4,567
Views
116
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Role of exosomes in the protection of cellular homeostasis

&
Pages 127-134 | Received 16 Sep 2016, Accepted 17 Oct 2016, Published online: 22 Nov 2016

References

  • Brodsky JL. Cleaning up: ER-associated degradation to the rescue. Cell 2012; 151:1163-7; PMID:23217703; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.012
  • MacGurn JA. Garbage on, garbage off: New insights into plasma membrane protein quality control. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 29:92-8; PMID:24908345; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2014.05.001
  • Babst M. Quality control: quality control at the plasma membrane: one mechanism does not fit all. J Cell Biol 2014; 205:11-20; PMID:24733583; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201310113
  • McClellan AJ, Tam S, Kaganovich D, Frydman J. Protein quality control: chaperones culling corrupt conformations. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7:736-41; PMID:16056264; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb0805-736
  • Chen B, Retzlaff M, Roos T, Frydman J. Cellular strategies of protein quality control. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a004374; PMID:21746797; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a004374
  • Tyedmers J, Mogk A, Bukau B. Cellular strategies for controlling protein aggregation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11:777-88; PMID:20944667; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2993
  • Vilchez D, Saez I, Dillin A. The role of protein clearance mechanisms in organismal ageing and age-related diseases. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5659; PMID:25482515; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6659
  • Wolff S, Weissman JS, Dillin A, Vilchez D, Saez I, Dillin A, Tyedmers J, Mogk A, Bukau B, Chen B, et al. Differential scales of protein quality control. Cell 2014; 5:52-64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.007
  • Lee J-G, Takahama S, Zhang G, Tomarev SI, Ye Y. Unconventional secretion of misfolded proteins promotes adaptation to proteasome dysfunction in mammalian cells. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:765-76; PMID:27295555; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb3384
  • Colombo M, Raposo G, Thery C. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:255-89; PMID:25288114; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326
  • Mittelbrunn M, Sanchez-Madrid F. Intercellular communication: diverse structures for exchange of genetic information. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:328-35; PMID:22510790
  • Yanez-Mo M, Siljander PR-M, Andreu Z, Zavec AB, Borras FE, Buzas EI, Buzas K, Casal E, Cappello F, Carvalho J, et al. Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions. J Extracell vesicles 2015; 4:27066; PMID:25979354; http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.27066
  • Kalluri R. The biology and function of exosomes in cancer. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1208-15; PMID:27035812; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI81135
  • Lawson C, Vicencio JM, Yellon DM, Davidson SM. Microvesicles and exosomes: new players in metabolic and cardiovascular disease. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:R57-71; PMID:26743452; http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JOE-15-0201
  • Bellingham SA, Coleman BM, Hill AF. Small RNA deep sequencing reveals a distinct miRNA signature released in exosomes from prion-infected neuronal cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:10937-49; PMID:22965126; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks832
  • Fruhbeis C, Frohlich D, Kuo WP, Kramer-Albers E-M. Extracellular vesicles as mediators of neuron-glia communication. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:182; PMID:24194697; http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2013.00182
  • Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Villarroya-Beltri C, Mittelbrunn M, Sanchez-Madrid F. Transfer of extracellular vesicles during immune cell-cell interactions. Immunol Rev 2013; 251:125-42; PMID:23278745; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imr.12013
  • Mittelbrunn M, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Villarroya-Beltri C, Gonzalez S, Sanchez-Cabo F, Gonzalez MA, Bernad A, Sanchez-Madrid F. Unidirectional transfer of microRNA-loaded exosomes from T cells to antigen-presenting cells. Nat Commun 2011; 2:282; PMID:21505438; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1285
  • Peinado H, Aleckovic M, Lavotshkin S, Matei I, Costa-Silva B, Moreno-Bueno G, Hergueta-Redondo M, Williams C, Garcia-Santos G, Ghajar C, et al. Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET. Nat Med 2012; 18:883-91; PMID:22635005; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.2753
  • Robbins PD, Morelli AE. Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:195-208; PMID:24566916; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3622
  • Baixauli F, Lopez-Otin C, Mittelbrunn M. Exosomes and autophagy: coordinated mechanisms for the maintenance of cellular fitness. Front Immunol 2014; 5:403; PMID:25191326; http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00403
  • Rink J, Ghigo E, Kalaidzidis Y, Zerial M. Rab conversion as a mechanism of progression from early to late endosomes. Cell 2005; 122:735-49; PMID:16143105; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.043
  • Hanson PI, Cashikar A. Multivesicular body morphogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2012; 28:337-62; PMID:22831642; http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154152
  • Villarroya-Beltri C, Baixauli F, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Sanchez-Madrid F, Mittelbrunn M. Sorting it out: regulation of exosome loading. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 28:3-13; PMID:24769058; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.009
  • Bari R, Guo Q, Xia B, Zhang YH, Giesert EE, Levy S, Zheng JJ, Zhang XA. Tetraspanins regulate the protrusive activities of cell membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:619-26; PMID:22079629; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.121
  • Edgar JR, Eden ER, Futter CE. Hrs- and CD63-dependent competing mechanisms make different sized endosomal intraluminal vesicles. Traffic 2014; 15:197-211; PMID:24279430; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tra.12139
  • Perez-Hernandez D, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Jorge I, Lopez-Martin S, Ursa A, Sanchez-Madrid F, Vazquez J, Yanez-Mo M. The intracellular interactome of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains reveals their function as sorting machineries toward exosomes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11649-61; PMID:23463506; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.445304
  • van Niel G, Charrin S, Simoes S, Romao M, Rochin L, Saftig P, Marks MS, Rubinstein E, Raposo G. The tetraspanin CD63 regulates ESCRT-independent and -dependent endosomal sorting during melanogenesis. Dev Cell 2011; 21:708-21; PMID:21962903; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.08.019
  • Trajkovic K, Hsu C, Chiantia S, Rajendran L, Wenzel D, Wieland F, Schwille P, Brugger B, Simons M. Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes. Science 2008; 319:1244-7; PMID:18309083; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1153124
  • Kajimoto T, Okada T, Miya S, Zhang L, Nakamura S. Ongoing activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors mediates maturation of exosomal multivesicular endosomes. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2712; PMID:24231649; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3712
  • Sahu R, Kaushik S, Clement CC, Cannizzo ES, Scharf B, Follenzi A, Potolicchio I, Nieves E, Cuervo AM, Santambrogio L. Microautophagy of cytosolic proteins by late endosomes. Dev Cell 2011; 20:131-9; PMID:21238931; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2010.12.003
  • Huotari J, Helenius A. Endosome maturation. EMBO J 2011; 30:3481-500; PMID:21878991; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.286
  • Harding C, Heuser J, Stahl P. Endocytosis and intracellular processing of transferrin and colloidal gold-transferrin in rat reticulocytes: demonstration of a pathway for receptor shedding. Eur J Cell Biol 1984; 35:256-63; PMID:6151502
  • Johnstone RM, Adam M, Hammond JR, Orr L, Turbide C. Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes). J Biol Chem 1987; 262:9412-20; PMID:3597417
  • Guo BB, Bellingham SA, Hill AF. The neutral sphingomyelinase pathway regulates packaging of the prion protein into exosomes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290(6):3455-67.
  • Rajendran L, Honsho M, Zahn TR, Keller P, Geiger KD, Verkade P, Simons K. Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid peptides are released in association with exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11172-7; PMID:16837572; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603838103
  • Perez-Gonzalez R, Gauthier SA, Kumar A, Levy E. The exosome secretory pathway transports amyloid precursor protein carboxyl-terminal fragments from the cell into the brain extracellular space. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43108-15; PMID:23129776; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.404467
  • Saman S, Kim W, Raya M, Visnick Y, Miro S, Saman S, Jackson B, McKee AC, Alvarez VE, Lee NCY, et al. Exosome-associated tau is secreted in tauopathy models and is selectively phosphorylated in cerebrospinal fluid in early Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:3842-9; PMID:22057275; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.277061
  • Emmanouilidou E, Melachroinou K, Roumeliotis T, Garbis SD, Ntzouni M, Margaritis LH, Stefanis L, Vekrellis K. Cell-produced alpha-synuclein is secreted in a calcium-dependent manner by exosomes and impacts neuronal survival. J Neurosci 2010; 30:6838-51; PMID:20484626; http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5699-09.2010
  • Grad LI, Yerbury JJ, Turner BJ, Guest WC, Pokrishevsky E, O'Neill MA, Yanai A, Silverman JM, Zeineddine R, Corcoran L, et al. Intercellular propagated misfolding of wild-type Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase occurs via exosome-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3620-5; PMID:24550511; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1312245111
  • Fevrier B, Vilette D, Archer F, Loew D, Faigle W, Vidal M, Laude H, Raposo G. Cells release prions in association with exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9683-8; PMID:15210972; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0308413101
  • Hudson MB, Woodworth-Hobbs ME, Zheng B, Rahnert JA, Blount MA, Gooch JL, Searles CD, Price SR. miR-23a is decreased during muscle atrophy by a mechanism that includes calcineurin signaling and exosome-mediated export. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C551-8; PMID:24336651; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00266.2013
  • Hudson MB, Rahnert JA, Zheng B, Woodworth-Hobbs ME, Franch HA, Russ Price S. miR-182 attenuates atrophy-related gene expression by targeting FoxO3 in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C314-9; PMID:24871856; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00395.2013
  • de Candia P, Torri A, Gorletta T, Fedeli M, Bulgheroni E, Cheroni C, Marabita F, Crosti M, Moro M, Pariani E, et al. Intracellular modulation, extracellular disposal and serum increase of MiR-150 mark lymphocyte activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75348; PMID:24205408; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075348
  • Ohshima K, Inoue K, Fujiwara A, Hatakeyama K, Kanto K, Watanabe Y, Muramatsu K, Fukuda Y, Ogura S, Yamaguchi K, et al. Let-7 microRNA family is selectively secreted into the extracellular environment via exosomes in a metastatic gastric cancer cell line. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13247; PMID:20949044; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013247
  • Ostenfeld MS, Jeppesen DK, Laurberg JR, Boysen AT, Bramsen JB, Primdal-Bengtson B, Hendrix A, Lamy P, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Rasmussen MH, et al. Cellular disposal of miR23b by RAB27-dependent exosome release is linked to acquisition of metastatic properties. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5758-71; PMID:25261234; http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-3512
  • Squadrito ML, Baer C, Burdet F, Maderna C, Gilfillan GD, Lyle R, Ibberson M, De Palma M. Endogenous RNAs modulate microRNA sorting to exosomes and transfer to acceptor cells. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1432-46; PMID:25159140; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.035
  • van Balkom BWM, Eisele AS, Pegtel DM, Bervoets S, Verhaar MC. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of small RNAs in human endothelial cells and exosomes provides insights into localized RNA processing, degradation and sorting. J Extracell vesicles 2015; 4:26760; PMID:26027894; http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.26760
  • Zhang X, Abels ER, Redzic JS, Margulis J, Finkbeiner S, Breakefield XO. Potential Transfer of Polyglutamine and CAG-Repeat RNA in Extracellular Vesicles in Huntington's Disease: Background and Evaluation in Cell Culture. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:459-70; PMID:26951563; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10571-016-0350-7
  • Zhu Y, Chen X, Pan Q, Wang Y, Su S, Jiang C, Li Y, Xu N, Wu L, Lou X, et al. A Comprehensive Proteomics Analysis Reveals a Secretory Path- and Status-Dependent Signature of Exosomes Released from Tumor-Associated Macrophages. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4319-31; PMID:26312558; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00770
  • Batagov AO, Kuznetsov VA, Kurochkin IV. Identification of nucleotide patterns enriched in secreted RNAs as putative cis-acting elements targeting them to exosome nano-vesicles. BMC Genomics 2011; 3(12 Suppl):S18; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-S3-S18
  • Strauss K, Goebel C, Runz H, Möbius W, Weiss S, Feussner I, Simons M, Schneider A. Exosome secretion ameliorates lysosomal storage of cholesterol in Niemann-Pick type C disease. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26279-88; PMID:20554533; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.134775
  • Canfran-Duque A, Pastor O, Reina M, Lerma M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Lasuncion MA, Busto R. Curcumin Mitigates the Intracellular Lipid Deposit Induced by Antipsychotics In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141829; PMID:26517556; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141829
  • Kahlert C, Melo SA, Protopopov A, Tang J, Seth S, Koch M, Zhang J, Weitz J, Chin L, Futreal A, et al. Identification of double-stranded genomic DNA spanning all chromosomes with mutated KRAS and p53 DNA in the serum exosomes of patients with pancreatic cancer. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:3869-75; PMID:24398677; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C113.532267
  • Guescini M, Genedani S, Stocchi V, Agnati LF. Astrocytes and Glioblastoma cells release exosomes carrying mtDNA. J Neural Transm 2010; 117:1-4; PMID:19680595; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-009-0288-8
  • Wang Z, Deng Z, Dahmane N, Tsai K, Wang P, Williams DR, Kossenkov AV, Showe LC, Zhang R, Huang Q, et al. Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) constitutes a nucleoprotein component of extracellular inflammatory exosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6293-300; PMID:26578789; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505962112
  • Wang Z, Lieberman PM. The crosstalk of telomere dysfunction and inflammation through cell-free TERRA containing exosomes. RNA Biol 2016; 13:690-5; PMID:27351774; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2016.1203503
  • Ktistakis NT, Tooze SA. Digesting the Expanding Mechanisms of Autophagy. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:624-35; PMID:27050762; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2016.03.006
  • Mizushima N, Levine B, Cuervo AM, Klionsky DJ. Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature 2008; 451:1069-75; PMID:18305538; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06639
  • Lamb CA, Yoshimori T, Tooze SA. The autophagosome: origins unknown, biogenesis complex. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:759-74; PMID:24201109; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3696
  • Lamb CA, Dooley HC, Tooze SA. Endocytosis and autophagy: Shared machinery for degradation. Bioessays 2013; 35:34-45; PMID:23147242; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201200130
  • Murrow L, Malhotra R, Debnath J. ATG12-ATG3 interacts with Alix to promote basal autophagic flux and late endosome function. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:300-10; PMID:25686249; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb3112
  • Lee J-A, Gao F-B. Roles of ESCRT in autophagy-associated neurodegeneration. Autophagy 2008; 4:230-2; PMID:18094607; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.5384
  • Fader CM, Colombo MI. Autophagy and multivesicular bodies: two closely related partners. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:70-8; PMID:19008921; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cdd.2008.168
  • Itakura E, Kishi-Itakura C, Mizushima N. The hairpin-type tail-anchored SNARE syntaxin 17 targets to autophagosomes for fusion with endosomes/lysosomes. Cell 2012; 151:1256-69; PMID:23217709; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.001
  • Takats S, Nagy P, Varga A, Pircs K, Karpati M, Varga K, Kovacs AL, Hegedus K, Juhasz G. Autophagosomal Syntaxin17-dependent lysosomal degradation maintains neuronal function in Drosophila. J Cell Biol 2013; 201:531-9; PMID:23671310; http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201211160
  • Ponpuak M, Mandell MA, Kimura T, Chauhan S, Cleyrat C, Deretic V. Secretory autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:106-16; PMID:25988755; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2015.04.016
  • Jiang S, Dupont N, Castillo EF, Deretic V. Secretory versus degradative autophagy: unconventional secretion of inflammatory mediators. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:471-9; PMID:23445716; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000346707
  • Ejlerskov P, Rasmussen I, Nielsen TT, Bergstrom A-L, Tohyama Y, Jensen PH, Vilhardt F. Tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP/p25alpha) promotes unconventional secretion of alpha-synuclein through exophagy by impairing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17313-35; PMID:23629650; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.401174
  • Luzio JP, Hackmann Y, Dieckmann NMG, Griffiths GM. The biogenesis of lysosomes and lysosome-related organelles. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a016840; PMID:25183830; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016840
  • Settembre C, Fraldi A, Medina DL, Ballabio A. Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance and energy metabolism. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:283-96; PMID:23609508; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3565
  • Huber LA, Teis D. Lysosomal signaling in control of degradation pathways. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:8-14; PMID:26827287; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2016.01.006
  • Korolchuk VI, Saiki S, Lichtenberg M, Siddiqi FH, Roberts EA, Imarisio S, Jahreiss L, Sarkar S, Futter M, Menzies FM, et al. Lysosomal positioning coordinates cellular nutrient responses. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:453-60; PMID:21394080; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2204
  • Baixauli F, Acin-Perez R, Villarroya-Beltri C, Mazzeo C, Nunez-Andrade N, Gabande-Rodriguez E, Ledesma MD, Blazquez A, Martin MA, Falcon-Perez JM, et al. Mitochondrial Respiration Controls Lysosomal Function during Inflammatory T Cell Responses. Cell Metab 2015; 22:485-98; PMID:26299452; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.020
  • Blott EJ, Griffiths GM. Secretory lysosomes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 3:122-31; PMID:11836514; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm732
  • Divangahi M, Chen M, Gan H, Desjardins D, Hickman TT, Lee DM, Fortune S, Behar SM, Remold HG. Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades macrophage defenses by inhibiting plasma membrane repair. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:899-906; PMID:19561612; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.1758
  • Reddy A, Caler EV, Andrews NW. Plasma membrane repair is mediated by Ca(2+)-regulated exocytosis of lysosomes. Cell 2001; 106:157-69; PMID:11511344; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00421-4
  • Medina DL, Fraldi A, Bouche V, Annunziata F, Mansueto G, Spampanato C, Puri C, Pignata A, Martina JA, Sardiello M, et al. Transcriptional activation of lysosomal exocytosis promotes cellular clearance. Dev Cell 2011; 21:421-30; PMID:21889421; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2011.07.016
  • Spampanato C, Feeney E, Li L, Cardone M, Lim J-A, Annunziata F, Zare H, Polishchuk R, Puertollano R, Parenti G, et al. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a new therapeutic target for Pompe disease. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:691-706; PMID:23606558; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201202176
  • Alvarez-Erviti L, Seow Y, Schapira AH, Gardiner C, Sargent IL, Wood MJA, Cooper JM. Lysosomal dysfunction increases exosome-mediated alpha-synuclein release and transmission. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:360-7; PMID:21303699; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.029
  • Vingtdeux V, Hamdane M, Loyens A, Gele P, Drobeck H, Begard S, Galas M-C, Delacourte A, Beauvillain J-C, Buee L, et al. Alkalizing drugs induce accumulation of amyloid precursor protein by-products in luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18197-205; PMID:17468104; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M609475200
  • Eitan E, Suire C, Zhang S, Mattson MP. Impact of lysosome status on extracellular vesicle content and release. Ageing Res Rev 2016; PMID:27238186; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.001
  • Granger E, McNee G, Allan V, Woodman P. The role of the cytoskeleton and molecular motors in endosomal dynamics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:20-9; PMID:24727350; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.011

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.