journalism and Media. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/the-modern-news-consumer/
- Mount, Y. (2017). The age of responsibility: Luck, choice, and the welfare state. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Mutz, D. C., & Martin, P. S. (2001). Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: The role of mass media. American Political Science Review, 95, 97–114.
- Pew Research Center. (2017a, May). Americans’ attitudes about the news media deeply divided along partisan lines. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2017/05/10/democrats-republicans-now-split-on-support-for-watchdog-role/
- Pew Research Center. (2017b, October). The partisan divide on political values grows even wider. Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/2017/10/05/the-partisan-divide-on-political-values-grows-even-wider/
- Potter, W. J. (2016). Introduction to media literacy. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
- Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Schudson, M. (2011). Sociology of news (2nd ed.). New York, USA: W.W. Norton & Company.
- Stroud, N. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341–366. doi:10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9
- Sunstein, C. (2007). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755–769. doi:10.1080/08913811.2012.711019
- Tully, M., & Vraga, E. K. (2018a). A mixed-methods approach to examining the relationship between news media literacy and political efficacy. International Journal of Communication, 12, 766–787.
- Tully, M., & Vraga, E. K. (2018b). Who experiences growth in news media literacy and why does it matter? Examining education, individual differences, and democratic outcomes. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, 73, 167–182. doi:10.1177/1077695817706572
- Vraga, E. (2016). Party differences in political content on social media. Online Information Review, 40(5), 595–609. doi:10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0345
- Vraga, E. K., & Tully, M. (2015). Media literacy messages and hostile media perceptions: processing of nonpartisan versus partisan political information. Mass Communication and Society, 18(4), 422–448. doi:10.1080/15205436.2014.1001910
- Vraga, E. K., & Tully, M. (2016). Effective messaging to communicate news media literacy concepts to diverse publics. Communication and the Public, 1(3), 305–322. doi:10.1177/2057047316670409
- Vraga, E. K., Tully, M., & Rojas, H. (2009b). Media literacy training reduces perceptions of bias. Newspaper Research Journal, 30(4), 68–81. doi:10.1177/073953290903000406
- Watts, M. D., Domke, D., Shah, D. V., & Fan, D. P. (1999). Elite cues and media bias in presidential campaigns: Explaining public perceptions of a liberal press. Communication Research, 26(2), 144–175. doi:10.1177/009365099026002003
- Weeks, B. E., Ksiazek, T. B., & Holbert, R. L. (2016). Partisan enclaves or shared media experiences? A network approach to understanding citizens’ political news environments. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 60(2), 248–268. doi:10.1080/08838151.2016.1164170
- Weinberg, J., Freese, J., & McElhattan, D. (2014). Comparing data characteristics and results of an online factorial survey between a population-based and a crowdsource-recruited sample. Sociological Science, 1(August), 292–310. doi:10.15195/v1.a19