Measuring online political activity: introducing the digital society project dataset

References

• Bailard, C. S., & Livingston, S. (2014). Crowdsourcing accountability in a Nigerian election. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 11(4), 349–367. doi:10.1080/19331681.2014.947056
   Google Scholar
• Bak, D., Sriyai, S., & Meserve, S. (2018). The internet and state repression: A cross-national analysis of the limits of digital constraint. Journal of Human Rights, 17(5), 642–659. doi:10.1080/14754835.2018.1456914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2009). Does internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26(2), 193–211. doi:10.1080/10584600902854363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524–538. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brantly, A. F. (2019). From cyberspace to independence square: Understanding the impact of social media on physical protest mobilization during Ukraine’s Euromaidan revolution. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 16(4), 360–378. doi:10.1080/19331681.2019.1657047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunce, V. J., & Wolchik, S. (2010). Defeating dictators: Electoral change and stability in competitive authoritarian regimes. World Politics, 62(1), 43–86. doi:10.1017/S0043887109990207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (2009). The information age: Economy, society, and culture. Singapore: Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X. (2012). Social protest and contentious authoritarianism in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Skaaning, S. … Wilson, S. (2018). “V-Dem methodology v8” varieties of democracy (V-Dem) project. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3172796
   Google Scholar
• Deibert, R., Palfrey, J. G., Rohozinski, R., & Jonathan, Z. (2008). Access denied: The practice and policy of global internet filtering. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Diamond, L. (2010). Liberation technology. Journal of Democracy, 21(3), 69–83. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrova, D. V., & Bystrom, D. G. (2017). The effects of social media on political participation and candidate image evaluations in the 2012 Iowa caucuses. Journal of Political Marketing, 57(11), 1568–1583. doi:10.1177/0002764213489011
   Google Scholar
• Dimitrova, D. V., & Jörg, M. (2018). Social media in political campaigning around the world: Theoretical and methodological challenges. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), 333–342. doi:10.1177/1077699018770437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling, M. (2021). Democracy under siege: Foreign interference in a digital era. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 75(4), 383–387. doi:10.1080/10357718.2021.1909534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faris, R., & Etling, B. (2008). Madison and the smart mob: The promise and limitations of the internet for democracy. In The fletcher forum of world affairs (pp. 65–85). The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45289445
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, H. (2012). The consequences of the internet for politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 15(1), 35–52. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedom on the net dataset. (2020). https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net.
   Google Scholar
• Fu, K. W., Chan, C. H., & Chau, M. (2013). Assessing censorship on microblogs in China: Discriminatory keyword analysis and the real-name registration policy. IEEE Internet Computing, 17(3), 42–50. doi:10.1109/MIC.2013.28
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, R. K., & Resnick, P. (2011). Resisting political fragmentation on the internet. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 140(4), 108–120. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00118
   Google Scholar
• Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological segregation online and offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1799–1839. doi:10.1093/qje/qjr044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohdes, A. R. (2018). Reflections on digital technologies, repression, and resistance: Epilogue. State Crime Journal, 7(1), 141–144. doi:10.13169/statecrime.7.1.0141
   Google Scholar
• Gohdes, A. R. (2020). Repression technology: Internet accessibility and state violence. American Journal of Political Science, 64(3), 488–503. doi:10.1111/ajps.12509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, J. (2007). The role of digital networked technologies in the Ukrainian orange revolution. SSRN Electronic Journal, 14. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1077686
   Google Scholar
• Hassid, J. (2015). China’s responsiveness to internet opinion: A double-edged sword. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 44(2), 39–68. doi:10.1177/186810261504400203
   Google Scholar
• Henschke, A., Sussex, M., & O’Connor, C. (2020). Countering foreign interference: Election integrity lessons for liberal democracies. Journal of Cyber Policy, 5(2), 180–198. doi:10.1080/23738871.2020.1797136
   Google Scholar
• Hjortdal, M. (2011). China’s use of cyber warfare: Espionage meets strategic deterrence. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(2), 1–24. doi:10.5038/1944-0472.4.2.1
   Google Scholar
• Kemp, S. (2019). Digital in 2019. Essential insights into internet, social media, mobile, and ecommerce use around the world. https://wearesocial.com/uk/digital-2019
   Google Scholar
• Kendall-Taylor, A., Frantz, E., & Wright, J. (2020). The digital dictators: How technology strengthens autocracy. Foreign Affairs, 99, 103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. J. (2013). How censorship in China allows government criticism but silences collective expression. American Political Science Review, 107(2), 326–343. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. J. (2014). Reverse-engineering censorship in China: Randomized experimentation and participant observation. Science, 345(6199). doi:10.1126/science.1251722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. J. (2017). How the Chinese government fabricates social media posts for strategic distraction, not engaged argument. American Political Science Review, 111(3), 484–501. doi:10.1017/S0003055417000144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krekel, B., Adams, P., & Bakos, G. (2014). Occupying the information high ground: Chinese capabilities for computer network operations and cyber espionage. International Journal of Computer Research, 21(4), 333.
   Google Scholar
• Kyj, M. J. (2006). Internet use in Ukraine’s orange revolution. Business Horizons, 49(1), 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2005.06.003
   Google Scholar
• Manacorda, M., & Tesei, A. (2020). Liberation technology: Mobile phones and political mobilization in Africa. Econometrica, 88(2), 533–567. doi:10.3982/ECTA14392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquardt, K. L., & Pemstein, D. (2018). IRT models for expert-coded panel data. Political Analysis, 26(4), 431–456. doi:10.1017/pan.2018.28
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, S. C. (2020). “Taking the temperature of the room” how political campaigns use social media to understand and represent public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 84(1), 236–256.
   Google Scholar
• McMann, K., Pemstein, D., Seim, B., Teorell, J., & Lindberg, S. I. (2021). Assessing data quality: An approach and an application. Political Analysis, 30(3), 426–449. doi:10.1017/pan.2021.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meserve, S. (2018). Why do governments censor? Expanding from state survival to content regulation theories in political science. APSA Comparative Politics Newsletter, 18(2), 55–59.
   Google Scholar
• Meserve, S. A., & Pemstein, D. (2018). Google politics: The political determinants of internet censorship in democracies. Political Science Research and Methods, 6(2), 245–263. doi:10.1017/psrm.2017.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morozov, E. (2012). The net delusion: The dark side of internet freedom. New York: Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Murthy, D. (2018). Introduction to social media, activism, and organizations. Social Media + Society, 4(1), 205630511775071. doi:10.1177/2056305117750716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, S. E. (2008). The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pemstein, D., Marquardt, K., Tzelgov, E., Wang, Y., Krusell, J., & Miri, F. (2018). The V-Dem measurement model: Latent variable analysis for cross-national and cross-temporal expert-coded data. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3167764
   Google Scholar
• Pierskalla, J. H., & Hollenbach, F. M. (2013). Technology and collective action: The effect of cell phone coverage on political violence in Africa. American Political Science Review, 107(2), 207–224. doi:10.1017/S0003055413000075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2017). Why does China allow freer social media? Protests versus surveillance and propaganda. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1), 117–140. doi:10.1257/jep.31.1.117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, M. E. (2018). Censored: Distraction and diversion inside China’s great firewall. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schlozman, K. L., Verba, S., & Brady, H. E. (2010). Weapon of the strong? Participatory inequality and the internet. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 487–509. doi:10.1017/S1537592710001210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirky, C. (2009). Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Smidi, A., & Shahin, S. (2017). Social media and social mobilisation in the middle east: A survey of research on the Arab spring. India Quarterly, 73(2), 196–209. doi:10.1177/0974928417700798
   Google Scholar
• Stepanova, E. (2011). The role of information communication technologies in the Arab Spring. Ponars Eurasia, 15, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R. (2009). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. A., Nagler, J., MacDuffee, M., Metzger, P. B., Penfold-Brown, D., & Bonneau, R. (2016). Big data, social media, and protest. Computational Social Science, 199–225.
   Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and tear gas: The power and fragility of networked protest. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vaccari, C., Valeriani, A., Barberá, P., Bonneau, R., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2015). Political expression and action on social media: Exploring the relationship between lower-and higher-threshold political activities among Twitter users in Italy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(2), 221–239. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlström, M., & Törnberg, A. (2021). Social media mechanisms for right-wing political violence in the 21st century: Discursive opportunities, group dynamics, and co-ordination. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(4), 766–787. doi:10.1080/09546553.2019.1586676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, T. C. (2015). Explosive connections? Mass media, social media, and the geography of collective violence in African states. Journal of Peace Research, 52(3), 297–311. doi:10.1177/0022343314558102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, S. L. (2016). Information and revolution [ PhD thesis]. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, S. L. (2017). Detecting mass protest through social media. Journal of Social Media in Society, 6(2), 5–25.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, S. L., Lindberg, S. I., & Tronvoll, K. (2021). The best and worst of times: The paradox of social media and ethiopian politics. First Monday, 26(10). https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/10862
   Google Scholar
• Zhuo, X., Wellman, B., & Yu, J. (2011). Egypt: The first internet revolt? Peace Magazine, 27, 6–10.
   Google Scholar
• Zittrain, J. (2003). Internet points of control. Boston College Law Review, 44, 653–688. doi:10.2139/ssrn.388860
   Google Scholar