References

  • Barberá, P., & Steinert-Threlkeld, Z. C. (2020). How to use social media data for political science research. In L. Curini & R. Franzese (Eds.), The sage handbook of research methods in political science and international relations (pp. 404–423). London: Sage.
  • Blumler, J. G., McLeod, J. M., & Rosengren, K. E. (1992). Comparatively speaking: Communication and culture across space and time. London: Sage.
  • Boulianne, S., & Ohme, J. (2022). Pathways to environmental activism in four countries: Social media, environmental concern, and political efficacy. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(6), 771–792. doi:10.1080/13676261.2021.2011845
  • Burke, B. R., & Şen, A. F. (2018). Social media choices and uses: Comparing Turkish and American young-adults’ social media activism. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), 1–10. doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0090-z
  • Caiani, M. (2019). The rise and endurance of radical right movements. Current Sociology, 67(6), 918–935. doi:10.1177/0011392119868000
  • Caramani, D. (2020). Introduction to comparative politics. In D. Caramani (Ed.), Comparative politics (4th ed. p. 1‒23). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chagas, V., Carreiro, R., Santos, N., & Popolin, G. (2022). Far-right digital activism in polarized contexts: A comparative analysis of engagement in hashtag wars. Media and Communication, 10(4), 42–55. doi:10.17645/mac.v10i4.5622
  • Edelstein, A. S. (1982). Comparative communication research. London: Sage.
  • Esser, F., & Hanitzsch, T. (2013). The handbook of comparative communication research. London: Routledge.
  • Gerbaudo, P. (2018). Social media and populism: An elective affinity? Media, Culture & Society, 40(5), 745–753. doi:10.1177/0163443718772192
  • Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2019). Western media systems in comparative perspective. In J. Curran & D. Hesmondhalgh (Eds.), Mass media and society (pp. 167–185). London: Bloomsbury.
  • Hellmueller, L., Lischka, J. A., & Humprecht, E. (2021). Shaping (non)-discursive social media spaces: Cross-national typologies of news organizations’ heavy commenters. New Media & Society, 23(11), 3249–3267. doi:10.1177/1461444820946454
  • Jenkins, M. D. (2019). Explaining cross-country variation in collective action in the digital era. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 16(1), 1–19. doi:10.1080/19331681.2019.1572567
  • Jost, J. T., Barberá, P., Bonneau, R., Langer, M., Metzger, M., Nagler, J., Sterling, J., & Tucker, J. A. (2018). How social media facilitates political protest: Information, motivation, and social networks. Political Psychology, 39(S1), 85–118. doi:10.1111/pops.12478
  • Larsson, A. O. (2015). Comparing to prepare: Suggesting ways to study social media today—and tomorrow. Social Media+Society, 1(1), 1–2. doi:10.1177/2056305115578680
  • Leong, C., Pan, S. L., Bahri, S., & Fauzi, A. (2019). Social media empowerment in social movements: Power activation and power accrual in digital activism. European Journal of Information Systems, 28(2), 173–204. doi:10.1080/0960085X.2018.1512944
  • Literat, I., & Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2021). How popular culture prompts youth collective political expression and cross-cutting political talk on social media: A cross-platform analysis. Social Media+Society, 7(2), 205630512110088. doi:10.1177/20563051211008821
  • Mare, A. (2017). Tracing and archiving “constructed” data on Facebook pages and groups: reflections on fieldwork among young activists in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Qualitative Research, 17(6), 645–663. doi:10.1177/1468794117720973
  • Matassi, M., & Boczkowski, P. (2021). An agenda for comparative social media studies: The value of understanding practices from cross-national, cross-media, and cross-platform perspectives. International Journal of Communication, 15(22), 207–228.
  • Matassi, M., & Boczkowski, P. J. (2023). To know is to compare: studying social media across nations, media, and platforms. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • McAdam, D., Tarrow, S., Tilly, C., Lichbach, M. I., & Zuckerman, A. S. (2009). Comparative perspectives on contentious politics. In M. I. Lichbach & A. S. Zuckerman (Eds.), Comparative politics: Rationality, culture, and structure (pp. 260–290). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McSwiney, J., Vaughan, M., Heft, A., & Hoffmann, M. (2021). Sharing the hate? Memes and transnationality in the far right’s digital visual culture. Information, Communication & Society, 24(16), 2502–2521. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2021.1961006
  • Neumark, N. (2006). Different spaces, different times: Exploring possibilities for cross-platform ‘radio’. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 12(2), 213–224. doi:10.1177/1354856506066118
  • Özkula, S. M., Reilly, P. J., & Hayes, J. (2023). Easy data, same old platforms? A systematic review of digital activism methodologies. Information, Communication & Society, 26(7), 1470–1489. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2021.2013918
  • Oz, M., Zheng, P., & Chen, G. M. (2018). Twitter versus Facebook: Comparing incivility, impoliteness, and deliberative attributes. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3400–3419. doi:10.1177/1461444817749516
  • Pearce, W., Özkula, S. M., Greene, A. K., Teeling, L., Bansard, J. S., Omena, J. J., & Rabello, E. T. (2020). Visual cross-platform analysis: Digital methods to research social media images. Information, Communication & Society, 23(2), 161–180. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2018.1486871
  • Poell, T., & van Dijck, J. In Burgess, J., Marwick, A. (2018). Social media and new protest movements. In T. Poell (Ed.), The sage handbook of social media (pp. 546–561). London: Sage.
  • Qiu, L., Lin, H., & Leung, A. K. Y. (2013). Cultural differences and switching of in-group sharing behavior between an American (Facebook) and a Chinese (renren) social networking site. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), 106–121. doi:10.1177/0022022111434597
  • Rogers, R. (2021). Visual media analysis for Instagram and other online platforms. Big Data & Society, 8(1), 20539517211022370. doi:10.1177/20539517211022370
  • Ronzhyn, A., Cardenal, A. S., & Batlle Rubio, A. (2023). Defining affordances in social media research: A literature review. New Media & Society, 25(11), 3165–3188. doi:10.1177/14614448221135187
  • Tarrow, S. (1996). Social movements in contentious politics: A review article. American Political Science Review, 90(4), 874–883. doi:10.2307/2945851
  • Tarrow, S. (2021). Progress outside of paradise: Old and new comparative approaches to contentious politics. Comparative Political Studies, 54(10), 1885–1901. doi:10.1177/00104140211024297
  • Theocharis, Y., Boulianne, S., Koc-Michalska, K., & Bimber, B. (2023). Platform affordances and political participation: How social media reshape political engagement. West European Politics, 46(4), 788–811. doi:10.1080/01402382.2022.2087410
  • Theocharis, Y., Lowe, W., Van Deth, J. W., & García-Albacete, G. (2015). Using twitter to mobilize protest action: Online mobilization patterns and action repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street, Indignados, and Aganaktismenoi movements. Information, Communication & Society, 18(2), 202–220. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2014.948035
  • Tilly, C. (2008). Contentious performances. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Walker, S., Mercea, D., & Bastos, M. (2019). The disinformation landscape and the lockdown of social platforms. Information, Communication & Society, 22(11), 1531–1543. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2019.1648536
  • Zamponi, L., & Daphi, P. (2014). Breaks and continuities in and between cycles of protest. Memories and legacies of the global justice movement in the context of anti-austerity mobilisations. In D. D. Porta & A. Mattoni (Eds.), Spreading protest: Social movements in times of crisis (pp. 193–225). Colchester: ECPR Press.
  • Zhao, H., & Liu, J. (2020). Comparative studies of internet use: A review of SSCI-indexed journal articles, 1969–2019. International Journal of Communication, 14, 1969–2019.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.